EARTH , SUN, and Moon

Interactions

How does what happens up there

Affect what happens down here

Understanding Climate and Weather

What? Why and How?

Guide Questions 1. Why do we have night and day?

2. How long is a day/a year?

3. How does sunlight hit the Earth’s surface? (equator vs poles)

4. Why is it warmer at the equator and colder at the poles?

5. Why are there seasons?

6. What is climate and what causes different climates?

7. What is longitude and latitude and how are they related to climate?

What causes Night and Day?

Length of Day:

http://www.cs.sbcc.net/~physics/flash/LengthofDay.swf

DAY AND YEAR

DAY AND YEARRotation earth’s spinning on its axis

1,600 km/hr (rate of spin at any point along the equator)

Revolution movement of earth

around the sun

Leap Year• It actually takes the Earth a little longer

than a year to travel around the Sun — 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 46 seconds, to be exact.

• It was the ancient Egyptians who first figured out that the solar year and the man-made calendar year didn't always match up.

• It was the Romans who first designated February 29 as leap day

• That extra day was added to February because February used to be thelast month of the year http://www.chiff.com/a/leap-year.htm

When do we have leap years?

• a leap day happens in years only divisible by four, i.e., 1996, 2000, 2004• Another stipulation ruled that no year

divisible by 100 would have a leap year, except if it was divisible by 400. Thus, 1900 was not a leap year ... but 2000 was! Go figure.

Leap Years

•When was the last leap year?

2008•When is the next?

2012

Number of Daylight Hours

• Every part of Earth gets about the same number of hours of daylight per year – half a year of full daylight

• BUT, not received the same way– EQUATOR: it is delivered evenly -- exactly half a day, every

single day, throughout the year. – POLES: it is delivered all at once -- half a year of daylight, and

then half a year of darkness. – MID LATITUDES: it is delivered in greater or lesser amounts,

throughout the year -- some days having more than half a day of daylight, but others, half a year later, having less than half a day, and the average, throughout the year, being half a day of daylight per day

AMOUNT OF SUNSHINE

• However, although the different regions receive the same number of hours of daylight, they do NOT receive the same amount of sunshine

• the amount of sunshine which is received over a certain amount of the ground depends upon how high the Sun is in the sky (the angle of the sun’s rays)

How sunlight hits the Earth’s surface

When sunlight shines from overhead (on left), one square foot of sunlight falls on one square foot of ground. When it shines at a shallow angle (on right), each square foot of sunlight spreads out over many feet of ground.

http://cseligman.com/text/sky/climate.htm

Effect of How Sun Hits Earth

• Equator always warmer (tropical)• Poles always colder (arctic)

REASON FOR THE SEASONS

Earth Motions: PRECESSION• Precession – Earth’s axis maintains

approximately the same angle of tilt, but the direction in which the axis points continually changes.

• Currently, the axis points toward Polaris.• In the year 14,000, it will point toward

Vega.• By 28,000, it will point toward Polaris

again.

PRECESSION

SEASONS

• We have seasons because:– The Earth’s axis is tilted 23.5o, so different

locations receive different amounts of direct sunlight throughout the year.

June Solstice

September Equinox

December Solstice

March Equinox

Sun

SOLSTICE

http://members.shaw.ca/len92/geography.htm

SOLSTICE

http://www.kidsgeo.com/geography-for-kids/0020-solstices-and-equinoxes.php

Peralta Colleges, Physical Geography

FACTORS THAT AFFECT CLIMATE

1. Axis or tilt of the Earth

-length of day & seasons

2. Latitude (sun angle)

3. Elevation

4.Precipitation (rain, snow, hail)

5.Currents (wind, ocean)

What patterns do you notice with the colors?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95TtXYjOEv49 mins

Geography basics

How sunlight hits the Earth’s surface?

Peralta Colleges, Physical Geography

The latitude and longitude system

Longitude lines run north-south and meet at the North and South Poles; also called meridians.

Latitude lines run east-west and don't meet; also called parallels.

Latitude• The latitude of a country is its angle above or

below the equator.

• For example• North Pole - 90° North• South Pole - 90° South• Paris, France - 48° North• Sydney, Australia - 34° South

Latitude

Equator

Paris

48°

Latitude• Some important lines of latitude include– The Equator – 0°– The Tropic of Cancer – 23.5° N– The Tropic of Capricorn – 23.5° S– The Arctic Circle – 66.5° N– The Antarctic Circle – 66.5° S

Longitude• The longitude of a country is how far around

the earth it lies from London = 0 ° (Prime Meridian).

• For example– Manila - 120° East– New York - 74° West

• The time zones follow lines of longitude that are every 15° away from London

Longitude

London

New York

Time zones: Every 15˚, changes by 1 hour

TIME ZONES

Climate change due to a country’s location

•Latitude effect on seasonal change •day-light hours •precipitation levels (rainfall and snowfall) •average (and max, min) temperatures •crop growth •tourism •ecosystems •cultural changes due to climate differences (e.g. S.A.D)

What are they?

The rising and falling of sea level twice each day.

Tides• Tides are created by the

gravitational force of the Sun and Moon.

• The Moon’s gravity pulls Earth along an imaginary line connecting Earth and the Moon.– This creates bulges of ocean water

(tides).– The bulges remain aligned with the

Moon, so that ocean levels rise and fall as the Earth rotates.

Why are there two each day?

The side of Earth facing the Moon feels a stronger gravitational attraction.

This creates two tidal bulges…One facing the Moon & the other on the opposite side.

Oceans facing Moon bulge because they are being pulled out from the Earth.

Oceans on opposite side bulge because Earth is pulled out from under them.

• Sun has minimal gravitational effect on Earth but when Sun and Moon align, their gravitational pulls combine– Spring Tides – larger

tidal range; occur at new moon and full moon.

• Neap Tides – smaller tidal range; occur at 1st and 3rd quarter.