the transformational potential of smart cities & society€¦ · access to healthy food “food...

Global Sustainability Summer School July 2019 catlett @ anl . gov

The Transformational Potential of

Smart Cities & Society

Charlie Catlett Senior Computer Scientist

University of Chicago and Argonne National Laboratory

Global Sustainability Summer School

Santa Fe Institute

July 2019

Collaborators:

Pete Beckman (ANL/NU)

Rajesh Sankaran (ANL)

Mike Papka (ANL/NIU)

Kathleen Cagney (UC)

Mark Potosnak (DePaul)

Doug Pancoast (SAIC)

Dan Work (Vanderbilt)

$700M /yr budget 3,200 employees 1,600 scientists/eng 750 Ph.D.s

Argonne computer scientist Jean F. Hall with AVIDAC, Argonne's first digital computer. Built by the Physics Division for $250k, AVIDAC began operation in January 1953.

Global Sustainability Summer School July 2019

Outline

• What is a Sustainable City?

• Using Data to Improve Service Equity

and Efficacy (and to anticipate needs)

• Why a New Measurement Approach?

• The “Array of Things” Project

• Low-Cost Sensors to Increase Spatial

and Temporal Resolution

• Software-Defined Sensors: Digital

Observations and Adaptive

Measurements

• Exploring Solution (and Risk) Space with

Coupled Computational Models


What’s a Sustainable City?


“There’s a lot of different

interpretations of what a

smart city is. My view is using

data to be more interactive,

focused and tailored to the

resident than we are today.”

“I want to make sure that as

we make these changes in

mobile technology on 311 or

our streetlights, that all

communities feel like this is

part of helping them, so

they feel a part of the city.

You have to make sure that

the mission of inclusion is

always being met.”

Rahm Emanuel (Chicago Mayor, 2011-2019)

Many of London’s advances in the

application of data and smart technologies

are globally recognised. We have clearly

taken great steps, but I want us to do even

more to meet the needs of Londoners.”

Sadiq Khan (London Mayor)


The City Resilience Framework was developed by ARUP with support

from the Rockefeller 100 Resilient Cities Program.

R100/ARUP

City Resilience

Framework

Leadership &

Strategy

Infrastructure &

Environment

Health & Well

Being

Economy &

Society

So what makes a city “Sustainable?”

It plans for the future,

navigating change.

It provides critical services

reliably, preserving and

enhancing the environment.

It shares and fosters human

aspirations to live healthy and

vibrant lives.

It understands that strong

communities, economic

opportunity, and equity are

foundational.


Life expectancy https://www.chicagohealthatlas.org/

Asthma http://www.mentalmunition.com/2011/09/south-side-children-have-greatest.html

Under 9%

Over 20%

Access to services

Cities: different Neighborhoods, different life experience

Access to healthy food “Food Deserts in Chicago, A Report of the Illinois Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights. 2011

66-71 yrs

81-83 yrs


Planning for the

Future

[1] Gosling, S.N., Dunn, R., Carrol, F., Christidis, N., Fullwood, J., Gusmao, D.D., Golding, N.,

Good, L., Hall, T., Kendon, L. and Kennedy, J., 2011. Climate: Observations, projections and

impacts. Climate: Observations, projections and impacts.

Percentage change in average annual

temperature by 2100 from 1960-1990 baseline

climate, averaged over 21 CMIP3 models. The

size of each pixel represents the level of

agreement between models on the magnitude of

the change. [1]

http://edgeeffects.net/judith-helfand-cooked/


What’s a Couple of ℃ Matter?

Temperature vs. Energy (Shanghai 2003-2007) [1]

[1] H. Yi-Ling et al, Influences of Urban Temperature on the Electricity Consumption of

Shanghai, Advances in Climate Change Research, Vol. 5, Issue 2, 2014.

Projected change in precipitation: 1950–2000 to 2021–2040: Projected change in

precipitation for the 2021–2040 period minus the average over 1950–2000 as a percentage

of the 1950–2000 precipitation. Results are averaged over simulations with nineteen

different climate models. Source: Figure by Gabriel Vecchi, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics

Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. [4]

Climate Change and Water

[4] Wilder, M., Scott, C.A., Pablos, N.P., Varady, R.G., Garfin, G.M. and McEvoy, J., 2010.

Adapting across boundaries: climate change, social learning, and resilience in the US–Mexico

border region. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100(4), pp.917-928.

[3] Gosling, S.N., Dunn, R., Carrol, F., Christidis, N., Fullwood, J., Gusmao, D.D., Golding, N.,

Good, L., Hall, T., Kendon, L. and Kennedy, J., 2011. Climate: Observations, projections and

impacts. Climate: Observations, projections and impacts.

Present Adjusted Human Water Security Threat (HWS) for Mexico,

calculated following the method described by Vörösmarty et al.

(2010). [3] Change in Rainfall

Water Security


Interdependence of Water and Energy

[5] Romero Lankao, P., 2010. Water in Mexico City: what will climate change

bring to its history of water-related hazards and vulnerabilities?.

Environment and Urbanization, 22(1), pp.157-178.

Figure 2: The mega-basin of Mexico City. [5] Source: Adapted

from AEGR (2004), GIS services.

The amount of electricity used to pump the total

volume of water from the Cutzamala system to

the treatment plant located to the west of the city

of Toluca is equivalent to the amount of energy

consumed by the city of Puebla, which is

inhabited by about 1.5 million people [5,6].

[5] UNDP, 2006, “Who has access to water? Case study of Mexico City

Metropolitan Area”, thematic paper for Human Development Report.

60-154 km distance

>1km

elevation


Using Data to

Improve Service Equity and

Efficacy

and to Anticipate Needs


Temperature vs. Mortality (East China 2003-2007) [1]

How Does Heat Impact Health?

[1] H. Yi-Ling et al, Influences of Urban Temperature on the Electricity Consumption of

Shanghai, Advances in Climate Change Research, Vol. 5, Issue 2, 2014.


Heat

Contour lines show the areas with significantly increased or decreased adjusted odds ratio (p-value < 0.05).

Spatial analysis of the effect of the 2010 heat wave on stroke mortality in Nanjing, China

Spatial analysis of the effect of the 2010 heat wave on stroke mortality in Nanjing, China Kai Chen, Lei Huang, Lian Zhou, Zongwei Ma, Jun Bi & Tiantian Li, Nature, Scientific Reports volume 5, Article number: 10816 (2015)


Health and Housing

E. Potash, R. Ghani, R. Mansour, et. al., ”Predictive Modeling for Public Health: Preventing Childhood Lead Poisoning," ACM KDD’15, August 2015, Sydney, Australia.

2012 Lead poisoning cases.

Which of the thousands of homes should the city inspect (and remediate) within any given high-danger area?

API to integrate with electronic medical record clinical decision tools


Chicago Food Safety

Inspection

Optimization

(random order)

(ordered by

risk)

(avg improvement: 7.4d)

Tom Schenk, City of Chicago; Sven Leyffer, Prasanna Balaprakash, et. al.; Argonne MCS

Predictive Analytics for Public Good: Inspection Optimization

(perfect)

Chicago’s food safety analytics tools are now in use in a half dozen other cities as well.

A predictive modelling tool, Firecast, analyses up to 7,500 risk

factors to calculate a risk score for each of the 330,000

buildings the New York Fire Department inspects. Factors

include previous fire, injuries, the number of buildings close by,

where in the city it is, as well as any tax or health violations.


Why a New Measurement

Approach? Using Sensors to Measure Local (vs. Regional) Conditions and Dynamics


Environment • Solar load on buildings

• Traffic safety

• Idling trucks

• Construction effects

• Noise pollution/sources

• Urban heat island

• Mold exposure

Activity • Flooding

• Traffic flow & safety

• Pedestrian flow & safety

• Use patterns of public

spaces

• Sources of noise

pollution & noise events

Air Quality • Asthma rates

• Traffic impact on AQ

• Industrial air pollutants

• Fossil fuel emissions

• Hydrogen sulfide

• Fuel leaks

• Flammable hazards

What do scientists and policymakers want to measure/diagnose?

SENSORS OBSERVATIONS

2018 Array of Things Student and User Workshop


Temporal Dynamics of Air Quality... And its impacts

Air quality varies rapidly in time and sharply

between neighborhoods. Models are used to

predict, but these require data for calibration

and validation.

Students who move from an elementary/middle school that feeds into a “downwind” middle/high school

in the same zip code experience decreases in test scores, more behavioral incidents, and more

absences, relative to when they transition to an upwind school. Even within zip codes, microclimates

can contribute to inequality.”


EPA Criteria Pollutants

The Clean Air Act requires EPA to set

National Ambient Air Quality

Standards (NAAQS) for six common

air pollutants (known as “criteria air

pollutants”). These pollutants are

found all over the U.S. They can

harm your health and the

environment, and cause property

damage.

https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants


Example: Health. What Data do we have for Air Quality?

Under 9%

Over 20%

Asthma

Despite many sensor networks, even weather (much less air

quality) data is absent from the most vulnerable neighborhoods.

EPA

Weather Underground

Purple Air


Location-Aware Sensing System (LASS)

Chen, Ling-Jyh, et al. "An open

framework for participatory PM2.

5 monitoring in smart cities."

IEEE Access 5 (2017): 14441-

14454.


Sounds of New York (SONYC)

Urbane

Bello, Juan Pablo, Claudio Silva, Oded Nov, R. Luke DuBois, Anish Arora, Justin Salamon, Charles

Mydlarz, and Harish Doraiswamy. "SONYC: A system for the monitoring, analysis and mitigation

of urban noise pollution." arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.00889 (2018).


The “Array of Things” Project


Why Measure an Entire City?

…to calibrate and validate computational models…

…to provide open / free data to catalyze innovation…

…to discover and eventually understand interdependencies…

…to provide a platform to explore new technologies and solutions.

…to enable everyone from students to politicians to better understand their city

The “Array of Things”


Ashish Sharma (U Illinois)

Nicola Ferrier (UChicago/ANL) Dan Work (Vanderbilt)

Marc Berman (UChicago) Kate Cagney (UChicago) David Liebovitz (UChicago)

Aaron Packman (Northwestern) Vivien Rivera (Northwestern)

Science


Environment Ambient, UV, IR light

Visibility

Magnetic Field

Vibration

Sound pressure

Temperature

Relative humidity

Barometric pressure

Edge Computing Computer Vision: Flooding, traffic flow, safety (bike helmet use, pedestrian

patterns…), use patterns of public spaces, cloud cover

Computer Audio: Noise components, sound events

Air Quality PM 1, 2.5, 10, 40

Carbon monoxide

Ozone

Sulfur dioxide

Nitrogen dioxide

Hydrogen sulfide

Total reducing gases

Total oxidizing gases

Array of Things

The “Array of Things” (AoT) is an NSF-funded Major Research Instrumentation project in partnership with the City of

Chicago, led by the University of Chicago and Argonne National Laboratory.

Global Sustainability Summer School July 2019 A R G O N N E N A T I O N A L L A B O R A T O R Y

Chicago AoT Deployment


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AoT in Chicago

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Lake Michigan

Chicago

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In progress (May 2019)


(a) Ravenswood Theater. Measuring pedestrian flow and use of public spaces with community events aimed at

addressing racism.

(b) Chicago North Branch Framework nodes measure the environment and traffic to understand the impact of

redistricting and new development.

(c) North-South lakefront and East-West transects support studying the “lake effect” on weather and air quality as well as

urban land use impact on regional weather.

(d) Lower West Side (Pilsen, McKinley Park, Little Village) has many known air pollutant sources. These nodes aim to

test node density and placement strategies.

(e) Chatham is one of Chicago’s most flood-prone neighborhoods. Scientists at Argonne, Northwestern, and UChicago

are developing flood detection capabilities using AoT image analysis and wireless moisture sensors.

(f) Measuring traffic changes resulting from the creation of the Pullman National Monument.

(g) Testing new methods to measure pedestrian and vehicle flow and related impacts (noise, congestion, air

pollutants, etc.) in the Chicago Loop and along the River Walk.

(h) Measuring air quality and noise in neighborhoods of the hundreds of participants in the UChicago Population

Research Center’s study on poverty, aging, and health.

(i) Several dozen locations were requested by individual residents and community groups.

(j) City of Chicago Fleets & Facilities Management seeks to understand pedestrian flow and impacts on the River Walk

and near public buildings.

(k) Many groups seek data to understand urban environmental impacts on health, including studies by the Chicago

Department of Public Health, UChicago COMPASS health project, and the UChicago/UIC NIH-funded Chicago Center

for Health and Environment (CACHET).

(m) City of Chicago Department of Planning & Development is interested in understanding traffic patterns and related

impacts.

(r) The Illinois Department of Transportation and Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning require rail crossing delay

data to prioritize investments in transportation infrastructure.

(s) The Bronzeville Community Smart Grid (IIT, ComEd) will leverage Exelon’s partnership with Argonne to investigate AI-

based energy optimization and failure prediction.

(t) Chicago’s Vision Zero program comprises 10 agencies and departments seeking to eliminate traffic-related fatalities

by 2022. Nodes are installed at 30 of the city’s most dangerous intersections and corridors. Additional nodes along

Ashland avenue aim to measure the impact of rapid future bus transit systems.

(u) Chicago Public Schools (Lane Technical H.S.) have worked with the AoT team to train over 400 students to develop

sensor-based science projects.

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Though Chicago plans hundreds of nodes, each individual science or policy project typically only

requires 6-12 nodes. All locations are selected based on specific science or policy questions,

including locations requested by community groups and individual residents.


Air Quality

Sensors

Cellular Data

Network

.

.

.

Third Party Devices and Array of Things Data

Portals:

Data

Discovery

Real-Time Access:

New Applications

Download:

Scientific Analysis

Tools and

Tutorials

Open /

Free Data

Data from student projects or other initiatives using third

party devices such as Particle.io web-connected

microcontrollers can be imported to AoT Beehive servers

and analyzed alongside AoT data using all of the tools,

tutorials, and applications developed for AoT.

Particle

Photon/Electron

Particle Cloud

Relay

Server


Thinking Further

• What urban services might cities consider optimizing, provided they

have the data, relative to sustainability?

• We find that university-city partnerships are very powerful, but

difficult to sustain. What might be strategies for capturing long-term

value from such projects? Even Chicago’s use of open source and

participation in city-to-city collaborative networks, though helpful,

have been dependent on specific individuals rather than being

systemic.

the transformational potential of smart cities & society€¦ · access to healthy food “food...

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