1. Role of Seed in Transforming the Agriculture in the Philippines: A Focus on Rice Mercedita A. Sombilla Karen P. Quilloy

2. Outline of the Presentation I. Objectives II. The Philippine seed system III. Seed pricing policy and scheme IV. Seed development, production and distribution V. Seed adoption trends VI. Issues and constraints VII. Recommendations 3. Objectives of the study Describe the Philippine seed system and regulation; Describe the evolution of the rice seed varieties and analyze the trend in seed adoption; Identify issues and constraints in the seed industry; and Identify some key recommendations to overcome issues in enhancing the supply of high-quality seeds 4. The Philippine Seed System: Governance Mandate of the Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI) of the Department of Agriculture: Crop Production Division, Crop Research Division National Crop Research and Development Centers National Seed Industry Council (NSIC) National Seed Quality Control and Services (NSQCS) Plant Quarantine Services (PQS) Office Biotech Office SeedNet, UPLB, PhilRice, BOI, and the Private sector 5. The Philippine Seed System: Laws and Other Regulations Seed Industry Act of 1992 (RA 7308) R&D an IPR Republic Act (RA) 100055 known as Philippine Technology Transfer Act of 2009 Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) support on protection, patenting and licensing AOs pricing, production and marketing quality control 6. Rice Seed Pricing Policy and Scheme Prior to 2010 50% of the price of seed is subsidized Cash incentives and discounts Guaranteed prices Plant Now-Pay Later scheme Mandated fixed price for publicly bred seeds Starting 2010: removal of seed subsidies 7. Seed Development Flow 8. Inbred Seed Production and Distribution System Source: Adapted from PhilRice. 1996. The Philippine Rice Seed Industry and the National Rice Seed Production Network. Rice Technology Bulletin No. 16. Nueva Ecija, Philippines. 9. Hybrid Seed Production and Distribution System 10. Number of released rice varieties by NSIC, Philippines, 1968-2011 Rice Ecosystem Irrigated Lowland Irrigated Lowland- Hybrid Irrigated Lowland- Glutinous Irrigated Lowland- Saline prone Rainfed Lowlandb Cool- elevated Upland TOTAL 1966-1975 14 1 1 1 17 1976-1985 17 4 3 6 30 1986-1995 18 1 2 8 2 1 32 1996-2005 21 7 4 6 7 4 5 54 2006-2011 25 36 1 9 11 82 Total 95 44 10 17 30 6 13 215 a Varieties approved for release by the National Seed Industry Council, previously the Philippine Seed Board b From 1985, releases for rainfed-lowland were specified for transplanted, direct-seeded, drought-prone or flood-prone; Most are released for transplanted; 7 varieties were released for dry-seeded; 1 drought-prone; and 1 for flood-prone ecosystem Source: Table 1 of Launio and Manalili (2013) 11. Number of NSIC-approved rice seed varieties by breeding agency, Philippines, 1990-2012 Source of basic data: National Seed Industry Council Seed Catalogue 12. Yield performance of various rice varieties Source: Malasa et al. (2012) 3.37 3.95 4.57 3.55 4.57 5.13 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 low quality seeds high quality seeds (inbred) high quality seeds (hybrid) low quality seeds high quality seeds (inbred) high quality seeds (hybrid) 2006 WS 2007 DS Yield(t/ha) 13. Variables Irrigated Rainfed Upland Season (1= dry season, 0=wet season) 38.2ns 9.4ns 241.2ns Seed type Hybrid seed (1=yes, 0=No) 875.5*** 1512.2*** 2526.7*** Certified seed (1=yes, 0=No) 335.8*** 432.8*** 493.2** Good seed (1=yes, 0=No) - - - Farmers seed (1=yes, 0=No) -273.2*** -139.6*** 139.9ns Total quantity of seeds (kg) -1.3*** -1.6*** -1.7ns Total quantity of solid inorganic fertilizer (kg) 1.8*** 1.7*** 1.5*** Total quantity of labor (manday) -0.4ns 0.3ns 0.3ns Sex (1=male, 0=female) -136.5** 173.5** -325.5ns Age 0.5ns -0.8ns -14.5* Tenurial status (1=tenanted, 0 otherwise) -35.7ns -46.6ns -359.1** Farming experience (years) -0.7ns -1.3ns 12.5ns Training (1=received training, 0 otherwise) -136.9** 23.0ns -261.5ns Extension (1=received extension service, 0 otherwise) 353.9*** 237.9ns 204.1ns Credit access (1=avail credit, 0 otherwise) 218.8*** 383.0*** 261.0* Effects Seed Quality and Other Factors on Yield 14. Adoption of the Modern Rice Varieties 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 - 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 Areaharvested(Mha) PercentAreaHarvestedwithModernVarieties Year Irrigated (%MV) Rainfed (%MV) Upland (%MV) Total area harvested All ecosystems (%MV) Note: Data is from BAS. Source: Figure 2 of Launio and Manilili (2013) 15. Adoption of the Modern Rice Varieties 1992 1993 1996 1997 2001 2002 2006 2007 Total area n=2088 n=1731 n=2155 n=1840 n=1557 n=1291 MV1 na na 6 6 9 15 4 3 MV2 na na 21 21 17 11 2 2 MV3 na na 61 65 65 63 76 77 Hybrid Variety na na - - - - 7 8 High quality na na 10 10 19 20 30 29 Irrigated n=1337 n=1230 n=1368 n=1275 n=1060 n=1037 MV1 14 24 6 6 9 14 3 3 MV2 66 69 20 22 15 12 2 2 MV3 6 7 62 65 69 65 78 78 Hybrid Variety - - - - - - 8 9 High quality na na 12 12 20 23 34 31 Rainfed n=751 n=483 n=787 n=565 n=497 n=254 MV1 11 71 7 7 8 16 4 6 MV2 69 19 23 19 20 9 4 1 MV3 2 0 59 66 59 58 72 73 Hybrid Variety - - - - - - 5 6 High quality na na 6 7 16 12 23 19 Sources: For 1992/93, Review of PhilRice; 1996 to 2007 are drawn from Table 2.5, Bordey 2010; Varietal groups fromEstudillo and Otsuka, 2002. MV3: IR64-IR72 (IRRI), PSB Rc sereis (IRRI), PhilRice (mid-1980s to present), NSIC RC series (IRRI, PhilRice, UPLB) MV2: IR36-IR62 (IRRI, mid-1970s to mid-1980s), Notes: Hybrid Mestiso series (IRRI, PhilRice, Bayer Phil: 1998 to present, SL Agritech, HyRice Inc., Bioseed Inc) MV1: IR5 to IR34 (IRRI), UPL and C series (UPLB, mid 1960s to mid-1970s), BPI Ri series (BPI) 16. Adoption of the Modern Rice Varieties Farmers adoption of rice varieties by breeding agency, Philippines 2011-2012 (n=2,500 farmers) 2011 Wet Season 2012 Dry Season 1 Include UPLB 2 Include SL Agritech, Pioneer, Hyrice, Monsanto, Bioseed, Devgen, Bayer, and Syngenta PhilRice, 29.1% IRRI, 64.2% Other Public1, 2.4% Traditional 0.5% Other Private2, 3.8% PhilRice, 26.5% IRRI, 61.0% Other Public1, 2.8% Traditional 0.3% Other Private2, 9.5% Source of basic data: Rice-Based Farming System Surveys of PhilRice ,as cited in Malasa et al. 2012 17. Adoption of the Modern Rice Varieties Adoption of rice seed varieties, by seed class, Philippines, 1996-2007 Note: High quality seeds refer to inbred seeds (registered seeds and certified seeds) and hybrid seeds while low quality seeds include good seeds and home-saved/farmers seeds. Source: Malasa et al. 2012 18. Key Issues and ConstraintsKey Issues and Constraints 19. 1. Seed production and distribution issues Major constraints in making new seed varieties of selected crops available in the market Constraints Rice Yellow Corn White Corn Grain Legumes Root Crops Vegetables Tropical Fruits Coconut Sugar cane Insufficient availability of disease-free planting material X X X Insufficient availability of basic/foundation seed X X X X Insufficient availability of commercial seed X X X X X X X X X Insufficient availability of registered/certified seed X X X Inadequate seed production systems X X X X X Inadequate seed distribution systems X X X X X X X X Distance to seed supplier X X X X X X X Varieties poorly adapted to local conditions X Availability and cost of required production inputs X X X X X X X Low farm gate price X X X X X X X X Poor seed storage facilities X X X X X Poor seed germinability X X Note: Adapted from Sicat, S.R. et al. 2007. FAO/Government Cooperative Programme. Final Report on the Establishment of the National Information Sharing Mechanism (NISM) on the Implementation of the Global Plan of Action (GPA) for the Conservation and Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture in the Philippines. 20. Key Issues and Constraints 2. Adoption issues Unsustained adoption due to inconsistent yield promise as affected by inadequate knowledge of farmers on the seed requirements: Varietal and ecosystem mismatch Poor farm management practices Farmers reluctance to try or shift to new varieties Varietal and cropping system mismatch 21. Key Issues and Constraints 3. Cost and price issues A relatively higher cost of inputs and labor required in production of hybrid rice, especially of publicly bred varieties (in kg basis) compared to inbred rice Limited profit of publicly bred hybrid rice due to less competitive mandated fixed price compared to privately bred seeds 22. Key Issues and Constraints Regulatory policy issues Existence of informal seed production system (not controlled by NSQCS and not covered by its certification system) Imbalance regulations applied on private and public hybrids (private seeds are less regulated) Weak laws on hybrid seed export and imports (i.e., seed importation of private seed companies) Conflict in existing laws that govern the seed industry, particularly hybrid rice seed industry 23. Recommendations Improve production and distribution system Continue R&D on rice seed improvement Information dissemination and capacity building Review the policies on seed pricing 24. THANKTHANK YOU!YOU!