the russian revolution 1917 - 1924. textbook nicolas tate a history of the modern world, federal...
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The Russian The Russian RevolutionRevolution1917 - 19241917 - 1924
textbooktextbook
Nicolas TateA History of the Modern World, Federal Publications (S) Pte Ltd, 1995.
MAPWORKMAPWORK
• Find the following countries on the map
• Britain, France, Norway, Italy, Belgium, Russia, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Denmark, Lithuania, Latvia, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Sweden, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Switzerland, , Hungary, Romania, Turkey, Albania
MAPWORKMAPWORK
• Find the following cities
• London, Paris, Warsaw, Moscow,St Petersburg, Petrograd, Vladivostok, Munich, Berlin
Don’t be “LOST” and ‘BLUR” when we Don’t be “LOST” and ‘BLUR” when we studystudy
• The Tsar & the Russian Empire• Reasons for the 2 revolutions in Russia
in 1917• Who were the Bolsheviks• What communism means• The Reds and Whites 1918-1921
(not the Japanese Red and White Show, you #$#@!)
• How Lenin tried to change the Russian economy
The Russian Empire under Tsar The Russian Empire under Tsar NicholasNicholas
• Look at the extent of the Russian Empire in 1914 (p 42)
• It stretches from Europe in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east
• The Russian Empire was ruled by the Tsar or the emperor
• In 1914, it was Nicolas II
The Russian Empire under Tsar The Russian Empire under Tsar NicholasNicholas
• Nicolas II was very powerful• Made decisions on his own• 1905 – protests and
demonstrations• Nicholas was forced to set
up a parliament (Duma) • However, it had little
influence on the govt ruled by the Tsar
The Russian SocietyThe Russian Society
• The Aristocracy– The rich minority– Most powerful
• The Middle class– Merchants, bankers, doctors, lawyers– Not many around; little influence in govt matters
• The Peasants– Majority of the people– Peasants more than town workers– Mostly engaged in farming– Resent their poverty; resent the rich
• The Town workers– Lived and worked in cities– More involved in demonstrations– Poor working conditions– Govt did not help much
Opposition to tsarist ruleOpposition to tsarist rule
• Opposition for many different reasons
• “Bloody Sunday”• A peaceful demonstration in the
capital St Petersburg was fired upon by troops
• Led to further protests• Eventually Tsar Nicholas
agreed to call a ‘Duma’ or parliament
On 22 Jan 1905, there was a march of industrial workers on St. Petersburg, the intellectual center of Russia and the Tsar’s capital. Father Gapon, carrying a crucifix, led the workers with their wives and children (including infants) to the city centre. Guards, instructed that the people should not reach the palace, ordered the crowds to leave. When the people refused, the guards began shooting at them, first with blanks then with ball cartridges, killing women and children along with men. Shocked, the workers turned and fled for their lives. Several hundreds were killed.
Street Fighting in St Petersburg 1905Street Fighting in St Petersburg 1905
THE DUMATHE DUMA
The Duma had little power
OPPONENTS OF THE TSAROPPONENTS OF THE TSAR
1. Social Revolutionaries
2. Social Democrats or Marxists
3. Liberals
OPPONENTS OF THE TSAROPPONENTS OF THE TSAR
1. Social Revolutionaries• SocialSocial because they wanted to change society• RevolutionariesRevolutionaries because they were willing to
take part in a revolution• The SR were prepared to use violence to bring
about a revolution• Wanted to seize land owned by the aristocracy
and turn them over the peasants• Naturally most of their support came from the
peasants• Many officials were assassinated – part of the SR
campaign
OPPONENTS OF THE TSAROPPONENTS OF THE TSAR
2. Social Democrats or Marxists
• Also want complete change to society• Also prepared to use violence• However, their support comes mainly from
the town workers rather than the peasants• Marxists follow the teachings of a 19th
century German thinker called KARL MARX
OPPONENTS OF THE TSAROPPONENTS OF THE TSAR
KARL MARXKARL MARX• Marx believed that violent
revolutions would take place in all countries
• All power transferred to the ordinary people
• No private property• Everything belongs to the state
and the state would use it on behalf of the people
• Marx’s ideas were known as “socialism” or “communism”
• His followers were thus known as socialists or communists
• See Page 60
OPPONENTS OF THE TSAROPPONENTS OF THE TSAR
2. Social Democrats or Marxists
• The Marxists were a small party in Russia• Also divided among themselves• 1903 : Split up into 2 groups – the
Bolsheviks (the majority) and the Mensheviks (the minority)
• Bolsheviks were led by Lenin• Main difference : Bolsheviks were impatient
for revolution to occur
LENINLENIN
OPPONENTS OF THE TSAROPPONENTS OF THE TSAR
3. Liberals
• These opponents of the Tsar believed in peaceful means of opposition
• Wanted the Tsar to share power with some of the people
• Demanded for a parliament with real power and rule only with its consent
WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I
• Outbreak of WWI against Germany in 1914 changed the situation
• 1915 : Nicholas II decided to go to the front and lead the army himself
WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I
• Poor leader, made bad decisions• His wife ran the country; made bad decisions
and chose bad advisers (Rasputin)• Events led to the Feb 1917 Revolution• First, let’s see the impact of WWI on Russia
WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I
Impact of WWI
• Inflation• Fewer factory workers (?)• Military Defeat• Massive food shortages• The Tsar• The Tsarina• Inefficient railway system
WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I
Impact of WWIImpact of WWI
1. Inflation• Prices skyrocketed• Between 1914 to 1916, average wages doubles• But basic food (potatoes, bread) cost 3 to 5 times as
much
2. Fewer factory workers (?)• Workers needed to join the army• But factories needed more workers to produce war
goods• More peasants left the countryside for the towns• Is it a net gain or net loss of factory workers?
Impact of WWI
3. Military Defeat• Russia suffered many defeats• Lost a lot of land• 1 million killed, more than 4 million
wounded, 3 million POWs• Rasputin : The Tsar and especially his wife
came under the influence of a monk called Rasputin
RASPUTINRASPUTIN
WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I
Impact of WWI
4. Massive food shortages• Worsened as the war dragged on• Peasants already unable to produce enough food
during peacetime, let alone when workers and horses were taken for the army
• Inefficient food collection and distribution• Result : People starved while undistributed food
rotted
WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I
Impact of WWI
5. The Tsar• The Tsar decided to go to the front and lead the
army himself• He made a poor leader and was not an inspiration
to his troops at all• He was also blamed for the military defeats
suffered at the hands of the Germans
WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I
Impact of WWI
6. The Tsarina• Inexperienced and incompetent• Personally unpopular because she was a German• Listened to the bad advice of Rasputin
WORLD WAR IWORLD WAR I
Impact of WWI
7. Inefficient railway system• Failed to cope with the additional demands of war• What do you think were the effects of an inefficient
railway in the country embroiled in war?
The First Revolution Feb The First Revolution Feb 19171917
• The first revolution of 1917 was unplanned; spontaneous
• People protested in Petrograd (Nicholas renamed St Petersburg as Petrograd)
• Soldiers ignored orders to disperse the protests and joined them instead
• Generals could not help the Tsar as they lost control of the troops
• Nicholas II abdicated in favour of his brother, Grand Duke Michael who refused to become Tsar
The First Revolution Feb The First Revolution Feb 19171917
Tsar NicholasTsar Nicholas
SUMMARYSUMMARY
See page 47 See page 47
Let’s go on a short tour of St Petersburg Let’s go on a short tour of St Petersburg
todaytoday
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• Information and image sources– Moreira J., World in Transition – Perspectives on
Modern World History, Singapore : SNP Education Pte Ltd, 2000.
– Kelly N. and Shuter J., As It Was Lived – A History of the Modern World, Singapore : Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd, 2000.
– Lim S H, Tham Y P, Wang Z and Yeo L, Inroads – Modern World History, Singapore : Oxford University Press, 2000.
– Tate N., A History of the Modern World, Singapore : Federal Publications, 1995.