the social and economic impact of national road improvement in kabupaten...

The Social and Economic Impact of National

Road Improvement in Kabupaten Dompu,

Nusa Tenggara Barat

Sri Budiyati & Yudi F.M Wahyu

- October 2, 2014 -

Outline of Presentation1. Background

2. SMERU’s Study Locations

3. Study Framework and Procedures

4. Study Objectives

5. Findings : ENB-03 Kab Dompu, West Nusa Tenggara

6. Conclusion

7. Policy Implication & Recommendation

1. Background

• AusAID funded Eastern Indonesia National Road Improvement Project (EINRIP) is improving 400 km of roads and 895 m length of steel truss bridges in nine provinces of eastern Indonesia.

• SMERU involves in qualitative social research in four selected locations as a part of the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) since 2008. Other parts of the M&E covers quantitative surveys of road conditions, traffic volumes and vehicle speeds.

2. SMERU’s Study LocationLocation Stages Year

Kab. Bolaang Mongondow, North Sulawesi

Pilot Survey 2007

ENB-03, Kab. Dompu, West Nusa Tenggara

Baseline 2008

Construction Impacts (also include ENB-01 AB and ENB-01C in Kab Sumbawa)

2011

After Road Improvement 2013

EKS-01, Kab Banjar, South Kalimantan

Baseline 2008

Resurvey Baseline (during road construction)

2012

After Road Improvement 2014

ESS-05, Kab. Bulukumba and KabSinjai, South Sulawesi

Baseline 2009

ENT-01, Kab. Nagekeo (and Kab. Ende), East Nusa Tenggara

Baseline 2010

3. Study Framework & Procedures

Level Variables/ Aspects

District,Sub-district, and Village

Local Economy, Livelihoods and Living Standards

Social Service Provision : Health, Education , Policing, Transport Industry & Services

Expectation for (Impact of) Road Improvement

The study used qualitative methods and the data was collected through in-depth interviews (local govt officials, local business operators, household respondents) and focus group discussions (FGDs).

3.1. Study Framework

3.2. Procedures

3.3 Number of Informants

In 2008 (Baseline), a total 36 informants were interviewed, with a further 40 informants in 2011(Construction Impacts) and 95 informants in 2013 (After Road Improvement).

Road characteristic:

-The road in Dompu District serves long-distance passenger and freight vehicles, as well as local traffic serving the predominantly agricultural economy.

- The traffic volumes remain generally light but very important to connect East Indonesia and West Indonesia,have increased substantially following the road improvements.

4. Study ObjectivesThe research involves three stages:

• Baseline: providing information on the social and economic conditions, and on expectations of the community before programme implementation.

Kab. Dompu 2008

Angkutan

• Construction Impacts: information collected during construction, concentrating on employment, health and environmental impacts of construction activities.

Kab. Dompu 2011

• After Road Improvement: information on social and economic conditions approximately one year after the completion of the project, and on local perceptions of the effects of road improvements on their way of life.

Kab. Dompu, 2013

Some of informants….

5. Findings:

ENB-03, Kab Dompu, West Nusa Tenggara

5.1 Valuable Resources in Kab. Dompu

(a) A food security and tourism

corridor is planned for the Mount Tambora region.

An international celebration to commemorate the bicentennial of the Mount Tambora explosion is planned for April 11, 2015 with the theme “Tambora Greets the World”.

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(b) International Surfing competitions: Lakey Beach

Source: http://beachindo.blogspot.com/2011/12/lakey-beach-dompu.html

Kab Dompu,2008

(c) The traditional horse race

(d) Production of Corn and Rice

Year

CornRice

(wet paddy and dry paddy)

Harvest Area (Ha)

Average Produc

tion (quinta

l/ha)

Total Produc

tion (ton)

Harvest Area (Ha)

Average Produc

tion (quinta

l/ha)

Total Produc

tion (ton)

2008 3,953 33.4 13,203 33,290 46.2 153,733

2009 6,526 31.1 20,309 34,907 45.9 161,135

2010 5,957 31.1 18,523 34,467 45.7 160,090

2011 14,611 35.1 51,284 35,467 46.6 165,205

Source: Dompu Dalam Angka 2012, BPS Dompu District (2012)

(e) The number of livestock

Year Cows Buffaloes Horses Goats Pigs Free range

Chickens

Purebred Chickens

Ducks

2010 74,889 17,276 6,715 50,285 2,991 147,587 35,400 25,6562011 85,612 19,431 7,387 51,319 3,349 162,713 64,658 28,4782012 96,205 20,411 8,119 62,889 4,154 184,426 75,355 33,895

Source: The Animal Husbandry Agency of Dompu District

5.2 Package of National Road

Improvement through EINRIP

a. Preparation Period : the dissemination of information / plans to improve road conditions, and government policy regarding compensation for land used for road widening;

b. Road Construction Period :

- “Putri Nanga Tumpu” Restaurant benefited from the road project, because the site was filled and levelled using stones from the rock cuttings made by the contractor to widen the road.

- The widening of the road in the hill section involved rock cutting, which has necessitated road closures. Road closure is managed by the workers and two police officers and is limited to one hour at a time.

c. After Road Improvement Period: The EINRIP road improvement project was comprehensive. It not only improved the road but also developed the construction of gutters, sidewalks, road signs, and road markings.

5.3 General Problem

a. Road Construction Period:

dust created problems, some students and teachers coming late to school, construction noise had disturbed students during classes and even during national exams

5.4 Some changes had been documented

in:

a. transport and security (transport facilities, personal mobility, traffic accidents, security level);

b. the local economy (occupations and income, access to credit/loan, marketing of produce, and prices of products and consumer goods);

c. human development (health conditions, education, social interaction, social relationships);

Transport and security (1)Before Road Improvement After Road Improvement

Landslide & narrow road: Frequentlyhappens and dangerous

Landslide: still happen during heavy rain; the result of illegal activities of people who scrape rocks from the cliff.

Criminality:Truck and bus drivers feel threatened by thugs.

that they can travel faster, no longer feel threatened by thugs; youngsterstend to speed when they ride motorcycles and travelling in the opposite direction.

Road Sign: minimum Good

Road wide: 4 m 6 m + 2 x 1.5 m

Number of bus passenger:varies seasonally (school holiday, harvest season)

It has not changed and has even decreased; more and more people use their own vehicles; rented cars has increased

Transport and Security (2)

Before Road Improvementm After Road Improvement

Timing for Journey:-Dompu to Sumbawa: 4 hours-Desa Nanga Tumpu to Puskesmas (1hour)-Dompu to Mataram: 12 hours

The travel time has been reduced-Dompu to Sumbawa: 2 hours and 15 minutes-Desa Nanga Tumpu to Puskesmas(20 to 30 minutes)--Dompu to Mataram: 8-10 hours.

Transport & Freight:Usually most trucks operate at night to avoid tire damage due to hot road temperature during the day time.

Vehicles speed: average of 60-80 km/hour.

The journey is more comfortable (do not feel sick anymore)

The Local Economy (1)Before Road Improvement After Road Improvement

In 2008, 325 households (75% of total households in the village) were categorised as poor and were entitled to assistance from the government unconditional cash transfer programme (BantuanLangsung Tunai – BLT).

Increase welfare condition. By 2013, the number of unconditional cash transfer programme recipients (Temporary Direct Cash Transfer—Bantuan Langsung SementaraMasyarakat – BLSM) had fallen to 104 households (19% of total households in the village).

From FGD (women & men) The classification of welfare consist of : three welfare classes : the rich, the medium and the poor . But frommen’s group, adding the classes of ‘very poor’.

There are more classes (to be five), adding very wealthy and very poor.

The very poor is migrants, who were either unemployed or in low paying work. Some of people from ‘wealthy classes’ have increase their own assets (the size of the landholdings, the number of animals) to be ‘very wealthy’ classes.


Make a living from dry land cultivation, animal husbandry and fishing.

Since 2010 (PIJAR), corn has become more important and some farmers have taken up seaweed cultivation.

The farmers not only sell corn kernels but also the stalks and ears.

No corn warehouses Five Corn warehouses in ManggelewaSub-district

Middlemen rarely visit the village The number of traders visiting the village has increased and the additional competition has resulted in higher prices for farmers


Women’s main acticity: working on the land

Women more actively participate in savings and loan groups and trading activities.

Types of business were still limited (ex. time of service, number, and variation)

(+) Many new businesses have emerged and competition has increased. This is particularly noticeable in the restaurant and local transport services industries(-) Because of the increasing competition, the restaurant must use various methods to attract customers


1 hectare used to cost around only Rp 10 to 15 million

The price of land has increased. (Rp80 to 100 million per ha).

Vegetable trader are very limited More mobile vegetable and fish sellers, it will reduce the need to go to the traditional market to buy the community’s needs

Some villages have no electricity from PLN

All villages have access to electricity. However, 50% of households still have no electricity connection.

Human development

Before Road Improvement After Road Improvement

Common disease: Malaria Malaria has become less frequent

Nurse and midwife preferred to work in other villages.

Nurse and midwife have been more willing to live in the village because the availability of electricity and road condition.

Experiencing difficulties giving birth

Reducing difficulties in giving birth.

Limited choice to continue school. It made it easier for children to attend senior high school

Women have high dependency to their husband in order to travel.

Women were now more mobile, as they felt safe riding motorcycles at night, which made it easier for them to participate in social activities.

7.1 Conclusion

• Road improvement by EINRIP have give new community to realize their right on land, clean environment and comfortable transportation.

• But the improvement was not only have more positive impact but also shows the increase in inequality.

7.2 Policy Implication

• Social protection should also cover internal migrant workers who have poor condition (with some adjustment).

• “EINRIP Package” should be replicate in infrastructure development in Indonesia.

• All parties should have high concern on safety issues.

Thank You

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