The Roaring 20’sAn era of prosperity,

and conflict

1920's collectively known as "Roaring 20's", or "Jazz Age“ *a period of great change in American Society - modern

America is born at this time *people moved in great numbers into cities to enjoy a higher

standard of living “Eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow we may all die”

1920s agricultural technology led to more food production and fewer workers needed – (more food = lower prices)– (also leads to bankruptcy for

many farmers) *farming was no longer as

prosperous, and bankers called in their loans (farms repossessed)

American farmers enter the Depression in advance of the rest of society

Farming Bankruptcy=Urban Growth

Age of Prosperity Factors Economic expansion Mass Production Assembly Line Age of the Automobile

Ailing Agriculture…

The New Industrial Revolution

*U.S. develops the highest standard of living in the world

*The twenties and the new revolution– electricity replaces steam – Henry Ford’s modern assembly line

introduced *Rise of the airline industry *Modern appliances and

conveniences begin to change American society

Glenwood Stove and Washing Machine

The Automobile Industry Auto makers stimulate sales

through model changes, advertising

Auto industry fostered the growth of other businesses.– What examples can you think of?

Autos encourage movement and more individual freedom.

Consumer Economy

Culture of the Roaring 20’sRadio

KDKA PittsburghGE, Westinghouse,&

RCA form NBC

Silent MoviesCharlie Chaplin

“Talkies”The Jazz SingerStarring Al Jolson

Mary Pickford“America’s Sweetheart”

• *Westinghouse Radio Station KDKA was a world

pioneer of commercial radio broadcasting.

• Transmitted 100 watts on a wavelength of 360 meters.

• KDKA first broadcast was the Harding-Cox

Presidential election returns on November 2, 1920.

• 220 stations eighteen months after KDKA took the plunge. • $50 to $150 for first radios

• 3,000,000 homes had them by 1922.

• Radio sets, parts and accessories brought in $60

million in 1922…

• $136 million in 1923

• $852 million in 1929

• *Radio reached into every third home in its first

decade.

• *Listening audience was 50,000,000 by 1925

CelebritiesBabe Ruth &Ty Cobb

Jack Dempsey

Charles Lindbergh The Spirit of St. Louis

The 20’s is The Jazz AgeThe Flappers

make upcigarettes

short skirts

MusiciansLouis ArmstrongDuke Ellington

WritersF. Scott FitzgeraldErnest Hemingway

F. The “Harlem Renaissance” and the “New Negro”

The Harlem Renaissance--Langston Hughes--Zora Neale Hurston--Louis Armstrong

--Duke Ellington--Bessie Smith

NAACP– Du Bois/James W. Johnson– Anti-lynching laws

“Negro Nationalism” of Marcus Garvey--United Negro Improvement Association (1916)--A more radical approach

•Beginning of the Jazz Age in New York City

•Acceptance of African American culture

•African American literature and music

The Negro Speaks of RiversI've known rivers: I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins.

My soul has grown deep like the rivers. I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy bosom turn all golden in the sunset.

I've known rivers: Ancient, dusky rivers.

My soul has grown deep like the rivers.

Aaron Douglas

Changes for Women 1920's also brought about

great changes for women... *1920 - 19th Amendment

gave them the federal vote *after 1920, more women

worked outside the home and more women went to college

*a new image arose characterized by the FLAPPER/ “New Woman” (bobbed hair, short dresses, smoked in public...)

*Most women remain in the “cult of domesticity”

sphere*“Flappers” sought individual freedom

Ongoing crusade for equal rights

Teenage children no longer needed to work

and indulged their craving for excitement

Urbanization is fueled by displaced farmers and foreign immigrants Rural Americans identify urban culture with Communism, crime, immorality Sex becomes an all-consuming topic of interest in popular entertainment

Communities of home, church, and school are absent in the cities Conflict: Traditional values vs new ideas found in the cities.

Urbanization is fueled by displaced farmers and foreign immigrants Rural Americans identify urban culture with Communism, crime, immorality Sex becomes an all-consuming topic of interest in popular entertainment

Communities of home, church, and school are absent in the cities Conflict: Traditional values vs new ideas found in the cities.

Old vs. New: The Jazz Age and its Counter-culture

Old Culture New Culture

Emphasized production Emphasized consumption

Character Personality

Scarcity Abundance

Religion science

Idealized the past Looked to the future

Local culture Mass culture

Substance Image

Rural Urban

Counter Reactions to the 1920s

Student Roles

a) Definition (2 sentence summary)

b) Explanation about counter-reaction (2 sentence summary)

c) Illustration (political cartoon, poster, painting, picture, etc.)

d) Significant event/person

Counter-culture of the 1920s1. KKK (rx to free blacks and new immigrants)

2. Prohibition (rx to immorality and the growth of cities)

3. Immigration Quotas (rx to New Immigrants)

4. Red Scare: Alien and Sedition Act (rx to Communism and Socialism)

5. Trial of Sacco and Vanzetti (rx to Anarchism, and communism)

6. Scopes Trial (rx to religion and secular)

*Presentations and poster due Monday.

IKAImperial Klans

of Americ

a

The Ku Klux Klan Great increase

In powerAnti-black

Anti-immigrant

Anti-women’s suffrage

Anti-bootleggers

Anti-Semitic

Anti-Catholic

Rise of the KKK was due to the ever changing of a

traditional America. 1925: Membership of 5 million1926: Marched on Washington.

Attack on urban culture and defends Christian/Protestant and rural valuesAgainst immigrants from Southern Europe, European Jews, Catholics and

American BlacksSought to win U.S. by persuasion and

gaining control in local/state government.

Violence, internal corruption result in Klan’s virtual disappearance by 1930 but

will reappear in the 1950s and 1960s.

Scopes “Monkey” TrialEvolution vs. Creationism

Dayton, TennesseeFamous Lawyers

Science vs. Religion

John ScopesHigh School Biology teacher

1925

The first conflict between religion vs. science being

taught in school was in 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee.

John T. Scopes

Respected high school biology

teacher arrested in Dayton,

Tennessee for teaching

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution.

Clarence Darrow

Famous trial lawyer who represented

Scopes

William J. BryanSec. of State for

President Wilson, ran for president three times, turned evangelical

leader. Represented the

prosecution.

Dayton, Tennessee

Small town in the south became

protective against the

encroachment of modern times and secular teachings.

The trial is conducted in a carnival-like atmosphere. The

people of Dayton are seen as ‘backward’ by

the country.

The right to teach and protect Biblical

teachings in schools.

The acceptance of science and that all

species have evolved from lower forms of

beings over billions of years.

• Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, in which newcomers from Europe

were restricted at any year to a quota, which was set at 3% of the people of their nationality who lived in the U.S. in 1910.

• Immigration Act of 1924, the quota down to 2% and the origins base was shifted to

that of 1890, when few southeastern Europeans lived in America.

• First time in US history immigration was limited for all groups

New Immigrants *The point of origin had shifted to

S & E Europe and new religions appeared: Jewish, Orthodox, Catholic

*RX=NATIVISM: Americans felt the immigration shift would undermine Protestant values

*RX=Many urged Congress to restrict immigration, leading to a quota system that favoured n. areas of Europe

*RX=RED SCARE: fear of immigrants (from SE Europe) AND fear of communism (post-Bolshevik Rev)

• Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

were Italian immigrants charged

with murder and robbery in Braintree,

Mass.

• The trial lasted 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had

been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

• In this time period, anti-immigration was high as well.

• Liberals and radicals rallied around the two men, but they would be executed.

Prohibition18th Amendment Volstead Act

Gangsters

Al Capone

PROHIBITION - on manuf. and sale of alcohol

adopted in 1919 - 18th AMENDMENT

an outgrowth of the longtime temperance movement

in WWI, temperance became a patriotic mvmt. (drunkenness caused low productivity & inefficiency)

a difficult law to enforce... organized crime, speakeasies, bootleggers were on the rise

Al Capone virtually controlled Chicago in this period

Prohibition finally ended in 1933 w/ the 21st Amendment

forced organized crime to pursue other interests…

•Goal: was to reduce crime and poverty and improve the quality of life by

making it impossible for people to get their hands on alcohol.

•This "Noble Experiment" was a failure.

•Midnight, January 16th, 1920, US went dry.

•The 18th Amendment prohibited the production, sale, and transport of

"intoxicating liquors", and the Volstead Act, enforced it.

•Prohibition lasted for thirteen years.

• People drank more than ever during Prohibition, and there were more deaths

related to alcohol.

• No other law in America has been violated so flagrantly by so many "decent law-

abiding" people.

• Overnight, many became criminals.

• Mobsters controlled liquor created a booming black market economy.

• Gangsters owned speakeasies and by 1925 there were over 100,000 speakeasies in

New York City alone.

Detroit police inspecting equipment

found in a hidden underground brewery during the prohibition

era.

Agent with the U.S. Treasury Department's

Prohibition Bureau during a time when

bootlegging was rampant throughout the

nation.

Chicago gangster during Prohibition who controlled the

“bootlegging” industry.

Al CaponeAl Capone Elliot Ness, part of the

Untouchables

Elliot Ness, part of the

Untouchables

“Prohibition is an awful flop.We like it.

It can't stop what it's meant to stop.We like it.

It's left a trail of graft and slime,It's filled our land with vice and crime,

It can't prohibit worth a dime,Nevertheless we're for it.”

Franklin Pierce Adams, New York World

“It is impossible to stop liquor trickling through a dotted line”

A Prohibition agent

The 1920 ElectionThe 1920 Election

The 1920 ElectionThe 1920 Election

Wilson’s idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many Americans

to vote for the Republican, Warren

Harding…

US turned inward and feared anything that

was European…

Wilson’s idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many Americans

to vote for the Republican, Warren

Harding…

US turned inward and feared anything that

was European…

Republican Power President Harding Elected 1920 Legacy of Scandals “Teapot Dome” Died in office (The

ZERO factor strikes again!!!)

The Ohio Gang: President Warren Harding (front row, third from right), Vice-President

Calvin Coolidge (front row, second from right), and members of the cabinet.

The Ohio Gang: President Warren Harding (front row, third from right), Vice-President

Calvin Coolidge (front row, second from right), and members of the cabinet.

The 1920 ElectionThe 1920 Election

Harding and CoolidgeHarding and Coolidge

Republican presidents appeal to traditional American values

Harding dies in office after 2 years. Scandals break after his death

–Teapot Dome Scandal Calvin Coolidge becomes President after

Harding’s death in 1923.

Republican presidents appeal to traditional American values

Harding dies in office after 2 years. Scandals break after his death

–Teapot Dome Scandal Calvin Coolidge becomes President after

Harding’s death in 1923.

Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall leased naval reserve oil land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny

Fall had received a bribe of $100,000 from Doheny and about three times that amount from Sinclair.

Fall found guilty of taking a bribe.

Republican PoliciesRepublican PoliciesReturn to "normalcy"

–tariffs raised–corporate, income taxes cut–spending cuts

Government-business cooperation–“The business of government, is

business”Return to “isolation”

Return to "normalcy" –tariffs raised–corporate, income taxes cut–spending cuts

Government-business cooperation–“The business of government, is

business”Return to “isolation”

The 1924 Election

The 1924 ElectionCalvin Coolidge served

as President from 1923 to 1929.

“Silent Cal”.Republican president

Calvin Coolidge served as President from 1923 to 1929.

“Silent Cal”.Republican president

President Coolidge “The business of America is business.”

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

No help for farmersForeign Policy

+ + =$$REPUBLICAN ECONOMY SUPPORTED LAISSEZ FAIRE

AND BIG BUSINESS……….

Lower Taxes Less Federal Higher Strong Spending Tariffs National

Economy

Fordney-McCumber Tariff---1923- president could set rates as high as 50%

Hawley-Smoot Tariff ---1930- raised the tariff to an unbelievable 60%!!!