the role of technology development in agricultural transformation in kenya dr. e. a. mukisira...
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THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPMENT IN AGRICULTURAL AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN KENYATRANSFORMATION IN KENYA
Dr. E. A. MukisiraDr. E. A. MukisiraDirector KARIDirector KARI
PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTSPRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS
Production and livelihood constraints Technology and information needs Demography, literacy, socio-economics Lack of Innovative and participatory
research Poor policies and infrastructure
CONSTRAINTS TO TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION AND UP-SCALING
Inadequate community participation High level of poverty Cultural issues Poor infrastructure Marketing problems Inappropriate mechanization
KARI’S CORE FUNCTIONS
Generating technologies, knowledge and information
Catalyzing and facilitating innovative processes Creating and strengthening partnerships for impact Conducting strategic, adaptive and applied research In collaboration with partners, contribute to the
production of regional and international public goods.
RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN BY NARIs
Strategic Research Applied Research Adaptive Research
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES Aggressive programs of crop breeding for
increased yields Purposeful livestock breeding programme and
management Highly developed feeding systems for livestock. Value addition technologies Application of biotechnology
RELEASES OF CROP VARIETIES AND VACCINES/KITS
Commodity 1985-1990 1991-1995 1996-to Present
Maize 2 2 41
Wheat 3 6 12
Sorghum and Millets
1 3 16
Irish Potato 0 2 5
Sweet Potato 0 0 6
Grain Legumes 0 7 25
Flowers 0 16 42
Total 6 36 147
Vaccines/Kits*** 3 5 10
IMPROVED VARIETIES: IMPACT Maize. Improved maize varieties and hybrids were
widely adopted in the 1980’s, in a few countries, such as Kenya (80 percent), Malawi (30 percent), Tanzania (28 percent), Zambia (49 percent) and Zimbabwe (73 percent).
Cassava. Improved disease-resistant strains of cassava have been adopted, reaching more than half the cassava area in Nigeria
Rice. The New Rice for Africa-combining the high-yielding potential of Asian rice with the resistance of African rice to weeds, pests, diseases and water stress.
Beans. In eastern, central and southern Africa, nearly 10 million farmers, mostly women, are reportedly growing and consuming new bean varieties.
AREA PLANTED WITH IMPROVED VARIETIES.
0
20
40
60
80
100
Rice Wheat Maize Sorghum Cassava Potatoes
Sub-Saharan South AsiaEast Asia & Pacific Middle East & North AfricaLatin America & Caribbean
NUMBER OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS INVOLVED IN VARIOUS CROP ENTERPRISES-THE CASE FOR KENYA
Crop Enterprise
Number of Farm Households
Maize 2,957,385
Pulses 1,780,465
Sorghum and Millets
304,495
Potato 525,513
Cassava 207,200
Wheat/Barley 114,886
Total 5,889,944
20 YEARS OF MAIZE RESEARCH: WHAT DIVIDENDS?
Variety Grain yield t/ha Year of release
H625
H614D
H626
KH 600-11D
KH 600-15A
KH 600-16A
KH 600-17A
KH 600-18A
KH 600-14E
6.90
6.60
7.20
7.19
7.43
7.80
8.10
8.32
8.19
1981
1986
1989
1999
2001
2001
2002
2004
2004
20 YEARS OF MAIZE RESEARCH: WHAT DIVIDENDS? contd…
Variety Grain yield t/ha Year of release
KH 600-19A
KH 600-20A
KH 600-21A
KH 600-22A
KOPVO2 (HAC)
KOPV01
KH 600-23A
KH 600-24A
8.53
8.60
8.64
8.68
6.35
5.80
9.5
10.5
2005
2005
2006
2006
2007
2007
2008
2008
CHALLENGES OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER INITIATIVES
Weak outreach programs Inadequate Human Resource capacity Inadequate credit facilities Ineffective Partners and partnerships Inadequate attention to product value chain
concept
TESTING NEW APPROACHES TO SCALING-UP OF TECHNOLOGIES; KARI’S EXPERIENCE Adaptive Research KARI-ATIRI Other approaches
include farmer field schools (FFS), farmer-researcher groups, PLAR
ICT based technology transfer approaches
FARMER EMPOWERMENT THROUGH PARTICIPATORY ADAPTIVE RESEARCH
Builds farmer confidence in technology. Promotes technology ownership by
farmers. Promotes farmer capacity to demand
new technologies and information. Exposes farmers to diversity of
technologies through exchange visits. Promotes farmer to farmer extension.
BENEFITS OF PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH APPROACHES
Builds mutual confidence Creates technology
ownership In-built dissemination Farmer M&E and feedback Diversity of technologies
through exchange visits
AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY & INFORMATION RESPONSE INITIATIVE (ATIRI) Concern about low
impact of KARI technologies
Empowers farmers to demand tech.
Paradigm shift from “supply” to “demand”
Catalyses dissemination and adoption
ATIRI OBJECTIVES
Enhance farmers’ capacity to make technological and information demands from KARI
Strengthen KARI’s Capacity to meet these demands thro’ feedback into research
Improve partnerships for better delivery To test new methods for rapid up-scaling
KENYA AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY PROGRAMME (KAPP)
12-year, 3-phases of 3, 4 and 5 years Multi-sectoral, multi-institutional Support to Policy & Institutional Reform Support to National Agric. Res. System Support to National Extension Reform Support to Farmer Empowerment
KAPP-LESSONS LEARNT ON EXTENSION DELIVERY SERVICES
Adequate professionals for pluralistic extension services
Potential to develop a robust public-private partnerships for effective and efficient extension delivery service
Government could contract private individuals or institutions to deliver extension services
Resource mobilization in the MTP (2008-2013) while pursuing Vision 2030
Greater involvement of the private sector in supporting Agricultural Research
Balancing adaptive and strategic/basic research
Exploring new research areas- e.g.bio-fuels, climate change
WAY FORWARD: TECHNOLOGY WAY FORWARD: TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
WAY FORWARD: TECHNOLOGY WAY FORWARD: TECHNOLOGY ADOPTIONADOPTION
Targeted Areas
Establishment of a science park operated by NARS/Private sector
Techno-shops/parks at NARIs
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER: POLICY AND TRANSFER: POLICY CONSIDERATIONCONSIDERATION
Formulation of an effective NARS Policy Formulate an effective national Agriculture
extension policy
Create an outreach unit to effectively establish partnership towards accelerated technology transfer
Create sustainable funding mechanisms for research and technology transfer
EFFECTIVE PARTNERSHIPS FOR EFFECTIVE PARTNERSHIPS FOR DEMAND DRIVEN RESEARCHDEMAND DRIVEN RESEARCH
Engage potential Donors to support priority demand driven research
Strengthen collaboration with the NARIs/Universities in-country and abroad
Strategic Partnerships for specific Projects
THANK YOU