the scientific revolution...philosophy •creation of royal academies to support exploration of...
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The Scientific Revolution
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Consider the following. Put them in order from most true to least true.
1. That house is on fire.
2. God exists.
3. The earth moves around the sun.
4. 2 + 2 = 4
5. Michelangelo was the greatest artist in history.
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The Age of Reason – late 16th
and 17th
Centuries
• 17th
Century Philosophy – the bridge between
the Renaissance and the Enlightenment
• Created the foundations of modern philosophy,
science and mathematics
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The Age of Reason?
• Superstition still was widespread
• Witch-trials abounded with perhaps 100,000
people being killed for ‘witchcraft’ between
1580 and 1630
– Widespread especially across the HRE
• Even the great thinkers of the age held on to
superstitions and supernatural beliefs
– Astrology, alchemy etc. (pseudoscience in modern
terms)
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Advances in Other Fields
• There were scientific (and “scientific”) advances
in a variety of fields:
– Medicine (blood circulation e.g.)
– Botany/Biology (plant classification, new plants)
– Chemistry
• Many “discoveries” were of limited validity or
value to future scientists, but a significant
number of people were engaged in experiments
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The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp
1632 Rembrandt
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Creation of Scientific Societies
• People communicated across Europe about their
new scientific findings
• Expansion of Universities in Europe/New World
• Meetings held in coffeehouses to perform
experiments and discuss the new Natural
Philosophy
• Creation of Royal Academies to support
exploration of Natural Philosophy (and find
commercial/military applications of it)
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The Universe Prior to the Scientific Revolution
• Based largely on the thinking of two people:
– Aristotle: ancient Greek philosopher
– Ptolemy: ancient Greek astronomer
• Earth at the center (Geocentric)
• Finite Universe
• Outside the Earth everything was perfect and unchanging
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Ptolemy’s Order of the Celestial Bodies
Ptolemy’s geocentric model of the solar system:
1. Earth2. Moon3. Mercury4. Venus5. Sun6. Mars7. Jupiter8. Saturn
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The Creation of a New Science
• Driven in part by Renaissance ideas a new method of science based on observation and experimentation emerged
• Aristotle’s and Ptolemy’s models and views of the universe often didn’t match observations
• Additionally, new methods of gathering data (the telescope) for instance provided new information
• The calendar had also become inaccurate, meaning religious holidays were out of place
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Leading Scientific Figures• Nicolas Copernicus (1473 – 1543)
• Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630)
• Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
• Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727)
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The Problem of “Retrograde Motion”
• The Planets appear to move backwards at times
• This was explained with “epicyclces”
• Calculating these was difficult and often inaccurate
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Epicycle Model
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Nicolaus Copernicus• Polish Mathematician proposed a
new model in his landmark work On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres
• Proposed a theoretical heliocentric model to simplify the calculations of the orbits of the planets
• Published his book in 1543 while on his deathbed (dedicated to the pope)
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The
Copernican
Model
•Heliocentric
•Planets still move in circles
•Epicycles still exist
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Following Copernicus
• Other illustrious “Natural Philosophers” followed including:
– Tycho Brahe
– Johannes Kepler
– Galileo Galilei
– Rene DesCartes
• All added important elements to the Scientific Method and to our understanding of the Natural World
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“Thunderbolt and lightning,
Very, very frightening”--Galileo
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Trial of Galileo
• In Catholic nations especially the crackdown on
“heresy” had a significant impact on scientific
work
• Publications were banned or altered
• In February 1600 Giordano Bruno burned at the
stake in Rome for his publications
• The Inquisition began its inquiry into Galileo’s
beliefs/publications in 1633 – ended with his
house arrest and recanting of his theories
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New Methodology
• Francis Bacon formalized empirical, experimental research.
• Rene Descartes emphasized deductive reasoning.
Against cold meats was he insured?For frozen chickens he procured —brought on the illness he endured,and never was this Bacon cured.--Pip Wilson
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Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning
• Descartes is most closely associated with
DEDUCTION (general specific)
– E.g. All cats have a keen sense of smell. Fluffy is a
cat, so Fluffy has a keen sense of smell.
• Bacon is most closely associated with
INDUCTION (specific general)
– E.g. All cats that you have observed purr. Therefore,
every cat must purr.
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The Scientific Method
• A method for deriving truth about the natural world
• Develop a hypothesis, test the hypothesis using experimentation and observation, confirm/reject/refine the hypothesis and repeat
• The Scientific Method didn’t rely on the church or ancient authority which made it dangerous in the eyes of some
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Scientific Revolution Thinkers
• Today and tomorrow you will have time to complete the chart on the 4 major thinkers of the Scientific Revolution
• It is due on Friday
November 3rd
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