The Subatomic World

The Submicroscopic WorldChapter 16.21What we know so farMatter is made of atoms

Atoms are submicroscopic

Matter exists in phasesSolid

4Liquid

Gas

In the SOLID phaseParticles are attracted to one anotherHeld together in a tightly packed and fixed 3-d arrangement

Microscopic View of a SolidThe atoms vibrate but stay close to one another

Solids maintain their shape and volume

Not easily compressible

Intereactive 3-D Diamond Molecule

SnowflakeIceInteractive Ice MoleculeIn the LIQUID phaseParticles can move and slide across one anotherCan assume the shape of their container

Microscopic View of a LiquidThe atoms vibrate and particles can flow easily past one another

Liquids assume the shape of their container

LiquidsParticles in liquids flow easily across one another

Liquids take the shape of their containersIn the GASEOUS PHASE

The atoms are moving rapidly, and easily across one another.Lots of free space between the particlesThey assume the shape of their container.

Microscopic View of a GasThe atoms are moving rapidly, and easily across one another.

Lots of free space between the particles

Compressible

GasesConform to the shape of their containersEasily compressed

GasesParticles easily flow and move over one another

Lets Review

YouTube - States of MatterChange of PhasePhase ChangesChapter 16.3Substances can change phasesRemove heatAdd heatSubstances can change phasesCondensationFreezingEvaporationMeltingSubstances can change phasesGASSOLIDSublimation

Changing Phases

Water Cycle Hydrologic Cycle

Boiling on the atomic level

CLICKThe Beaker26Boiling Point

CLICKThe BeakerHeat of VaporizationThe amount of energy required to change a liquid to a gas (and vice versa).

2256J/g

Heat of FusionThe amount of energy needed to change any substance from solid to liquid ( and vice versa)

Water = 334J/gPhysical and Chemical PropertiesChapter 16.4Physical PropertiesDescribe the look or feel of a substanceColorHardnessDensityTexturePhaseEvery substance has its own set of physical properties

Physical Properties CAN ChangeHoweverThe substances identity remains the sameSolidGasLiquid

Chemical PropertiesCharacterize the ability of a substance to react with other substances, or to transform from one substance to another.How Substances React or Transform

Chemical ChangesChange how atoms are Chemically bonded to one another.When we cook with gas..

Take another look

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O Chemical ReactionDuring a chemical reactionChanges are made in the way atoms bond togetherNew materials are formed

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O The Periodic TableChapter 16.6

Remember..Periodic table is a listing of all the known elements

Atomic number

Symbol

Atomic MassHe24.003The way the table is organized tells a lot about the elements properties

Metals are on the left side of the periodic tableMost of the known elements are metalsMalleableCan be hammered and bent into different shapes without breaking

Most of the known elements are metalsDuctileCan be drawn into thin wires

Most of the known elements are metalsGood ConductorsHeatElectricityMost solid at room temperature

Non-metals are on the right side of the periodic tableNon-MetalsPoor conductors

Not malleableNot ductile

Can be solid, liquid or gas at room temperatureShatter when hammeredBrittle

Metalloids

MetalloidsB - BoronSi - SiliconGe - GermaniumAs - ArsenicSb - AntimonyTe - Tellurium

MetalloidsHave both metallic and nonmetallic properties

MetalloidsWeak conductorsSemi-conductorsPeriods and Groups

Across a period propertiesgradually changePeriodic Trend

SmallerEasily lose e-LargerDo not easily lose e-

Columns have remarkably similar properties

The elements are grouped or in families

Element Families/Grouops

Inner Transition Metals

Inner Transition Metals

Elements to CompoundsChapter 16.7Elements are made of atoms

The element gold ( Au) is made entirely of gold atomsThe element silver (Ag) is made entirely of silver atoms

The element neon, Ne, is composed entirely of neon atoms

Elemental FormulaA notation that uses the atomic symbol and sometimes a numerical subscript to show how atoms of an element are bonded together.confused?Elemental FormulaTell you how the atoms of an element are arranged.take a lookElemental GoldThe smallest unit of the element gold, as it occurs in nature, is the gold atom itself.Use the elements symbolAu

The smallest unit of the element silver is the silver atom itselfUse the symbolAg

ElementalSilverThe smallest unit of the element nitrogen is a nitrogen moleculeUse the symbol and subscript numbersElementalNitrogen

N2The smallest unit of the element oxygen is an oxygen moleculeUse the symbol and subscript numbersElementalOxygenO2

The smallest unit of the element sulfur is a sulfur moleculeUse the symbol and subscript numbersElementalSulfurS8

CompoundMaterial composed of different elements bonded to each other

CompoundsSalt

NaClSodium chloride

Chemical formulaSalt

NaClSodium chloride

Chemical formulaWaterH2Owater

Chemical formulaAmmoniaNH3ammonia

NHHHCompounds have their own identities and properties

Naming CompoundsChapter 16.8

IUPACInternational Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry

Developed a chemical naming system Name reflects the elements a compound contains How the elements are combined3 Basic Guidelines#1The name of the element farthest to the left on the periodic table is followed by the name of the element father to the right, with the suffix -ide added to the latter.Examples of Guideline #1

NaCl - Sodium chlorideLi2O - Lithium oxideCaF2 - Calcium fluoride

The name of the element farthest to the left on the periodic table is followed by the name of the element father to the right, with the suffix -ide added to the latter.HCl - Hydrogen chlorideMgO - Magnesium oxideSr3P2 - Strontium phosphide

3 Basic Guidelines#2Use prefixes to designate numbers of elements in compoundsMono-oneDi twoTri - threeExamples of Guideline #2Carbon & OxygenNitrogen & OxygenCO Carbon monoxide

CO2 Carbon dioxideNO2 Nitrogen dioxide

N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxideTry this sulfur & oxygen example..SO2

SO3Sulfur dioxide

Sulfur trioxide3 Basic Guidelines#3Many compounds have common namesExamples of Guideline #3H2OCH4Dihydrogen monoxide ?

WaterCarbon tetrahydride?

Methane

You completed Chapter 16!Congratulations!