the union in peril
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The Union in Peril. Slavery divides the nation. North and South enter a long and destructive civil war that ends slavery. African Americans briefly enjoy full civil rights, but new laws discriminate against them. NEXT. The Divisive Politics of Slavery. SECTION 1. SECTION 2. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Union in Peril
Slavery divides the nation. North and South enter a long and destructive civil war that ends slavery. African Americans briefly enjoy full civil rights, but new laws discriminate against them.
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SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
The Divisive Politics of Slavery
The Civil War Begins
The North Takes Charge
Reconstruction and Its Effects
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The Union in Peril
Section 1
The Divisive Politics of SlaveryDisagreements over slavery heighten regional tensions and leads to the breakup of the Union.
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Differences Between North and SouthControversy over Slavery Worsens• Southern plantation economy relies on enslaved
labor• Industrialized North does not depend on slavery• South tries to spread slavery in West • North’s opposition to slavery intensifies, tries to
stop its spread
The Divisive Politics of Slavery1SECTION
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Statehood for California• California applies for statehood as free state in
1849; angers South
Slavery in the Territories
1SECTION
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The Compromise of 1850• Slave state Texas claims eastern half of New
Mexico Territory• Southern states threaten secession—withdrawal
from Union• Compromise of 1850 has provisions for both sides• California becomes free state; tougher fugitive slave
law enacted• Popular sovereignty, or vote, decides slavery issue
in NM, Utah
Protest, Resistance, and ViolenceFugitive Slave Act• Slaves denied trial by jury; helpers fined and
imprisoned• Northerners defy Act, help send slaves to safety
in Canada
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Continued . . .
The Underground Railroad• Abolitionists develop Underground Railroad—
escape routes from South• Harriet Tubman is conductor on 19 trips to free
African Americans
Uncle Tom’s Cabin• Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
increases protests
continued Protest, Resistance, and Violence
Tension in Kansas and Nebraska• Kansas, Nebraska territories north of 3630’ line,
closed to slavery• 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular
sovereignty on slavery
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“Bleeding Kansas”• Proslavery settlers from Missouri cross border to
vote in Kansas • Fraudulent victory leads to violent struggle over
slavery in Kansas
Violence in the Senate• Charles Sumner verbally attacks slavery, singles
out Andrew Butler• Preston S. Brooks, Butler’s nephew, assaults
Sumner on Senate floor
Slavery Divides Whigs• Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852• Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in
territories• Nativist Know-Nothings also split by region over
slavery
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New Political Parties Emerge
The Free-Soilers’ Voice• Free-Soilers fear slavery will drive down wages of
white workers
The New Republican Party• Republican Party forms in 1854; oppose slavery in
territories• Democrat James Buchanan elected president
(1856); secession averted
The Dred Scott Decision• Dred Scott, a slave taken to free territory by owner,
claims freedom• Supreme Court denies appeal; Scott has no legal
rights, not a citizen• North angry; South reads ruling as guaranteed
extension of slavery
Conflicts Lead to Secession
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Continued . . .
Lincoln-Douglas Debates• 1858 Senate race between Senator Stephen
Douglas and Abraham Lincoln• Douglas wants popular sovereignty to decide if state
is free or slave• Lincoln considers slavery immoral; wants
constitutional amendment
Harper’s Ferry• John Brown leads group to arsenal to start slave
uprising (1859)• Troops put down rebellion; Brown is tried, executed
continued Conflicts Lead to Secession
1SECTION
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Southern Secession• 7 states secede after Lincoln’s victory; form
Confederacy in 1861• Former senator Jefferson Davis elected president
of Confederacy
Lincoln Is Elected President• 1860, Lincoln beats 3 candidates, wins no southern
electoral votes
Section 2
The Civil War Begins Shortly after the nation’s Southern states secede from the Union, war begins between the North and South.
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Union and Confederate Forces ClashSouthern States Take Sides• 1861, Fort Sumter in Charleston falls; Lincoln
calls for volunteers • 4 more slave states join Confederacy• Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri remain
in Union
The Civil War Begins2SECTION
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Continued . . .
Strengths and Strategies• Northern strengths: more people, factories, food
production• Southern strengths: cotton, good generals,
motivated soldiers• Union plan: blockade ports, split South in two,
capture Richmond
Bull Run• Bull Run—first battle, near Washington;
Confederate victory • Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall Jackson for
firm stand in battle
continued Union and Confederate Forces Clash
2SECTION
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Continued . . .
Union Armies in the West• Ulysses S. Grant pushes south; captures forts, wins
at Shiloh• David G. Farragut takes New Orleans, the
Confederacy’s busiest port
The War for the Capitals• Robert E. Lee takes command of Confederate
Army in 1862:- drives General George McClellan from Richmond- loses at Antietam, bloodiest one-day battle
• McClellan removed from command, lets battered Confederates withdraw
continued Union and Confederate Forces Clash
2SECTION
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The Politics of WarBritain Remains Neutral• Britain does not need cotton, does need Northern
goods
2SECTION
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Proclaiming Emancipation• Emancipation Proclamation empowers army to
free Confederate slaves• Gives soldiers moral purpose; compromise no
longer possible
Both Sides Face Political Dissent• Lincoln, Davis suspend habeas corpus to
suppress disloyalty, dissent
War Leads to Social Upheaval• Casualties, desertions lead to conscription on
both sides• Conscription—draft that forces men to enlist;
leads to draft riots
Life During Wartime
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Continued . . .
African Americans Fight for Freedom• African Americans are 1% of North’s population,
10% of army• Serve in separate regiments, paid less than whites
for most of war
Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides• Soldiers often sick from camp filth, limited diet,
poor medical care• Prisons overcrowded, unsanitary; many die of
malnutrition, disease
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continued Life During Wartime
Women Work to Improve Conditions• Thousands of women serve as nurses for
both sides• Union nurse Clara Barton later founds
American Red Cross
2SECTION
The War Affects Regional Economies• Confederacy faces food shortage, increased
prices, inflation• Union army’s need for supplies supports
Northern industry• North’s standard of living declines• Congress enacts income tax (percentage of
income) to pay for war
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Section 3
The North Takes ChargeAfter four years of bloody fighting, the Union wears down the Confederacy and wins the war.
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The Tide TurnsSouthern Victories• December 1862, Fredericksburg; May 1863,
Chancellorsville
The North Takes Charge3SECTION
Continued . . .
The Battle of Gettysburg• North wins decisive three-day battle of Gettysburg,
July 1863• Total casualties were more than 30%;
South demoralized
The Gettysburg Address• Nov. 1863, Lincoln gives Gettysburg Address
at cemetery dedication• Speech helps country realize it is a
unified nation
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continued The Tide Turns
Grant Wins at Vicksburg• May-July 1863, Grant sieges Vicksburg after
unsuccessful attacks
3SECTION
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3SECTION
Confederates Seek Peace• Confederacy no longer able to attack; works
toward armistice• Southern newspapers, legislators, public call
for peace
The Confederacy Wears Down
Continued . . .
Total War• Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union
Armies (1864)• Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman as
Western commander • Grant, Sherman wage total war to destroy South’s
will to fight• Grant’s strategy to decimate Lee’s army while
Sherman raids Georgia
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3SECTION
continued The Confederacy Wears Down
Sherman’s March• Spring 1864, Sherman creates a path of destruction
through Georgia
The Surrender at Appomatox• April 1865, Grant, Lee sign surrender at Appomatox
Court House• Within a month, all remaining Confederate resistance
collapses
The Election of 1864• Lincoln’s unexpected reelection helped by Sherman’s
victories
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3SECTION
Human Cost of the War• Approximately 360,000 Union and 260,000
Confederate soldiers die
The War Changes the Nation
Political and Economic Changes• Civil War increases power, authority of federal
government• Southern economy shattered: industry, farmlands
destroyed
A Revolution in Warfare• Developments in military technology make fighting
more deadly• Ironclad ships change naval warfare
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3SECTION
The War Changes LivesThe Thirteenth Amendment• Thirteenth Amendment bans slavery in all states
Lincoln Is Assassinated• April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theater• Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, trapped
by Union cavalry, shot• 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s
funeral train
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Section 4
Reconstruction and Its EffectsAfter the Civil War, the nation embarks on a period known as Reconstruction, during which attempts are made to readmit the South to the Union.
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The Politics of ReconstructionBuilding a New South• Freedmen’s Bureau provides social services,
medical care, education• Reconstruction—U.S. rebuilds, readmits South
into Union (1865–1877)
Reconstruction and Its Effects4SECTION
Continued . . .
Lincoln’s Plan• State readmitted if 10% of 1860 voters swear
allegiance to Union • Radical Republicans consider plan too lenient:
- want to destroy political power of former slaveholders- want full citizenship and suffrage for African Americans
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4SECTION
Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction• Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, forms own
plan • Excludes Confederate leaders, wealthy landowners• Congress rejects new Southern governments,
congressmen
continued The Politics of Reconstruction
Continued . . .
Congressional Reconstruction• Congress passes Civil Rights Act, Freedmen’s
Bureau Act (1866)• Fourteenth Amendment grants full citizenship to
African Americans• Reconstruction Act of 1867 divides Confederacy into
districts
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4SECTION
Johnson Impeached• House impeaches for blocking Reconstruction;
Senate does not convict
continued The Politics of Reconstruction
U. S. Grant Elected• Grant elected president in 1868; wins 9 of 10
African-American votes• Fifteenth Amendment protects voting rights of
African Americans
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4SECTION
Reconstructing SocietyConditions in the Postwar South• By 1870, all former Confederate states have
rejoined Union• Republican governments begin public works
programs, social services
Continued . . .
Politics in the Postwar South• Scalawags—farmers who joined Republicans,
want to improve position• Carpetbaggers—Northern Republicans, moved to
the South after the war• Many Southern whites reject higher status, equal
rights for blacks
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4SECTION
continued Reconstructing Society
Former Slaves Improve Their Lives• Freedmen found own churches; ministers become
community leaders• Republican governments, church groups found
schools, universities• Thousands move to reunite with family, find jobs
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming• Sharecropping—to farm land owned by another,
keep only part of crops• Tenant farmers rent land from owner
African Americans in Reconstruction• Few black officeholders; Hiram Revels is first
black senator
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4SECTION
The Collapse of ReconstructionThe Collapse of Reconstruction • Ku Klux Klan—southern vigilante group, wants to:
- destroy Republicans, aid planter class, repress African Americans - to achieve goals, KKK kills thousand of men, women, children
• Enforcement Acts of 1870, 1871 uphold federal power in South
• In 1872, Amnesty Act passes, Freedmen’s Bureau expires
Continued . . .
Support for Reconstruction Fades• Republicans splinter; panic of 1873 distracts North’s
attention• Supreme Court rules against Radical
Republican changes
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4SECTION
continued The Collapse of Reconstruction
Democrats “Redeem” the South• Democrats regain control as 1876 election deal
ends Reconstruction
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