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THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON

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Page 2: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

IS OUR SUN GOING TO BE THE END OF THE HUMAN RACE?

Page 3: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

SOHO – SOLAR AND HELIOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY

Page 5: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

LAYERS OF THE SUN1. Inner Core: (15 million °C)-Nuclear

Fusion occurs creating energy.

2. Radiative zone: energy is transmitted through radiation.

3. Convective zone: area of convection currents where the heat is constantly rising

4. Photosphere-(6000 °C)the visible surface of the sun, the two outer0most layers are transparent

5. Chromosphere-(10,000°C)the chromosphere appears red, is only visible during a solar eclipse and releases most UV radiation

6. Corona-(over 1 million °C)is fully exposed during a solar eclipse and emits x ray radiation

Page 7: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

NUCLEAR FUSIONFusion comes from the core of the Sun, where pressure and temperatures are extremely high.

The process by which hydrogen atoms(light weight atomic nuclei) are converted into helium atoms and release an enormous amount of energy.

The mass of the fused helium is less than the combined mass of four hydrogen atoms, which means mass is lost during the process of nuclear fusion.

According to Einstein's famous formula (E=mc2), the lost mass is converted into energy.

At the current rate of the Sun’s conversion in nuclear fusion, the sun is about half way through its life cycle with about 5-10 billion years remaining. So the Sun used about 3% of its hydrogen.

*Every second 4.5 million tons of solar mass is converted to radiant energy in the core of the sun.

Page 8: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

LIFE CYCLE OF OUR SUNOur Sun has lived almost 5 billion years of its life and will lived approximately 5 billion more as a

medium star.

Due to a decreases in atomic fuel, in about 4 billion years our Sun will begin to increase in

temperature.

Then it will cool and expand to become a Red Giant in 5 billion years.

In around 10 billion years from now, our Sun will become a hot white dwarf then most likely burn

out as a Black Dwarf.

Because of their internal structure, a star only burns about 10% of its total H and He.

Page 9: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

ORBITS AROUND THE SUN AND MOONThe Earth’s orbit around the Sun, as well as the

moon around the sun, is an “ellipse”, flattened

oval. This causes us to have moments when we

are closing to or further away from the sun.

The Earth-Sun distance varies by about 3%, or

roughly 5 million km (3 million miles), over the

course of a year.

Aphelion- point when the Earth furthest away from

the sun (July)

*Remember “A” for “Away”

Perihelion-point when the Earth is closest to the

sun. (January)

Apogee-point when moon is furthest away form

the earth

Perigee-point when the moon is closest to earth

Page 10: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

SUN-EARTH-MOON SYSTEM• The sun rises in the east and set in the

west, as do the moon, stars and planets due to the earth’s rotation.

• As the earth rotates, it takes the earth about 4 minutes more than 24 hours to complete the rotation.

• The moon rises and sets 50 minutes later each day because the Moon moves 13°in its orbit over a 24 hour period, and Earth has to turn an additional 13° for the Moon to rise.

• Barycenter is the central mass of the earth that pulls on the moon.

• Due to spherical shape of the moon, the barycenter shifts, causing the Moon to “wobble” throughout its orbit.

• The wobble causes the moon to only line up yearly for eclipses rather than monthly.

Page 11: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

REASON FOR SEASONSo The earth’s elliptical plane(orbit)

allows the earth to travel around the

sun on at 23.5°tilt, which causes our

seasons on earth.

o When Tilted towards the

sun:(aphelion)

o Sunlight on or above Tropic of

cancer

o Summer in north

o Winter in south

o 24 hours of sunlight in arctic

o When Tilted away from the

sun:(perihelion)

o On or above Tropic of Capricorn

o Summer in the south

o Winter in the north

o 24 hours of sunlight in Antarctic

Tropic of Cancer

Tropic of Capricorn

Equator

Page 12: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

SEASONS A. Solstice-when the sun is overhead at its furthest

distance either north or south.

a) Tropic of Cancer= summer in north

b) Summer solstice-(Around June 21)Longest day

of year with most sunlight, first day of summer

c) Winter Solstice (around December 21) shortest

day of the year and first day of winter

B. Equinox-midway in orbit between solstices and

equal hours of day and night

a) Vernal Equinox (around March 21) first day of

spring

b) Autumnal Equinox (around September 21) first

day of fall

C. Zenith-is the sun’s maximum height at midday. It

varies throughout the year, depending on viewer’s

location

a) At equinox, zenith appears lower

b) Winter solstice is its lowest position

Page 14: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

SOLAR PROMINENCE

Solar prominences are large arch of

ejected gas from the chromosphere.

These often have a twist and

occasionally become unstable,

ejecting plasma and magnetic flux out

from the sun.

The prominences are associated with

sun’s magnetic field.

Page 15: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

SUNSPOTS

These are darker, cooler areas on the surface of the suncreated by disturbances in the sun’s magnetic field.

They may be as small as 16 kilometers or as large 160,00kilometers but usually around twice the size of the Earth.

Usually around 4500°C.

Activity on our Sun varies over a roughly 11-year cycle.

At the beginning of a cycle, sunspots are sparse. The spots gradually increase over several years, peak, and then decrease over the next several years, with spots from old and new cycles often occurring simultaneously as a new cycle starts.

At the end of October 2008, another batch of sunspots appeared, most of them belonging to a new cycle!

Page 16: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

Solar wind

Earth’s Magnetosphere

Solar Wind

Solar wind is the gas and charged particles that

flows outward from the corona at high speed of

400km/s

Earth’s Magnetosphere: The Earth’s invisible

magnetic field.

This field attract solar particles from the sun that

could destroy all life on Earth.

The field forms around the Earth’s magnetic poles,

which rotate every 10,000 years.

Our magnetic poles are shifting right now and will

change possibly within your lifetime.

The earth’s magnetic field is believed to be

caused by the fluid motion of the outer molten

core caused by the earth’s rotation acting like a

dynamo generating a magnetic field in the axial

direction.Solar Wind can also interfere

with communication devices on

Earth, such as cell phones.

SOLAR WIND

Page 17: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

AURORA BOREALIS-(NORTHERN LIGHTS)WHEN CHARGE PARTICLES FROM THE SUN ARE

ATTRACTED TO OUR MAGNETIC POLES.

As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, they will encounter atoms of oxygen and nitrogen at

altitudes from 20 to 200 miles above the earth's surface. The color of the aurora depends on which atom is

struck, and the altitude of the meeting:

Green - oxygen, up to 150 miles in altitude

Red - oxygen, above 150 miles in altitude

Blue - nitrogen, up to 60 miles in altitude

Purple/violet - nitrogen, above 60 miles in altitude

Page 18: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

SOLAR FLARES

This is a solar storm explosion on the surface of the sun.

Gas and energy is shot from the surface with a temperature of 12,000°C.

Solar Flares are much larger than our Earth.

Solar Flares can interact with Earth’s atmosphere causing from problems with communication and cell phone use.

Example: Air Force One 1984 with President Regan, while in-route to China (during the Cold War!)

EARTH

Earth

Page 19: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

A molten Earth, 4.5

Billion years ago.

CREATION OF THE MOONTHE IMPACT THEORY

o Based on examining rocks of the lunar surface, scientists have determined the age of the moon to be 3.8-

4.5 billion years old, same as the Earth.

o According to the Impact Theory, the Moon formed as the result of a collision between Earth and a Mars-

sized object about 4.5 billions years ago.

o The impacts caused materials from the incoming body and Earth’s outer layers to be ejected into space,

where over time they merged to form the moon.

o The Moon is made up of small amount of iron at the core, and mostly silicate material that came from

earth’s mantle and crust.

o The Moon’s crust is therefore similar to the Earth’s crust.

Creation of the Moon

Page 20: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

MOON FACTS• 238,900 miles (384,400 km) from the Earth

• Due to the lacking of an atmosphere, the moon temperature in sunlight is 127°C but drops to -173°C when there is no sunlight!

• Moon’s atmosphere is extremely thin weighting only 22,000lbs.

• Albedo is the percentage of light that is reflected by an object. The moon’s albedo is 7% compared to 31% of Earth.

• The moon is small with a diameter about the distance from New York to San Francisco.

• 1.2% the mass of the Earth

Page 21: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

Surface of the Moon:•Surface Features

1. Craters- depressions from impacts. Bombardment

from meteoroids was mostly 800 million years

ago.

2. Rays- lines of ejected materials around craters

3. Rilles- valleys from old lava depressions- similar to

lava tubes on Earth

4. Highlands- mountain ranges that surround crater

depressions

5. Maria(mare)-large dark regions, once believed

to be oceans, now known to be old lava pools

6. Ejecta- material blasted out from impacts

•The rocks of the moon are mainly basalt ( a granite-like

rock), a very common igneous rock on the Earth and

silicates (silicon and oxygen type rocks (which make-up

96% of Earth’s surface).

Maria

Rays

Crater

•The moon’s surface has been heavily cratered due

to its atmosphere being too thin to protect. (too little

gravity)

Rilles

Highlands

craters

Page 22: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

DARK SIDE OF THE MOON

• Synchronous rotation: the moon’s rotation equals its revolution (both at 29.5 days)

• Scientists theorize that Earth’s gravity slowed the Moon’s original spin until the moon reached its synchronous rotation.

• Due to the synchronous rotation and revolution of the Moon, only one side of moon always faces the Earth.

• We will NEVER see the Dark Side of the Moon from Earth!

• The side facing the earth has more maria (mare) because the crust of the moon on this side that faces Earth is thinner.

• When there was magma under the moon’s crust, the side of the moon facing earth, had more magma pulled to the surface.

• The dark side is all craters because the crust is too thick to allow ancient magma to come to the surface.

The side that

faces us

The Dark

Side of

Moon

Page 23: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

LUNAR INTERIOR

•Based on the seismic data from the moon, scientists believe the interior of the moon is similar to that of Earth; crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, and core.

•The upper mantle is solid (therefore, no plate tectonics) and the lower mantle is partially molten.

•Core is solid iron.

•The lunar surface also experiences “moonquakes” (around 3000 a year)due to earths gravitational pull.

Page 24: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

PHASES OF THE MOON• The moon acts like a large mirror, reflecting the

light from Sun, creating lunar phases.

• New Moon -when the moon is between the Earth and Sun. Therefore the light reflected is on the side of the moon that is not facing us and we do not see the moon.

• As the moon revolves around us, the amount of sunlight reflected increases. This increase is light is called waxing.

• Full Moon - when the Earth is between the moon and Sun. The moon is fully reflective of the sun.

• After the full moon, the amount of light reflected decreases, the is called

Page 26: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

SPRING TIDES NEAP TIDES

Spring Tides -larger than usual high and low

tides due to the moon and sun being

perfectly aligned and pulling equally on our

oceans.

Occurs during full and new moon phases.

Neap Tides- lower than usual high and low

tides due to the sun and moon being at a 90°

angle and working against each other.

Occurs during first and last quarter phases.

Page 27: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

Eclipses

•An eclipses is a blocking of sunlight to the

Earth.

•Solar Eclipses- when moon is directly

between Earth and Sun.

•Lunar Eclipse – when the Earth is between

the Sun and Moon.

•Umbra- the darker part of a shadow.

•Penumbra- the lighter part of a shadow.

•Average time for a solar eclipse is 2-3

minutes, 7.5 maximum, while a lunar

eclipse can last 3-5 hours.

Page 29: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

Solar Eclipse

When the Moon blocks the light from the sun.

The sun is 400 times larger than the moon but the

moon is 400 times closer, therefore appears to be

about the same size.

The sun’s Corona is exposed.

Occurs during a new moon.

The moon’s shadow falls on the Earth.

Causes momentary darkness on Earth but can only

be seen on very small regions of the planet because

the moon’s shadow is so small compared to our

planet.

Page 30: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

Lunar Landings:

•Only 12 people have ever set foot on the Moon.

•July 20, 1969 Apollo 11 makes first human

landing on the moon.

•Apollo 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17 all have landed on

the moon collecting samples, explored highlands

and mares.

•Now, scientists big exploration is to search to see

if the Moon ever had water.

Why will Neil

Armstrong’s

footprints never

change on the

moon?

Video: Neil Armstrong sets foot on the

moon | Science | guardian.co.uk

http://www.guardian.co.uk/scienc

e/video/2009/jul/15/apollo-11-

planting-the-flag

http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/video/

2009/jul/02/apollo-11-buzz-aldrin

Page 31: THE SUN, EARTH AND MOON - West Essex Regional LAYERS OF THE SUN 1. Inner Core: ... that pulls on the moon. ... As the electrons enter the earth's upper atmosphere, ... · 2014-11-5

WATER ON THE MOON!

On October 9th 2009, NASA bombed the moon in a search for H2O!

The aim of the $79 million mission was to send two spacecraft — a spent rocket stage down into a crater near the moon's south pole at about 5,600 mph (9,000 kilometers per hour) and see if the impacts threw up water ice.

Results showed over 24 gallons of water in this ONE CRATER!

After cleaning, this water would be completely drinkable!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgyNjNKyjb8