the texas a&m university system agricultural research and extension center at amarillo manure...
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The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
Manure Concentration of N:P, Animal Performance, and Blood Urea Nitrogen
Concentrations of Feedlot Steers Phase Fed Different Levels of Protein.
L.W. Greene1, 2 and J. T. Vasconcelos1,3
1Texas Agricultural Experiment Station - Amarillo2West Texas A&M University, Canyon3Texas A&M University
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
Introduction• Cattle are started on high concentrate finish diets at
approximately 750 lbs and fed to an average weight of 1250 lbs.
• Early in the feeding period, cattle have a greater deposition of lean tissue and less deposition of fat compared to later in the feeding period.
• As animals mature through the feeding period, the composition of gain changes -- protein gain decreases and fat gain increases in relative proportion.
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
Introduction
• The typical feedlot diet in the Southern Plains contains 13.0 to 13.5% Crude Protein (% N X 6.25)
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
Days on Feed-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
14 42 70 99 127
Crude protein excess or deficiency (g/d) during feeding period given a
typical diet (adapted from Galyean)
Days on Feed
Average excess = 50 g/d
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
-10
0
10
20
30
40
1 2 3
14.5% CP13% CP
11.5% CP
Nitrogen retained, % of intake
Collection Period
%
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
• The typical feedlot diet in the Southern Plains contains approximately 0.33% P
• The typical feedlot steer requirement for P is likely < 0.18%.
Introduction
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
14 42 70 99 127
Phosphorus excess or deficiency (g/d) during feeding period given a typical
diet (adapted from Galyean)
Days on Feed
Average excess 6.7 g/d
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1 2 3
14.5% CP13% CP11.5% CP
Phosphorus retained, % of intake
Collection Period
%
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
• The typical feedlot diet does not contain supplemented P.• The dietary P is supplied from the dietary ingredients.
Introduction
0.90+28.0Dried distillers grains
0.9346.0Cottonseed meal
0.3022.0Alfalfa hay
0.2511.0Sorghum silage
0.279.0Corn silage
0.319.8Corn grain
Phosphorus, %Crude Protein, %Source
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
Objective• Determine the effects of phase-
feeding of protein in finishing steers on– Steer performance– Blood urea nitrogen concentration– Manure N concentration– Manure P concentration– Carcass characteristics
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
Methods
One hundred eighty four steers
Randomized block design (blocked by weight into heavy medium and light and by start date)
54 steers started on June 6, 2003130 steers started on June 17, 2003
Steers were housed in 21 pens (7 pens/treatment)
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
Methods Three dietary treatments
1. Control diet – 13% Crude protein diet fed continually throughout the feeding period
2. 11.5% Crude protein – 13% Crude protein diet fed until cattle the average of the block reached 477 kg, then switched to an 11.5% crude protein diet
3. 10.0% Crude protein – 13% Crude protein diet fed until cattle the average of the block reached 477 kg, then switched to no supplemental crude protein diet
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
MethodsThe supplemental protein was supplied from equal amounts of nitrogen from urea and cottonseed meal
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
MethodsIngredient composition of finishing diets (DM basis)Item 13.0% CP 11.5% CP 10.0% CP
Corn grain, Steam flaked, % 74.07 76.25 79.50
Sorghum-sudan silage, % 7.50 7.50 7.50
Molasses, cane, % 4.00 4.00 4.00
Fat, % 3.00 3.00 3.00
Limestone, % 1.00 1.00 1.00
Mineral and vitamin premix, % 5.00 5.00 5.00
Urea, % 0.75 0.46 -
Cottonseed meal, % 4.68 2.79 -
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
Analyzed chemical composition of finishing diets.Item 13.0% CP 11.5% CP 10.0% CP
Crude protein, % 12.07 10.57 8.30
NDF, % 13.70 15.47 13.47
NEl, (Mcal/lb) 0.83 0.82 0.87
NEm, (Mcal/lb) 0.87 0.86 0.91
NEg, (Mcal/lb) 0.58 0.57 0.61
Ca, % 0.94 1.03 0.82
P, % 0.31 0.31 0.27
Methods
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
2.0062.042 1.965
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
kg/d
Average Daily GainBeginning until diet change
P-value =0.912
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
1.622
1.713
1.526
11.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.8
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
kg/d
Average Daily GainDiet change until finish
P-value =0.213
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
1.743
1.8581.687
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
kg/d
Average Daily GainBeginning until finish
P-value =0.094
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
10.229 10.17910.328
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
kg/d
Dry matter intakeBeginning until diet change
P-value =0.619
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11.077 10.777 10.079
56789
101112
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
kg/d
Dry matter intakeDiet change until finish
P-value =0.008
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10.751 10.61 10.151
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
kg/d
Dry matter intakeBeginning until finish
P-value =0.056
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
0.19
0.201 0.196
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
Kg gain/Kg intake
Gain efficiencyBeginning until diet change
P-value =0.832
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
0.151
0.159 0.146
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
Gain efficiencyDiet change until finish
P-value =0.294
Kg gain/Kg intake
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0.166
0.175 0.162
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
Gain efficiencyBeginning until finish
P-value =0.094
Kg gain/Kg intake
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
Plasma Urea Nitrogen (mg/dL)
7.72 7.31 6.52
1
6
11
P-value =0.8280
Day 0
6.56 6.94 6.12
1
6
11
P-value =0.8100
Diet change
9.847.02 4.75
1
6
11
P-value =0.0001
Harvest
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
2.8
2.42
2.6
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
Pen surface manure concentrationNitrogen P-value =0.600
%
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
0.10.11
0.12
00.020.040.060.08
0.10.120.14
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
Pen surface manure concentrationAmmonia Nitrogen P-value =0.931
%
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
2.72
2.33
2.47
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
Pen surface manure concentrationOrganic Nitrogen P-value =0.549
%
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
0.780.72 0.68
0.40.45
0.50.55
0.60.65
0.70.75
0.8
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
Pen surface manure concentrationPhosphorus P-value =0.642
%
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
3.56 3.45
3.87
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
Pen surface manure concentrationNitrogen:Phosphorus P-value =0.038
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
1.15
1.281.15
0.50.60.70.80.9
11.11.21.3
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
Carcass CharacteristicsFat thickness, cm P-value =0.227
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
87.33 85.9487.33
505560657075808590
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
Carcass CharacteristicsLongissimus area, cm2 P-value =0.192
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
1.891.92
1.97
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
Carcass CharacteristicsKidney, Pelvic and Heart Fat, % P-value =0.459
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
360.1361.1
363.76
300310320330340350360370
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
Carcass CharacteristicsHot carcass wt, kg P-value =0.663
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
577579
580
500
520
540
560
580
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
Carcass CharacteristicsLive weight, kg P-value =0.763
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
62.8 62.7 62.28
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
Carcass CharacteristicsDressing percentage, % P-value =0.874
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
430.43 409.44
438.1
200
250
300
350
400
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
Carcass CharacteristicsMarbling score P-value =0.173
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
2.69
2.912.92
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
13.0%CP
11.5%CP
10.0%CP
Carcass CharacteristicsYield grade P-value =0.174
The Texas A&M University SystemThe Texas A&M University SystemAgricultural Research and Extension Center at AmarilloAgricultural Research and Extension Center at Amarillo
• Variation of crude protein in the experimental diet resulted in lower than expected crude protein intake.
• Reducing crude protein intake to 8.3% reduced feed intake and tended to reduce ADG when summarized across the entire feeding period.
• No differences were detected in manure nutrient concentrations but the N:P ratio was increased when the lower CP diet was fed.
• No differences were detected in USDA Carcass Characteristics.
Summary