the sustainable energy challengethe sustainable energy challenge outline • the challenges: oil,...
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The Sustainable Energy Challenge
Outline • the challenges: oil, the economy and carbon dioxide • what is sustainability? • sustainable energy alternatives and roadblocks • UIC Summer Institute on Sustainability and Energy
Colloquium Center for Energy Efficient Materials
University of California Santa Barbara November 2, 2011
George Crabtree Departments of Physics, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
University of Illinois at Chicago
Materials Science Division Argonne National Laboratory
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Background Reading
physicsworld.com October 2009
George Crabtree and John Sarrao
Controlling the Functionality of Materials for Sustainable Energy
George Crabtree John Sarrao
ANNUAL REVIEW OF CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS
October 2010
http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/40527
http://www.annualreviews.org/journal/conmatphys
http://www.americanenergyinnovation.org/
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The Problem: Dependence on Imported Oil
find alternatives to imported oil biofuels, electricity, solar fuels
Unpredictable supply threatens
economy, lifestyle, national security
Cost to economy
$350 B/yr at current prices transferred to foreign oil
producers
http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energy_in_brief/foreign_oil_dependence.cfm
25
20
15
10
5
0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Mill
ion
barr
els
per d
ay consumption
production
US Oil
US EIA
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The Problem: Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change
2/3 of carbon dioxide emissions come from power plants and autos
IPCC Fourth Assessment 2007 http://www.ipcc.ch/graphics/gr-ar4-syr.htm SPM1
Permanent changes in weather patterns, agricultural networks and coastal geography
Cost of accommodation may be higher than
preventive cost of reducing emissions
0.5
- 0.5
0.0
50 0
- 50 -100 -150
4
0
- 4
mill
ion
km 2
°C
mm
1850 1900 1950 2000
Northern hemisphere snow cover
Global average sea level
Global average surface temperature
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Roadblocks to Sustainable Energy Technologies
Performance: fossil is cheaper
Sustainable energy technologies are in their infancy. They perform far below their ultimate potential.
Dramatic improvements are needed –
incremental tuning of the present state of the art
is not sufficient
Breakthroughs needed understand and control materials and chemistry
at molecular and nanoscale levels
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6
What is Sustainability?
Lasts a long time Oil in 1900 Coal in 2011
Does no harm Nuclear electricity: no CO2
Ethanol: reduced CO2
Leaves no change Closed chemical cycle Electricity, hydrogen
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Sustainable Next-Generation Energy Technologies
Sustainability Profile lasts a long time
does no harm leaves no change
Solar electricity: a fully sustainable energy chain manufacture and end-of-life impact must be considered
breakthroughs needed lower cost, higher efficiency photovoltaics
third generation materials and nanostructures electricity storage
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carbon dioxide
Sustainability Profile lasts a long time does no harm leaves no change
depletes coal resource 100s of years
Carbon Sequestration
~ 1000 years breakthroughs needed
chemical reactivity with rocks in extreme environments migration through porous rocks
geologic monitoring and predictive modeling leakage routes to atmosphere
emissions
sequestration
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Nuclear Electricity
spent fuel 10 000s yrs
Sustainability Profile lasts a long time does no harm leaves no change
depletes uranium resource 100s of yrs
usgs
breakthroughs needed materials for extreme environments high temperature, high radiation flux
high corrosivity geologic monitoring and modeling
nuclear waste
emissions
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Replace Conventional Oil
cellulosic biofuel: recycles carbon dioxide solar fuel without biology: thermo- or photo-chemistry oil sands and shale, coal to liquid: à 50% more carbon dioxide
à more pollutants
recycles CO2
cellulosic biofuel solar chemical fuel lasts a long time
does no harm leaves no change
oil sands and shale coal to liquid
lasts a long time does no harm
leaves no change
switchgrass ethanol plant
breakthroughs needed cellulosic breakdown to sugar or fuel chemistry of carbon dioxide to fuel
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Electrify Transportation Sustainability Profile
lasts a long time does no harm
leaves no change
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
e-
H2
H2O
O2 tesla motors
renewable electricity production
renewable hydrogen production
breakthroughs needed x2-5 higher energy density in batteries
catalysts, membranes and electrodes in fuel cells
electric motor replaces
gasoline engine
battery
fuel cell hydrogen storage
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Sustainable Energy Enabling Technologies: The Grid
breakthroughs needed long distance reliable, efficient delivery of electricity
Wind
Sun
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Enabling Technologies: Storing Energy
breakthroughs needed x2-5 increase in battery energy density
x10-20 increase through chemical storage + fuel cells
Energy/weight MJ/kg system
Ener
gy/v
olum
e M
J /
L sy
stem
00
10
20
30
10 20 30 40
Energy Storage Density gasoline
batteries
supercapacitors
• Store intermittent solar and wind electricity • Electrify transportation with plug-in hybrids and electric cars
batteries: 30-50x less energy density
than gasoline
beyond batteries: chemical storage + fuel cells
= electricity
impossible dream: x10 improvement
ethanol
combustion
electrical storage
methanolhydrogen
compounds (target)
compressed hydrogen gas
chemical +
fuel cells = electricity
electro-chemical storage
chemical storage
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gas CH4 oil CH2 coal CH0.8
heat useful work
combustion commodity materials disposable fuels
sustainable energy requires controlling complex, functional, high tech materials and chemistry
traditional energy
sunlight wind
water geothermal
biomass
electricity biofuels
solar chemical fuel
useful work
direct conversion
sustainable energy
The Transition to Sustainable Energy: High Tech Materials and Chemistry
high tech materials and chemistry e.g., photovoltaics, electrodes,
superconductors, catalysts
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New Science: Controlling Complexity
nanoscience
computer modeling
complex materials
controlling materials and chemistries
in ultra-small and ultra-fast regimes
We are at the dawn of a new era • build materials with atom-by-atom chemical precision • predict behavior of materials that have not been made • design new materials and chemistries for specific tasks
breakthroughs to next-generation sustainable energy technologies are within reach
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Artificial light-gathering and reaction center complex Kodis et al, JACS 128, 1818 (2006)
Crabtree and Lewis, Solar Energy Conversion, Physics Today 60(3), 37 (2007)
Complexity Equals Functionality
many interacting degrees of freedom
Levels of Complexity compositional
structural functional unit
architectural connecting functional units
temporal connecting sequential steps
synthesis characterization
theory and modeling
light
energy
electron
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The Energy and Science Grand Challenges
http://science.energy.gov/bes/news-and-resources/reports/basic-research-needs/
BESAC and BES Reports
• Secure Energy Future, 2002
• Hydrogen Economy, 2003
• Solar Energy Utilization, 2005
• Superconductivity, 2006
• Solid-state Lighting, 2006
• Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems, 2006
• Clean and Efficient Combustion of Fuels, 2006
• Electrical Energy Storage, 2007
• Geosciences: Facilitating 21st Century Energy Systems, 2007
• Catalysis for Energy, 2007
• Materials Under Extreme Environments, 2007
• Directing Matter and Energy: Five Grand Challenges for Science and the Imagination, 2007
• New Science for a Secure and Sustainable Energy Future, 2008
• Science for Energy Technology, 2010
• Computational Materials Sciences and Chemistry, 2010
§ Computational Materials Science and Chemistry, 2010
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. . . And Policy
economic sustainability
environmental sustainability
energy sustainability
a multidimensional, interactive challenge
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What Do We Need to Do?
Policy encourage new technologies through policy and planning • evaluate and incentivize the most suitable options
Educate the next generation for energy literacy • scientists and engineers • regulators, government officials, business people, urban planners • private citizens – the ultimate decision makers
Research and Develop new more sustainable technologies • materials and chemistry of greater complexity and functionality
Entrepreneuership sustain a culture of innovation and risk taking • deploy technologies through small companies
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The world is undergoing an historic transition. Get on board.
Summer 2012 http://sise.phy.uic.edu
Intense immersion in energy and sustainability Lectures, tours of energy and sustainability sites
Team “challenge projects” solving real-world problems
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Perspective
Energy is making an historic transition fossil to alternative, clean, sustainable
The transition will take decades The bottleneck for many alternative energy technologies is basic science understanding of materials and chemistry Embracing the transition requires
education – energy literacy for decision makers research and development of new technologies implementation through policy, planning, entrepreneurship