the saigon ctt semester 1 chapter 4 le chi trung
TRANSCRIPT
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Semester 1Semester 1
CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4
Le Chi TrungLe Chi Trung
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ContentContent
• Electricity
• The digital multimeter - LAB
• Signals and noise
• The encoding of networking signals
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ScheduleSchedule
No Name Est time No Name10-May Chapter 3 Online Exam
4.1 Electricity 0:20:004.3 Signals and noise in communications systems 0:30:00 Discussion
4.4 The encodeing of networking signals 0:10:00
12-May 4.2 The digital multimeter 0:30:004.2.1 Safe Handling and use of a multimeter4.2.2 Resistance measurement4.2.3 Voltage measurement4.2.4 Series circuits4.2.5 Communication circuits
Summary Chapter 4 0:30:0015-May Chapter 4 Online Exam
DayLesson Lab
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ELECTRICITYELECTRICITY
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Periodic tablePeriodic table
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ConductorsConductors
• Materials that allow electrons to flow through them with great ease.
• These electrons can easily be freed from the atom when voltage is applied.
• Examples :
– Metals : Gold, Silver, Copper...
– Water.
– Humans!!
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InsulatorsInsulators
• Materials that allow electrons to flow through them with great difficulty, or not at all.
• Electron orbits are very close to the nucleus.
• Examples :
– Plastic, glass, wood …
– Air and other gases.
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Semi-conductorsSemi-conductors
• Materials where the amount of electricity they conduct can be controlled.
• Because silicon is widely available (sand), it is the material we use for computer chips.
• Examples :
– Carbon.
– Germanium.
– Silicon.
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Parts of an atomParts of an atom
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Forces within an atomForces within an atom
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Stable atomStable atom
• Why don't the electrons fly in towards the protons?
– Velocity of electrons keep them in orbit around nucleus.
• Why don't the protons fly away from each other?
– Nuclear force keep the protons don't fly away from each other.
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Static electricityStatic electricity
• Electrons have been loosened from the atom and stay in one place, without moving.
• Electrostatic discharge (ESD).
– ESD, though usually harmless to people, can create serious problems for sensitive electronic equipment.
– How to handle the printed circuit boards ?
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Measuring electricity:Measuring electricity: Voltage Voltage
• Force or pressure caused by the separation of electrons and protons.
• Symbol: U.
• Volt (V).
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Measuring electricity:Measuring electricity: Current Current
• The flow of charges that is created when electrons move.
• Symbol: I.
• Ampere (A).
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Measuring electricity:Measuring electricity: Resistance Resistance
• Property of a material that opposes, and can control the electrical flow.
• Symbol: R.
• Ohm (Ω).
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Simple circuitSimple circuit
I = U / R
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Electrical definitions:Electrical definitions: AC and DC AC and DC
• Alternating Current (AC):
– Electrical current flows in both directions; positive and negative terminals continuously trade places (polarity).
• Direct Current (DC):
– Electrical current flows in one direction; negative to positive.
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OscilloscopeOscilloscope
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Electrical definitions:Electrical definitions: Impedance Impedance
• Total opposition to the flow of electrons. Equivalent to resistance but for AC and pulsed circuits.
• Symbol: Z.
• Ohm (Ω).
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Electrical definitions:Electrical definitions: Ground Ground
• Ground can refer to the place on the earth.
• Ground can also mean the reference point, or the 0 volts level, when making electrical measurements.
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Safety ground wire (SGW)Safety ground wire (SGW)
• SGW prevents electrons from energizing metal parts of the equipments.
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ReviewReview
• Conductor, insulator, semi-conductors.
• Measuring electricity.
• Definitions.
• Grounding.
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THE DIGITAL MULTIMETERTHE DIGITAL MULTIMETER
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MultimeterMultimeter
• Voltage measurement.
• Current measurement.
• Resistance measurement.
• Continuity measurement.
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Preparation for LABPreparation for LAB
• 4.2.1: Use of multimeter.
• 4.2.2: Resistance measurement.
• 4.2.3: Voltage measurements.
• Lab companion:
– 4.2.1.
– 4.2.2.
– 4.2.3.
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ReviewReview
• Using digital multimeter.
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SIGNALS AND NOISESIGNALS AND NOISE
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SignalsSignals
• Signal refers to a form to carry information.
• Example:
– A desired electrical voltage.
– A light pattern.
– A modulated electromagnetic wave.
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Analog signalsAnalog signals
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Digital signalsDigital signals
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Fourier synthesisFourier synthesis
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One bit on physical mediaOne bit on physical media
• Voltage level
• Light intensity
• Burst of waves
• Bits must arrive at the destination undistorted in order to be properly interpreted.
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Bits on travelBits on travel
• Propagation
• Attenuation
• Reflection
• Timing Problems
• Collisions
• Noise
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PropagationPropagation
• A bit takes at least a small amount of time to travel (propagate) down the wire.
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Propagation (cont.)Propagation (cont.)
• If the receiving device cannot handle the speed of the arriving bits, data will be lost.
• To avoid data loss, the device either...
– Buffers the arriving bits into memory for later processing, or.
– Sends a message to the source to slow down the speed of propagation.
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AttenuationAttenuation
• The signal degrades or losses amplitude as it travels along the medium.
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Attenuation (cont.)Attenuation (cont.)
• Loss of amplitude means that the receiving device can no longer distinguish a 1 bit from a 0 bit.
• Attenuation is prevented by:– Not exceeding a medium’s distance
requirement (100 meters for Cat 5 cable).
– By using repeaters that regenerate the signal.
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ReflectionReflection
• Reflection refers to reflected energy.
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Reflection (cont.)Reflection (cont.)
• When impedance is mismatched, the digital signal can “bounce back” (reflect) causing it to be distorted as bits run into each other.
• If enough energy is reflected, the binary, two-state system can become confused by all the extra energy bouncing around.
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Timing problemsTiming problems
• Dispersion, Jitter, Latency
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Timing problems (cont.)Timing problems (cont.)
• Dispersion: similar to attenuation, is the broadening of a signal as it travels down the media.
• Jitter: caused by unsynchronized clocking signals between source and destination. This means bits will arrive later or earlier than expected.
• Latency: is the delay of a network signal.
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CollisionsCollisions
• A collision happens when two bit are on a point of media at the same time.
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Collisions (cont.)Collisions (cont.)
• Collisions occur in broadcast topologies where devices share access to the network media.
• A collision happens when two devices attempt to communicate on the shared-medium at the same time.
• Collisions destroy data requiring the source to retransmit.
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NoiseNoise
• Noise is unwanted additions to the signal.
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Noise (cont.)Noise (cont.)
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Noise (cont.)Noise (cont.)
• Too much noise can corrupt a bit, thus destroying the message.
• Noise is unavoidable.
• Kinds of noise:– Thermal Noise.
– Near end cross talk.
– AC Power/Reference Ground Noise.
– Electromagnetic Interference (EMI).
– Radio Frequency Interference (RFI).
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Noise:Noise: Thermal Thermal
• Due to the random motion of electrons, thermal noise is unavoidable.
• Our signaling is usually strong enough to override the effects of thermal noise.
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Noise:Noise: NEXT NEXT
• Near end cross talk (NEXT) : when two wires are near each other, energy from one wire can wind up in an adjacent wire and vice versa.
• Cross talk is avoided by a network technician using proper installation procedures including:– Strict adherence to RJ-45 termination
procedures (chapter 5).
– Using high quality twisted pair cabling.
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Noise:Noise: AC Power/Reference groundAC Power/Reference ground
• The signal reference ground is not completely isolated from the electrical ground.
• AC power line act as an antenna for electrical noise interferes with the digital signals.
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Noise:Noise: EMI/RFI EMI/RFI
• Sources of EMI/RFI include:– Fluorescent lighting (EMI).
– Electrical motors (EMI).
– Radio systems (RFI).
• Two ways to prevent EMI/RFI Noise:– Through shielding the wires in the cable
with a metal braid or foil.
– Through cancellation the wires are twisted together in pairs to provide self-shielding.
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CancellationCancellation
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ReviewReview
• Digital signal.
• By what bits are distorted.
• Kind of noise.
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BASIC OF ENCODINGBASIC OF ENCODING
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EncodingEncoding
• Encoding is the process of converting information into a form that can travel on a physical link.
• Example:
– Smoke signals.
– Morse mode.
– Telephone.
– TV/Radio.
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Signal modulationSignal modulation
• AM (amplitude modulation): the amplitude, or height, of a carrier sine wave is varied to carry the message.
• FM (frequency modulation): the frequency, or wiggly-ness, of the carrier wave is varied to carry the message.
• PM (phase modulation): the phase, or beginning and ending points of a given cycle, of the wave is varied to carry the message.
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Binary encodingBinary encoding
• TTL: Transistor-Transistor logic
• NRZ-L: Non-Return to Zero-Level
• NRZI: Non-Return to Zero-Inverted
• NRZ-M: Non-Return to Zero-Mark
• Manchester Tx (Transmit)
• MLT3: Multi-Level Threshold-3
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Binary encoding:Binary encoding: TTL TTL
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Binary encoding:Binary encoding: NRZ-L, I NRZ-L, I
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Binary encoding:Binary encoding: Manchester Manchester
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Binary encoding:Binary encoding: MLT3 MLT3
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Binary encoding:Binary encoding: Used Used
• Ethernet:
– Manchester Tx+, Tx-
• Token-ring:
– Differential Manchester
• Fast Ethernet:
– MLT-3
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ReviewReview
• Encoding and Modulation.
• Binary encoding schemes.