seed, seed types and seed quality

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Seed: Types and Quality Dr. Tauqeer Yasir

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Seed Definition, Seed types, germination, classed of seed, seed quality

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Page 1: Seed, Seed Types and Seed Quality

Seed: Types and Quality

Dr. Tauqeer Yasir

Page 2: Seed, Seed Types and Seed Quality

What is seed?In broad sense

Seed is a material which is used for planting or regeneration purpose.

scientifically

Seed is a fertilized matured ovule together covered with seed coat is called

seed or it is a propagating material.

Technological point of view

Seed is a fertilized ripened ovule consisting of three main parts namely

seed coat, endosperm and embryo, which in due course gives rise to a

new plant.

It also refers to

Propagating materials of healthy seedlings, tuber, bulbs, rhizome, roots,

cuttings, setts, all types of grafts and vegetatively propagating materials

used for production purpose.

Page 3: Seed, Seed Types and Seed Quality

Basic Parts of a Seed1. Embryo2. Endosperm3. Seed Coat

The embryo is the baby plant.

It consists of plumule, radicle and cotyledon. The embryo is the

young multicellular organism before it emerges from the seed.

The endosperm is a source of stored food, consisting primarily of

starches. It is the structure that has been formed to provide

nutrition for embryo in germination.

The seed coat consists of one or more protective layers that encase

the seed. The seed coat is tough and waterproof. It covers and

protects the embryo and the food supply

Page 4: Seed, Seed Types and Seed Quality
Page 5: Seed, Seed Types and Seed Quality

GerminationThe emergence and development from the seed embryo of those structures

which seed indicate the ability to produce a normal plant.

Conditions Necessary for Germination

Water

Air

Temperature

Light

Modes of Germination

Seeds present two modes of germination based on the behavior of the

cotyledons or storage organs.

Epigeal Germination

Hypogeal Germination

Page 6: Seed, Seed Types and Seed Quality

Types of SeedsMONOCOTS DICOTS

Embryo with single cotyledon Embryo with two cotyledonsUsually endospermic Usually non-endospermic (Except Castor seed)Germination usually hypogeal (Except in onion) Germination usually epigeal (except in pea, gram)Flower parts in multiples of three Flower parts in multiples of four or fiveMajor leaf veins parallel Major leaf veins reticulatedStem vacular bundles scattered Stem vascular bundles in a ringRoots are adventitious Roots develop from radicleSecondary growth absent Secondary growth often present

Grains, (wheat, corn, rice, millet) sugarcane, banana, ginger, onions, grass

Legumes (pea, beans, lentils, peanuts) mint, lettuce, tomato, oak, tree, etc.

Page 7: Seed, Seed Types and Seed Quality

1.Epigeal GerminationThe cotyledons come out above the soil surface and generally turn green and act as first foliage leaves. This type of germination present in groundnut, bean, cotton, sunflower and cotton seeds.

Page 8: Seed, Seed Types and Seed Quality

1.Hypogeal GerminationThe cotyledons do not come above the soil surface. This type of germination is found in wheat, barley, maize and pea.

Page 9: Seed, Seed Types and Seed Quality

Classes of Seed1. Breeder’s Seed2. Pre-basic seed3. Basic Seed4. Certified Seed

1. Breeder’s seed

Progeny of nucleus seed

Directly supervised by a breeder

Genetically and physical pure

Not available for commercial distribution

2. Pre-basic seed

Progeny of breeder’s seed

Handled so as to maintain specific genetic purity and identity

Produced in the defined regions

Must be approved by the Federal Seed Certification Department.

White label with diagonal violet line

Page 10: Seed, Seed Types and Seed Quality

Classes of Seed

3. Basic seed

• Progeny of pre-basic seed

• Produced on extension farms ,

research farms and by progressive farmers

• Must be certified by the FSCD

• white label

4. Certified seed

• Progeny of basic seed

• Produced by registered growers

of seed producing agencies

• Quality is controlled by the FSCD

• Certified Seed-I has Blue label and

certified seed-II (improved seed) has red label

Page 11: Seed, Seed Types and Seed Quality

a. Species (botanical name)

b. Cultivar name

c. Category

d. Reference number

e. Date of issue of certificate

Information on the Label

ANALYSIS TAGA-1 Seed Co.Location, USA

Variety & Kind Vernal AlfalfaLot No. 307-98

Pure seed 98.90%Inert matter 01.05%Other crop seed 00.00%Weed seed 00.05%Noxious weeds 00.00%

Germination 90.00%Hard seed 05.00%Date tested Jan. 2001Net weight 60 lbs.

Page 12: Seed, Seed Types and Seed Quality

Seed QualitySeed quality is the sum of all properties contributing to seed performance. The quality of seed can decide whether a farmer’s crop will be good, bad or indifferent. Seed quality is determined by the following characteristics:

1. Physical Attributes

2. Physiological Attributes

3. Genetic Attributes

4. Storability

Page 13: Seed, Seed Types and Seed Quality

A minimum of damaged seed A minimal amount of weed seed or inert matter A minimum of diseased seed Near uniform seed size

1. Physical Attributes

Seed Quality

2. Physiological Attributes

Germination Percentage or ViabilityThe germination percentage or viability is an indicator of the seed’s ability to emerge from the soil to produce a plant in the field under normal conditions Seed VigourSeed vigour is the capacity of seed to emerge from the soil and survive under potentially stressful field conditions and to grow rapidly under favourable conditions

Page 14: Seed, Seed Types and Seed Quality

Seed of the same variety

Adapted to the local conditions

Pest and disease tolerance

High yielding ability

3. Genetic Attributes

Seed Quality

4. Storability

Moisture content

Temperature of the environment

Seed treatment