the transition metals, the lanthanides and the...
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The Transition Metals, the
Lanthanides and the
Actinides
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Lanthanide:THE ELEMENT
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Rare Earth Metals
• All of the elements in the Lanthanide group are metals
• They are named from the minerals that they are found with, which are uncommon minerals
• The rare part refers to the idea that these elements are hidden in the minerals, not that the elements themselves are so rare.
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The Rare Lanthanide
Elements:
They are more common than their name implies:
• Neodymium - atomic number 60 - more common than gold
• Cerium - atomic number 58 - is a metal and the 26th most common element in the earths crust.
• Thulium - atomic number 69 - is more common than iodine.
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Facts about the group:
• The Lanthanide group includes elements with atomic numbers from 58 to 71
• The Lanthanide elements are considered a group, not a period
• Some Lanthanides are formed during the fission of Uranium and Plutonium
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Properties:
• All Lanthanides are similar in chemical and physical properties
• Common Properties: • Silvery White Metals
• Shiny
• Tarnished easily when exposed to air
• Very reactive with most non-metals
• They burn easily
• Relatively soft
• They have a high melting point and boiling points
• They are F-block elements
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Uses:
• Many scientific and industrial uses:• Used as catalysts in the production of
petroleum
• They are often used in lasers, magnets, motion picture projectors and x-ray screens
• Some are combined with iron to create flints for cigarette lighters
• They are used for making sunglass lenses because they deflect ultra-violet and infra-red radiation
• They are used in scientific materials that need phosphors
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Effects on the body:
• Can regulate synaptic transmission
in neurons (determining what your
brain does)
• Can change the actions of certain
enzymes
• Can interfere with transport in and
out of cells
• This is not natural, it’s due to exposure
at industrial sites
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Lanthanide Contraction
• Since the 4f orbitals are buried in the interior
of these atoms, the additional electrons do not
add to the atomic size.
• The increasing nuclear charge causes the radii
of lanthanide elements (Z=58-71) to decrease
significantly going from left to right.
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The Lanthanides• The lanthanides are soft metals that can be
cut with a knife.
• The elements are so similar that they are hard to separate when they occur in the same ore, which they often do.
• Despite the name rare earth, the lanthanides are not as rare as originally thought.
• Cerium makes up 50 percent of an alloy called misch (MIHSH) metal.
• Flints in lighters are made from misch metal.
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The Actinides
• All the actinides are radioactive.
• The nuclei of atoms of radioactive elements are unstable and decay to form other elements.
• Thorium, protactinium, and uranium are the only actinides that now are found naturally on Earth.
• Uranium is found in Earth’s crust because its half-life is long—4.5 billion years.
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The Actinides
• All other actinides are synthetic elements.
• Synthetic elements are made in laboratories and nuclear reactors.
• Plutonium is used as a fuel in nuclear power plants.
• Americium is used in some home smoke detectors.
• Californium-252 is used to kill cancer cells.
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Dentistry and Dental Materials
• Dentists have been using amalgam for over 150 years to fill cavities in decayed teeth.
• Amalgam, a mixture of silver, copper, tin, and mercury, is the familiar “silver filling.”
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Dentistry and Dental Materials
• Because amalgam contains mercury, some people are concerned that the use of this particular type of filling may unnecessarily expose a person to mercury vapor.
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Dentistry and Dental Materials
• Today dentists have alternatives to amalgam. New composites, resins, and porcelains arebeing used to repair decayed, broken, or missing teeth.