the tyne foundry as depicted here by kathe kollwitz, conditions on farms were often bad enough to...

The Tyne foundry

As depicted here by Kathe Kollwitz, conditions on farms were often bad enough to drive many people to go to the cities to find work in the factories

Women were preferred as employees in the textile industry because they had nimbler fingers and were easier to exploit.

Oyster shuckers whose shift lasted from 3:30AM to 5:30PM

Glass factory workers

Glass factory workers

A looper in a textile mill

A 10 year old tobacco picker

A 10 year old tobacco picker

Glass factory worker (1911) who works the day shift 1 week & night shift the next

Children supplementing their meager diet with scraps from

an animal trough

Children carrying clay for a brickyard

Children supplementing their meager diet with scraps from

an animal trough

Death of a young girl in a factory

“A girl named Mary Richards, who was thought remarkably handsome when she left the workhouse, and, who was not quite ten years of age, attended a drawing frame, below which, and about a foot from the floor, was a horizontal shaft, by which the frames above were turned. It happened one evening, when her apron was caught by the shaft. In an instant the poor girl was drawn by an irresistible force and dashed on the floor. She uttered the most heart-rending shrieks! Blincoe ran towards her, an agonized and helpless beholder of a scene of horror. He saw her whirled round and round with the shaft - he heard the bones of her arms, legs, thighs, etc. successively snap asunder, crushed, seemingly, to atoms, as the machinery whirled her round, and drew tighter and tighter her body within the works, her blood was scattered over the frame and streamed upon the floor, her head appeared dashed to pieces - at last, her mangled body was jammed in so fast, between the shafts and the floor, that the water being low and the wheels off the gear, it stopped the main shaft. When she was extricated, every bone was found broken - her head dreadfully crushed. She was carried off quite lifeless.”

Pennsylvania coal breaker. The dust at times would be so thick one could hardly see

Pennsylvania coal breaker. The dust at times would be so thick one could hardly see

Newsies (1910)

Children being sent to work in a cotton mill (c.1840)

An older child, known as a “getter”, picks out coal in the mines

Younger children, the ones in back known as “thrusters”, push and pull coal through a mine shaft only 20 inches high (above), while an even younger trapper about 6 years old, opens a blast door

for a “hurrier” (below). Such doors were meant to contain coal dust explosions.

Glass worker on the night shift (1908)

A commission in Nottingham in 1850 reported that children were “dragged from their squalid beds at 2, 3, or 4 o’clock in the morning and compelled to work for bare subsistence until 10, 11, or 12 at night, their limbs wearing away, their frames dwindling, their faces whitening and their humanity absolutely sinking into a stone-like torpor, utterly horrible to contemplate.”

11 year old doffer (one who replaces empty bobbins of thread)

Homeless children

"It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but as matters stood it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face over which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, and never got uncoiled. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill-smelling dye, and vast piles of buildings full of windows where there was rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the piston of the steam-engine worked monotonously up and down like the head of an elephant in a state of melancholy madness. It contained several large streets all very like one another, and many small streets still more like one another, inhabited by people equally like one another, who all went in and out at the same hours, with the same sound upon the same pavements, to do the same work, and to whom every day was the same as yesterday and tomorrow, and every year the counterpart of the last and the next...

"You saw nothing in Coketown but what was severely workful. If the members of a religious persuasion built a chapel there-- as the members of eighteen religious persuasions had done-- they made it a pious warehouse of red brick, with sometimes (but this is only in highly ornamental examples) a bell in a birdcage on the top of it.... All the public inscriptions in the town were painted alike, in severe characters of black and white. The jail might have been the infirmary, the infirmary might have been the jail, the town-hall might have been either, or both, or anything else, for anything that appeared to the contrary in the graces of their construction. Fact, fact, fact, everywhere in the immaterial. The M'Choakumchild school was all fact, and the school of design was all fact, and the relations between master and man were all fact, and everything was fact between the lying-in hospital and the cemetery, and what you couldn't state in figures, or show to be purchaseable in the cheapest market and saleable in the dearest, was not, and never should be, world without end. Amen."--From Hard Times by Charles Dickens

Children crippled by factory work

Right and left a multitude of covered passages lead from the main street into numerous courts, and he who turns in thither gets into a filth and disgusting grime, the equal of which is not to be found - especially in the courts which lead down to the Irk, and which contain unqualifiedly the most horrible dwellings which I have yet beheld. In one of these courts there stands directly at the entrance, at the end of the covered passage, a privy without a door, so dirty that the inhabitants can pass into and out of the court only by passing through foul pools of stagnant urine and excrement. This is the first court on the Irk above Ducie Bridge - in case any one should care to look into it. Below it on the river there are several tanneries, which fill the whole neighbourhood with the stench of animal putrefaction. Below Ducie Bridge the only entrance to most of the houses is by means of narrow, dirty stairs and over heaps of refuse and filth.

A homeless woman in London, 1875

The first court below Ducie Bridge, known as Allen's Court, was in such a state at the time of the cholera that the sanitary police ordered it evacuated, swept, and disinfected with chloride of lime... At the bottom flows, or rather stagnates, the Irk, a narrow, coal-black, foul-smelling stream, full of debris and refuse, which it deposits on the shallower right bank.

Angry workers attack a factory owner’s home

“In dry weather, a long string of the most disgusting, blackish-green, slime pools are left standing on this bank, from the depths of which bubbles of miasmatic gas constantly arise and give forth a stench unendurable even on the bridge forty or fifty feet above the surface of the stream. But besides this, the stream itself is checked every few paces by high weirs, behind which slime and refuse accumulate and rot in thick masses. Above the bridge are tanneries, bone mills, and gasworks, from which all drains and refuse find their way into the Irk, which receives further the contents of all the neighbouring sewers and privies. It may be easily imagined, therefore, what sort of residue the stream deposits. Below the bridge you look upon the piles of debris, the refuse, filth, and offal from the courts on the steep left bank; here each house is packed close behind its neighbour and a piece of each is visible, all black, smoky, crumbling, ancient, with broken panes and window frames...

Workers marching to protest working conditions

“Above Ducie Bridge, the left bank grows more flat and the right bank steeper, but the condition of the dwellings on both banks grows worse rather than better. He who turns to the left here from the main street, Long Millgate, is lost; he wanders from one court to another, turns countless corners, passes nothing but narrow, filthy nooks and alleys, until after a few minutes he has lost all clue, and knows not whither to turn. Everywhere half or wholly ruined buildings, some of them actually uninhabited, which means a great deal here; rarely a wooden or stone floor to be seen in the houses, almost uniformly broken, ill-fitting windows and doors, and a state of filth! Everywhere heaps of debris, refuse, and offal; standing pools for gutters, and a stench which alone would make it impossible for a human being in any degree civilised to live in such a district…

Immediately under the railway bridge there stands a court, the filth and horrors of which surpass all the others by far, just because it was hitherto so shut off, so secluded that the way to it could not be found without a good deal of trouble... Passing along a rough bank, among stakes and washing-lines, one penetrates into this chaos of small one-storied, one-roomed huts, in most of which there is no artificial floor; kitchen, living and sleeping-room all in one. In such a hole, scarcely five feet long by six broad, I found two beds - and such bedsteads and beds! - which, with a staircase and chimney-place, exactly filled the room. In several others I found absolutely nothing, while the door stood open, and the inhabitants leaned against it. Everywhere before the doors refuse and offal; that any sort of pavement lay underneath could not be seen but only felt, here and there, with the feet. This whole collection of cattle-sheds for human beings was surrounded on two sides by houses and a factory, and on the third by the river, and besides the narrow stair up the bank, a narrow doorway alone led out into another almost equally ill-built, ill-kept labyrinth of dwellings....

“. . . Here, as in most of the working-men's quarters of Manchester, the pork-raisers rent the courts and build pig-pens in them. In almost every court one or even several such pens may be found, into which the inhabitants of the court throw all refuse and offal, whence the swine grow fat; and the atmosphere, confined on all four sides, is utterly corrupted by putrefying animal and vegetable substances....

“Such is the Old Town of Manchester, and on re-reading my description, I am forced to admit that instead of being exaggerated, it is far from black enough to convey a true impression of the filth, ruin, and uninhabitableness, the defiance of all considerations of cleanliness, ventilation, and health which characterise the construction of this single district, containing at least twenty to thirty thousand inhabitants. And such a district exists in the heart of the second city of England, the first manufacturing city of the world. If any one wishes to see in how little space a human being can move, how little air - and such air! - he can breathe, how little of civilisation he may share and yet live, it is only necessary to travel hither. True, this is the Old Town, and the people of Manchester emphasise the fact whenever any one mentions to them the frightful condition of this Hell upon Earth; but what does that prove? Everything which here arouses horror and indignation is of recent origin, belongs to the industrial epoch.”From Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844 (London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1892), pp. 45, 48-53.

The polluted skies of Birmingham’s “Black Country”

It was children like these in the streets of London who inspired Dickens’ Oliver Twist.

Workers conspiring in the dark corner of some pub

A cartoon bitterly satirizing the disparity in living conditions for rich & poor

The artist Kathe Kollwitz captured much of the heartache of life for the working classes in her sketches. Here, a man grieves the

death of his young wife

Parents agonize over a sick child. 94% of working class deaths came from infectious diseases

The rage of a working class woman is captured by the artist, Kathe Kollwitz

“Sixteen tons and what do you get?Another day older and deeper in debt.St Peter don’t you call me ‘cause I can’t goI owe my soul to the company store.”--Miners’ song

FC.113 THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Mass migration to urban areas New cities rise up quickly

Village network of friends & relatives is replaced by:

Nucl. Fam. in city w/less family &

commun. support

Awful working cond’s:Low wages & little job security

Work separates fam’s from home

& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days

Awful living cond’s:Polluted air & water &

tainted food

Poorly built & crowded

housing

Industrial Revolution (FC.111)

Growing reform movements:

Govt. laws to regulate work

conditions, public sanitation, etc.

Rapid advances in public health &

medicine (FC.117)


medicine (FC.117)

Some fact. owners work to provide good housing & work conditions

Workers form labor unions to win better

work conditions.

Rising standard of living by 1900:Real wages

double by 1900Longer life expectancy

Dramatic pop. growth

Relatives & friends tend to migrate to same cities

People crowded

together in tenements

Some family & community ties are maintained

Housing shortage after WWII Fam’s move to their own separate homes in suburbs (FC.142)

Truly nuclear fam’s isolated from relatives & neighbors by distance & private property

WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)

Growing social problems including crime, alcoholism & drugs

A



-Urban growth:




-Urban growth: -Manchester 25k 303k;




-Urban growth: -Manchester 25k 303k; - Liverpool 80k 397k;




-Urban growth: -Manchester 25k 303k; - Liverpool 80k 397k; - London 700K (1700) 7.3m. (1900)




-Urban growth: -Manchester 25k 303k; - Liverpool 80k 397k; - London 700K (1700) 7.3m. (1900) - # cities over 50k 3->31





Family structure: -Before?





Family structure: -Before:”extended




commun. support


& each other



In an extended family, several generations plus other relatives live under one roof




commun. support


& each other



Family structure: Q: And then?

What replaced the extended family?



Family structure: -Before:”extended-nuclear”




commun. support


& each other



In an “extended nuclear” family, such as evolved after the Black Death in the 1300s, different generations of a family lived in separate homes. However, they typically still lived in the same community and could provide support to one another.


Family structure: -Before:”extended-nuclear”




commun. support


& each other






commun. support


& each other


FC.113 THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION -Urban growth: -Manchester 25k 303k; - Liverpool 80k 397k; - London 700K (1700) 7.3m. (1900) - # cities over 50k 3->31

Family structure: -Before:”extended-nuclear” -After: nuclear

Places of living & work before and after?






commun. support


& each other








commun. support


& each other



People crowded



In a nuclear family, such as developed during the industrial revolution, different branches of the same family typically moved to industrial cities where they often can still rely on some support from other family members and neighbors who all rented from the same landlord and saw themselves as part of the same struggle to survive.

x

x

x

x

x x






commun. support


& each other



People crowded




Norman Rockwell Roadblock ,1949

Norman Rockwell’s paintings, although somewhat romanticized and nostalgic, captured the sense of community that still existed in mid 20th century cities

Norman Rockwell, Homecoming GI, 1945






commun. support


& each other



People crowded




WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)


After World War II, a new phenomenon emerged: the suburbs. Nuclear families left the more community oriented environment of inner city apartment buildings for individual one-family homes, each owned by a separate family that drew distinct (property) lines, often with fences and hedges, between what belonged to them and their neighbors. As affluence & the size of family homes grew, so did the distance between & within families. Aggravating this was the automobile which replaced the shared experience of public transport with individuals each going their own way to their own destinations. This is where the sense of community really broke down.

X

Levittown, Pa., 1959






commun. support


& each other



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)





commun. support


& each other



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)



Men’s & women’s roles before?




commun. support


& each other



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)


Family structure: -Before:”extended-nuclear” -After: nuclear - Before: Men & women had

shared or complementary tasks

Men’s & women’s roles after?



shared or complementary tasks -After: more separate tasks:




commun. support


& each other



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)




shared or complementary tasks -After: more separate tasks:Before: Work & home = same placeAfter: Work & home are separate

Work Conditions




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)





Work Conditions




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)


Before IR, at what rate did people work & what were they paid according to?




Work Conditions-Cottage ind's: work at home & own rate; paid /prod.




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)





Work Conditions-Cottage ind's: work at home & own rate; paid /prod. - Workers had to use own tools




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)





Work Conditions-Cottage ind's: work at home & own rate; paid /prod. - Workers had to use own tools- Cottage ind's also exploit women & kids




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)


The transition stage to the factory system: the cottage industry where people worked at home, but for a distant boss. However, many of the abuses of women & children commonly associated with the factory system also occurred at the family level in the cottage industry system.




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)




Work Conditions-Cottage ind's: work at home & own rate; paid /prod. - Workers had to use own tools- Cottage ind's also exploit women & kids

Impact of schools, competition from machines, & rising wages on child labor?




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)




Work Conditions-Cottage ind's: work at home & own rate; paid /prod. - Workers had to use own tools- Cottage ind's also exploit women & kids -Schools, compet.from machines, & rising wages Child labor declines after 1870

Wages and job security?




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)




Work Conditions-Cottage ind's: work at home & own rate; paid /prod. - Workers had to use own tools- Cottage ind's also exploit women & kids -Schools, compet.from machines, & rising wages Child labor declines after 1870




Work Conditions-Cottage ind's: work at home & own rate; paid /prod. - Workers had to use own tools- Cottage ind's also exploit women & kids -Schools, compet.from machines, & rising wages Child labor declines after 1870 - Before: Worked at own rate & paid for how much one produced




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)


In factory system, at what rate did people work & what were they paid according to?




Work Conditions-Cottage ind's: work at home & own rate; paid /prod. - Workers had to use own tools- Cottage ind's also exploit women & kids -Schools, compet.from machines, & rising wages Child labor declines after 1870 - Before: Worked at own rate & paid for how much one produced -Factory system: work at mach's rate; paid/hr




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)


The safety poster says: “The sky’s the limit on good ideas. Let’s hear yours”

However, the workers see: “THIS IS NOT YOU!”

This is the beautiful environment I worked in during the summers of 1970 -72.

The Pit

***

The “bell-crusher” which breaks large rocks down to smaller ones before being sent on to be broken into finer grades of gravel.

Contrary to popular opinion, time does not fly when you’re working in a factory.

In fact, time seems to crawl, especially if a clock is placed right in front of you.

It doesn’t help if it has two minute hands….

Or is in decimal time with 10 hour days and 100 minute hours

One of the most pervasive aspects of industrial work is the safety poster.

Don’t get your head bashed up on the job. Be safe.

Don’t get your head caught in dangerous machinery. Be Safe. Don’t deprive your fellow workers of a FREE CHICKEN DINNER!

Watch where you’re driving when on the job. The fellow worker you run over & kill might cost the company a LOST TIME ACCIDENT!

Don’t play with electricity on the job and turn into a vampire,

Don’t play with chain saws on the job like hapless Harry does. Play with them alone and at home

This is Hapless Harry’s brain on drugs. Don’t get high on the job!

Don’t go hood-surfing on the job. Be safe. Get a free chicken dinner

Don’t fall to your death on the job. Be safe. Win a chicken dinner

Don’t catch on fire on the job. Be safe. Eat free chicken.

Your fellow workers may care about that free chicken dinner more than you thought. A lost time accident could hurt a lot more than you realize.

Don’t wear a chemical suit into a kiddie pool and frighten children.




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)





-Pay only good at company store

“Sixteen tons and what do you get?Another day older and deeper in debt.St Peter don’t you call me ‘cause I can’t goI owe my soul to the company store.”--Miners’ song





-Pay only good at company store-Hunt down & arrest workers walking off job




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)






-Pay only good at company store-Hunt down & arrest workers walking off job -Belgian commission: more spent on convict than family




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)





commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)

FC.113 THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Family structure: -Before:”extended-nuclear” -After: nuclear - Before: Men & women had




- 14 hr. days common

Kids replacing bobbins on machinery




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)





- 14 hr. days common - 6-11 yr old girls w/baskets of coal; Paid only if full




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)





- 14 hr. days common - 6-11 yr old girls w/baskets of coal; Paid only if full-Hazards: mine cave-ins,explosions & coal dust, dangerous machines

Humphrey Davy (1778?- 1829) was a renown chemist who, among other things experimented with nitrous oxide. (After variouis “experiments” with it at several laughing gas parties, it would be used as the first anesthetic, a major breakthrough in the history of modern surgery.) Davy is also known for the Humphrey Lamp which used gauze to filter out combustible gases in coal mines, thus reducing the incidence of mine explosions. Besides saving coal miners’ lives, the Humphrey lamp also saved thousands of canaries’ lives, much to the chagrin of canary breeders.




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)





- 14 hr. days common - 6-11 yr old girls w/baskets of coal; Paid only if full-Hazards: mine cave-ins,explosions & coal dust, dangerous machines-Rent orphans & poor kids to fact’s Fewer mouths to feed




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)





- 14 hr. days common - 6-11 yr old girls w/baskets of coal; Paid only if full-Hazards: mine cave-ins,explosions & coal dust, dangerous machines-Rent orphans & poor kids to fact’s Fewer mouths to feed 1767 law giving $ to nurse/ surviving kid

Old man and Maid by David Teniers (Flemish). Sexual harrassment is nothing new to our times. Neither is getting caught, although women were much more vulnerable to this kind of treatment and susceptible to being blamed for it as well.

If only they had the sexual harassment panda from South Park to teach them right from wrong.

Following is a description of working conditions in a coal mine in the 1840s given by a woman named Betty Harris. She was 37 years old at the time:

“I was married at 23, and went into a colliery (coal mine) when I was married. I used to weave when about 12 years old; can neither read nor write…I am a drawer, and work from 6 in the morning to 6 at night. Stop about an hour at noon to eat my dinner; have bread and butter for dinner; I get no drink. I have two children, but they are too young to work. I worked at drawing when I was in the family way. I know a woman who has gone home and washed herself, taken to her bed, delivered of a child, and gone to work again under the week.

“I have a belt round my waist, and a chain passing between my legs, and I go on my hands and feet. The road is very steep, and we have to hold by a rope; and when there is no rope, by anything we can catch hold of. There are six women and about six boys and girls in the pit I work in; it is very hard work for a woman…

“My cousin looks after my children in the day time. I am very tired when I get home at night; I fall asleep sometimes before I get washed. I am not so strong as I was, and cannot stand my work so well as I used to. I have drawn till I have bathed skin off me; the belt and chain is worse when we are in the family way. My feller (husband) has beaten me many a times for not being ready. I were not used to it at first, and he had little patience.

“I have known many a man beat his drawer. I have known men take liberties with the drawers, and some of the women have bastards.”From Great Britain, Parliamentary Papers, 1842, Vol. XV, p. 84, and ibid., Vol. XVII, p. 108




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)

FC.113 THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Work Conditions-Cottage ind's: work at home & own rate; paid /prod. - Workers had to use own tools- Cottage ind's also exploit women & kids -Schools, compet.from machines, & rising wages Child labor declines after 1870 - Before: Worked at own rate & paid for how much one produced - Factory system: work at mach's rate; paid/hr



Living conditions




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)

FC.113 THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Work Conditions-Cottage ind's: work at home & own rate; paid /prod. - Workers had to use own tools- Cottage ind's also exploit women & kids -Schools, compet.from machines, & rising wages Child labor declines after 1870 - Before: Worked at own rate & paid for how much one produced -Factory system: work at mach's rate; paid/hr



Living conditions-Diseases: cholera, TB, typhoid, diphtheria




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)




Living conditions-Diseases: cholera, TB, typhoid, diphtheria- Poisonous food coloring & plaster of Paris




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)




Living conditions-Diseases: cholera, TB, typhoid, diphtheria- Poisonous food coloring & plaster of Paris- 94% die from infectious diseases




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)




Living conditions-Diseases: cholera, TB, typhoid, diphtheria- Poisonous food coloring & plaster of Paris- 94% die from infectious diseases-e/o 38 (rich) vs 17 (poor)




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)

FC.113 THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION -Pay only good at company store-Hunt down & arrest workers walking off job -Belgian commission: more spent on convict than family


Living conditions-Diseases: cholera, TB, typhoid, diphtheria- Poisonous food coloring & plaster of Paris- 94% die from infectious diseases-e/o 38 (rich) vs 17 (poor)- Window taxes->No windows put in




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)



Living conditions-Diseases: cholera, TB, typhoid, diphtheria- Poisonous food coloring & plaster of Paris- 94% die from infectious diseases-e/o 38 (rich) vs 17 (poor)- Window taxes->No windows put in - No parks or trees;




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)



Living conditions-Diseases: cholera, TB, typhoid, diphtheria- Poisonous food coloring & plaster of Paris- 94% die from infectious diseases-e/o 38 (rich) vs 17 (poor)- Window taxes->No windows put in - No parks or trees; - 7 people/room in 1 house







commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)






commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)





- Street gangs; "View of the battle, corner of Elizabeth and Bayard Streets, Sixth Ward, between the 'Bowery Boys' and 'Dead Rabbits.' Source: Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper




- Street gangs; - Manchester: 1600 bars




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)






- Street gangs; - Manchester: 1600 bars- 26k opium apothecaries in Br.




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)










commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing



People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)








work conditions.





- Reformers




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

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People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)







- Reformers- Rich:W.H. Lever & Robt Owens (New Harmony, Ind.);




commun. support



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WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)







- Reformers- Rich:W.H. Lever & Robt Owens (New Harmony, Ind.);-Edwin Booth:Salv. Army




commun. support



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WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)



Relief provided by the Salvation Army. Such help, including the beds that eerily represented coffins, was designed to help the poor but discourage prolonged stays.





Cons. & Lib politicians




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WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)







Cons. & Lib politicians1833: 9-14 only 68 hrs./wk;




commun. support



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tainted food


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People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)







Cons. & Lib politicians1833: 9-14 only 68 hrs./wk; - No 8-yr olds in mines or factories




commun. support



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Dangerous machinery

& long days


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WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)



Robert Peel, British prime minister who worked for a number of labor reforms





Cons. & Lib politicians1833: 9-14 only 68 hrs./wk; - No 8-yr olds in mines or factories 1848: no 9 yr olds; altern. days for 10-14 & only 12 hrs w/2 hr's off




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WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)




Living conditions-Diseases: cholera, TB, typhoid, diphtheria- Poisonous food coloring & plaster of Paris- 94% die from infectious diseases-e/o 38 (rich) vs 17 (poor)- Window taxes-> No windows put in - No parks or trees; - 7 people/room in 1 house



Cons. & Lib politicians1833: 9-14 only 68 hrs./wk; - No 8-yr olds in mines or factories 1848: no 9 yr olds; altern. days for 10-14 & only 12 hrs w/2 hr's off1850: 10.5 hrs for kids & women 10 hrs standard by 1900




commun. support



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WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)



One factor leading to reforms of child labor practices in the 1800’s was changing, and often idealized views of childhood as a separate and more innocent stage of human development

One sign of the growing emphasis on children’s development and literacy was the profusion reading primers and children’s magazines in the 19th century.

Even more telling was the growth in the toy industry in the 1800s.




Unions




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WWII (FC.136)






Unions-Illegal until 1824




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& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing







work conditions.


People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)






commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing







work conditions.


People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)


FC.113 THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - Street gangs; - Manchester: 1600 bars- 26k opium apothecaries in Br.



Unions-Illegal until 18241824-70- Only mutual aid soc’s

Original status of unions?




Unions-Illegal until 18241824-70- Only mutual aid soc’s-Owners saw unions as violation of free contract;




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& each other

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tainted food


housing







work conditions.


People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)






Unions-Illegal until 18241824-70- Only mutual aid soc’s-Owners saw unions as violation of free contract; -WC can't handle leisure




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing







work conditions.


People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)






Unions-Illegal until 18241824-70- Only mutual aid soc’s-Owners saw unions as violation of free contract; -WC can't handle leisure- 1799 Combination Act: Anyone joining to improve cond's Jail for 3 mo's; Boss could be 1/3 mag's




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing







work conditions.


People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)






Unions-Illegal until 18241824-70- Only mutual aid soc’s-Owners saw unions as violation of free contract; -WC can't handle leisure- 1799 Combination Act: Anyone joining to improve cond's Jail for 3 mo's; Boss could be 1/3 mag's - 7 women jailed for saying bah!




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing







work conditions.


People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)






Unions-Illegal until 18241824-70- Only mutual aid soc’s-Owners saw unions as violation of free contract; -WC can't handle leisure- 1799 Combination Act: Anyone joining to improve cond's Jail for 3 mo's; Boss could be 1/3 mag's - 7 women jailed for saying bah!- Br. strikes more peaceful than US Pullman (1894); 1930s




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing







work conditions.


People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)






Unions-Illegal until 18241824-70- Only mutual aid soc’s-Owners saw unions as violation of free contract; -WC can't handle leisure- 1799 Combination Act: Anyone joining to improve cond's Jail for 3 mo's; Boss could be 1/3 mag's - 7 women jailed for saying bah!- Br. strikes more peaceful than US Pullman (1894); 1930s- By 1900 52-hr wk, 10.5 hr. day




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing







work conditions.


People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)










commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing







work conditions.





People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)










commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing






medicine (FC.117)


medicine (FC.117)



work conditions.





People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)






Unions-Illegal until 18241824-70- Only mutual aid soc’s-Owners saw unions as violation of free contract; -WC can't handle leisure- 1799 Combination Act: Anyone joining to improve cond's Jail for 3 mo's; Boss could be 1/3 mag's - 7 women jailed for saying bah!- Br. strikes more peaceful than US Pullman (1894); 1930s- By 1900 52 hr, 5.5 day

- E/o (1800-1900) 30 45




commun. support



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medicine (FC.117)


medicine (FC.117)



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People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)





-E/o (1800-1900) 30 45- Real wages in Br. rose 15-25% (1815-1850); 80% (1850-1900)




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing






medicine (FC.117)


medicine (FC.117)



work conditions.





People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)




Unions-Illegal until 18241824-70- Only mutual aid soc’s-Owners saw unions as violation of free contract; -WC can't handle leisure- 1799 Combination Act: Anyone joining to improve cond's Jail for 3 mo's; Boss could be 1/3 mag's - 7 women jailed for saying bah!- Br. strikes more peaceful than

US Pullman (1894); 1930s- By 1900 52 hr, 5.5 day

-E/o (1800-1900) 30 45- Real wages in Br. rose 15-25% (1815-1850); 80% (1850-1900)




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing






medicine (FC.117)


medicine (FC.117)



work conditions.





People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)






-E/o (1800-1900) 30 45- Real wages in Br. rose 15-25% (1815-1850); 80% (1850-1900)- Br Pop. 6m. (1750) 9m. (1800) 18m. (1850)




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing






medicine (FC.117)


medicine (FC.117)



work conditions.





People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)






-E/o (1800-1900) 30 45- Real wages in Br. rose 15-25% (1815-1850); 80% (1850-1900)- Br Pop. 6m. (1750) 9m. (1800) 18m. (1850) 1800-1914 - Eur pop 187m466 m. + 60 m. more who emigrated;




commun. support



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medicine (FC.117)



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WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)



Demographic LagPreviously, death rates and birth rates were roughly balanced at ~30/1000/year

Then suddenly, in the late 1800s, better nutrition and medical advances extended people’s life expectancy so that the death rate was ~17/year. However, because cultural values change much more slowly than technological change, birth rates remained at 30/1000/year.

Therefore, each year 13 more people were being born than dying for every 1000 people in W. Europe-> population growth rate of 1.3%/year

This growth rate would continue until cultural biases favoring large families were replaced by new values that favored smaller families-> birth rate falls to 17/1000/year to equal the annual death rate and ZPG (zero population growth) is attained.

The period where the birth rate falls while value favoring larger families remains is called Demographic Lag, because the change cultural values lags behind the rate of technological change

FC.1 BIOLOGICAL, CULTURAL & TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN HISTORY

CULTURAL EVOLUTIONPeople adapt behavior to envir.

Much faster than biol. evol.

TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTIONPeople adapt envir. to their needs

progressively the fastest evol.

“RUBBER BAND” THEORYIf 1 part of a culture changes it affects the rest of the culture

Mobile H & G soc’s Little or no surplus Little conflict Fairly

egalitarian society

Settled agr. soc’s More surplus More wars & soc. stratification

Lower status for women

Pre-indust. civ’s Much more wealth Much more war & soc. stratific. Women lose status

Indus. soc’s w/rapidly accelerating tech Much more destr. warfare,

but higher status for women

Biol. & cult. evol. can’t keep up with spiraling tech. growth

Society & culture can’t change as quickly

Environment can’t support unltd. growth

Tech. of destruction grows even faster than tech. of production Total war is obsolete

BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTIONWhere nature very slowly adapts us to changing environment

Humans distinguished by 5 major biological features:Binocular & color vision

Upright posture frees hands

Hands with opposable thumbs

Large well organized brain

Speech share ideas

New tech’s Surpluses Wars & conflict

Much more wealth, but also major problems:



-E/o (1800-1900) 30 45- Real wages in Br. rose 15-25% (1815-1850); 80% (1850-1900)- Br Pop. 6m. (1750) 9m. (1800) 18m. (1850) 1800-1914 - Eur pop 187m466 m. + 60 m. more who emigrated; 1870-1900- Public educ. funding rose 30X Kids out of factories




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing






medicine (FC.117)


medicine (FC.117)



work conditions.





People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)





-E/o (1800-1900) 30 45- Real wages in Br. rose 15-25% (1815-1850); 80% (1850-1900)- Br Pop. 6m. (1750) 9m. (1800) 18m. (1850) 1800-1914 - Eur pop 187m466 m. + 60 m. more who emigrated; 1870-1900- Public educ. funding rose 30X Kids out of factories- Curriculum more modern: math, history, modern literature




commun. support



& each other

Dangerous machinery

& long days


tainted food


housing






medicine (FC.117)


medicine (FC.117)



work conditions.





People crowded





WWII (FC.136)

WWII (FC.136)





-E/o (1800-1900) 30 45- Real wages in Br. rose 15-25% (1815-1850); 80% (1850-1900)- Br Pop. 6m. (1750) 9m. (1800) 18m. (1850) 1800-1914 - Eur pop 187m466 m. + 60 m. more who emigrated; 1870-1900- Public educ. funding rose 30X Kids out of factories- Curriculum more modern: math, history, modern literature- 2 new classes: industrial

capitalists and Proletariat (WC)




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medicine (FC.117)



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WWII (FC.136)



A young couple bids farewell to its homeland in “The Last of England” by Ford Madox Brown

***FC.113 THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION




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medicine (FC.117)



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People crowded





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WWII (FC.136)


the tyne foundry as depicted here by kathe kollwitz, conditions on farms were often bad enough to...

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