THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

How did the Scientific Revolution reflect the values and ideals of the Renaissance?

In what ways did the Scientific Revolution impact worldview?

How did the Scientific Revolution reflect the values and ideals of the Renaissance?

In what ways did the Scientific Revolution impact worldview?

MAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONMAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

-rise of universities in the High Middle Ages

-broadening of the curriculum to include the study

of mathematics and the sciences -growing community of intellectuals pursuing knowledge Renaissance interest in the idea of human potential and progress

-rise of universities in the High Middle Ages

-broadening of the curriculum to include the study

of mathematics and the sciences -growing community of intellectuals pursuing knowledge Renaissance interest in the idea of human potential and progress

the recovery of ancient classical texts (math, science, and philosophy)

Renaissance allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigationGalileo was supported by the

Medici family

the recovery of ancient classical texts (math, science, and philosophy)

Renaissance allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigationGalileo was supported by the

Medici family

The Medieval Worldview Geocentrism

The Medieval Worldview Geocentrism

Aristotle’s View of the Universe

Aristotle’s View of the Universe

Ptolemy’s Universe Ptolemy’s Universe

THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

A SHIFT TO HELIOCENTRISM

THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

A SHIFT TO HELIOCENTRISM

NICOLAUS COPERNICUSNICOLAUS COPERNICUS(1473-1543)-Polish astronomerchallenged the Roman astronomer,

Ptolemy’s, complicated explanation of planetary movements

proposed a sun centered solar system (heliocentric)planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun

(1473-1543)-Polish astronomerchallenged the Roman astronomer,

Ptolemy’s, complicated explanation of planetary movements

proposed a sun centered solar system (heliocentric)planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun

JOHANNAS KEPLER(1571-1630)

JOHANNAS KEPLER(1571-1630)

-German astronomer-formulated the three laws of planetary motion -orbits of the planets are elliptical

not circular -velocity (speed) of a planet’s orbit is not uniform -the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is related to its distance from the sun

-Kepler provided mathematical proofs for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory

-German astronomer-formulated the three laws of planetary motion -orbits of the planets are elliptical

not circular -velocity (speed) of a planet’s orbit is not uniform -the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is related to its distance from the sun

-Kepler provided mathematical proofs for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory

JOHANNAS KEPLERTHE THREE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION

JOHANNAS KEPLERTHE THREE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

-Italian philosopher and astronomerMedici family was a patron (supporter) of

his work -Improved on the telescope (new invention)

this allowed him to observe the motion of the planets and the surface of the sun and moon

-Italian philosopher and astronomerMedici family was a patron (supporter) of

his work -Improved on the telescope (new invention)

this allowed him to observe the motion of the planets and the surface of the sun and moon

Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe based on his observations of Jupiter and

its moons

Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding helio-centrismIt was not well received by the Church

Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe based on his observations of Jupiter and

its moons

Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding helio-centrismIt was not well received by the Church

-Galileo’s views were challenged by

the ChurchChurch feared that helio-centrism

would undermine its authority and theology with humans being at the center of God’s universeThis theology was based on the geo-centrism of Aristotle and Ptolemy

-Galileo’s views were challenged by

the ChurchChurch feared that helio-centrism

would undermine its authority and theology with humans being at the center of God’s universeThis theology was based on the geo-centrism of Aristotle and Ptolemy

Galileo was brought before the Inquisition -His works were banned and teachings were

condemnedplaced on the Index of Prohibited Books

-he was threatened with torture and excommunication and placed under house arrest

-Galileo recanted (took back) his views shortly before his death in 1642

Galileo was brought before the Inquisition -His works were banned and teachings were

condemnedplaced on the Index of Prohibited Books

-he was threatened with torture and excommunication and placed under house arrest

-Galileo recanted (took back) his views shortly before his death in 1642

GALILEO EVIDENCE FOR HELIOCENTRICISM(OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOONS OF JUPITER)

GALILEO EVIDENCE FOR HELIOCENTRICISM(OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOONS OF JUPITER)

GALILEO OBSERVED JUPITER AND THE ROTATION OF ITS MOONS

GALILEO OBSERVED JUPITER AND THE ROTATION OF ITS MOONS

Galileo before the Inquisition

Galileo before the Inquisition

SIR ISAAC NEWTONSIR ISAAC NEWTON

Isaac Newton (1642-1723)Isaac Newton (1642-1723)-English mathematician – Cambridge University-built on the work of Copernicus, Brahe,

Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis)-1686 formulated the mathematics for the

universal law of gravitation (every physical body (object) in the universe

exerts a force on every other body)-provided evidence that the universe was governed

by precise mathematical relationships

-English mathematician – Cambridge University-built on the work of Copernicus, Brahe,

Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis)-1686 formulated the mathematics for the

universal law of gravitation (every physical body (object) in the universe

exerts a force on every other body)-provided evidence that the universe was governed

by precise mathematical relationships

-Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking

the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent.”

-the science of Newton would lay the foundation for much of the science of the western world

-Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking

the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent.”

-the science of Newton would lay the foundation for much of the science of the western world

UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION

NEWTONIAN SYNTHESIS-RATIONAL PROOF FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL

UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION

NEWTONIAN SYNTHESIS-RATIONAL PROOF FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL

Newton also came to better understand the properties of light

Newton also came to better understand the properties of light

SIR FRANCIS BACON EMPIRICISM (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)

SIR FRANCIS BACON EMPIRICISM (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)

Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

-English politician and writer (not a trained scientist)

Believed that knowledge comes through observation and experimentation (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)

We must allow the “facts” to speak for themselves and draw conclusions based on those facts

(inductive reasoning-EMPIRICISM)Bacon proposed that an increase in knowledge

would lead to powerful nations and an increase in personal wealth

-English politician and writer (not a trained scientist)

Believed that knowledge comes through observation and experimentation (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)

We must allow the “facts” to speak for themselves and draw conclusions based on those facts

(inductive reasoning-EMPIRICISM)Bacon proposed that an increase in knowledge

would lead to powerful nations and an increase in personal wealth

EMPIRICAL MODELEMPIRICAL MODEL

ALL KNOWLEDGE HAD TO BE EMPIRICALLY (SCIENTIFICALLY) VERIFIED TO BE VALIDScienceData “proof”

TRUTH CLAIMS NEEDED EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION

ALL KNOWLEDGE HAD TO BE EMPIRICALLY (SCIENTIFICALLY) VERIFIED TO BE VALIDScienceData “proof”

TRUTH CLAIMS NEEDED EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WOULD

IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO

18TH CENTURY MOVEMENTS

THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTIRAL

REVOLUTION

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WOULD

IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO

18TH CENTURY MOVEMENTS

THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTIRAL

REVOLUTION