the road to war 1931 - 1941 chapter 24 04/2009. the road to war 4 many americans assume that world...
TRANSCRIPT
The Road to War1931 - 1941
Chapter 24
04/2009
The Road to War
Many Americans assume that World War II started at Pearl Harbor
The seeds of WWII were sowed long before then, in countries that wanted to build their empires and countries that suffered humiliation from WWI
The direct causes began in the early 1930’s
World War II
officially started on
The Road to War
Cause:
Cause:
Totalitarianism
Government controls all aspects of the nation, including religion, the economy, the arts, and education
Leaders depended on ___________ to suppress all opposition
Regimes could be ______, _________, or a ___________ - led by an absolute ruler
The Soviet Union Under Stalin
Communism
Stalin took power in 1924 after Lenin’s death
______________1st five-year plan
Modernized agriculture and built new industries
Built modern industries where ___________________________were produced
Industry modernized by
The Soviet Union Under Stalin
Trans-Siberian RR - 6000 miles from Moscow to Vladovostock
– Ukraine – Breadbasket of the USSR Farmers not allowed to farm on their
own land – produce confiscated State-run commercial farms Resistance led to harsh reprisals Leaders killed or sent to labor camps
– Starved between _______Ukrainian farmers
The Soviet Union Under Stalin
“_________” in the 1930’s rid the country of all of Stalin’s political & economic rivals
The Soviet Union Under Stalin
Executed _________members of the Communist Party on trumped up charges
– Killed millions of people in forced labor camps while building up industry and transportation
– Many people simply disappeared
– Historians estimate Stalin killed about ____ million of his own citizens
The Soviet Union Under Stalin
Italy under Mussolini Fascism Italians were angered that they didn’t get
more territory after WWI Mussolini flamed their anger and gained
support from veterans, socialists, anarchists ‘______________’ enforced his authority King panicked and appointed “_________”
as prime minister
Italy Under Mussolini
Mussolini suspended all elections, outlawed all other political parties, and created a dictatorship
In 1935 Italy invaded __________ and within 6 months overwhelmed the local forces
* American volunteers aided the Ethiopians with men and supplies - too little, too late
Germany Under Hitler
Hitler joined the Nazi Party in 1919 Nazism becomes a form of fascism based
on _______________________________ Hitler spoke out against the Treaty of
Versailles and the democratic government Wrote _________while in prison in 1923;
outlined plans for militarism and racial cleansing
Germany Under Hitler
Depression in 1930’s hit Germany particularly hard
Hitler promised to lead people to economy prosperity and to restore the nation’s territories and pride
1930 - The Nazi Party took control of the __________________
1932 - Hitler ran for president but lost to ______________________
1933 - Hindenburg named Hitler chancellor, or head of the government
1934 - Hindenburg died, leaving Hitler as the nations leader
Germany Under Hitler
_________ silenced all opposition
1934 – staged a fire in the Reichstag
Convinced Reichstag to grant him dictatorial powers to prevent “anarchists” from overthrowing the government
Suspended freedom of speech / press and all elections
Germany Under Hitler
Germany Under Hitler
Hitler ended Germany’s depression with massive government spending
Built the __________ and other public works
Germany Under Hitler
Increased the military in violation of the Treaty of Versailles (1935)
German troops re-entered the Rhineland, the area they were forbidden to occupy in the Treaty of Versailles (1936)
___________________________united (1938) Germany conquered the ____________ (1938)
– (Munich Conference) Germany expanded
___________________________(1939) Germany occupied the remainder of
__________________ (1939)
Germany Under Hitler
The Road to War Italy and Germany signed an alliance
agreement (1936), became the Axis Powers
Great Britain and France practiced _______________ - giving in to avoid a larger conflict
United States wanted to remain isolated from European affairs
The remainder of the world watched and waited
Spanish Civil War1936 - 1939
Republicans – (loyalists) elected government– Vs
Nationalists - military dictatorship (Franco)
Spanish Civil War1936 - 1939
Nationalist Germany and Italy
gave military support to Franco
Used the war to practice war maneuvers, such as aerial bombing of cities
Republicans Soviet Union aided
with arms and supplies
Volunteers from 50 other countries also assisted
Spanish Civil War
The Nationalists, with help from the Germans, took control of the country by March, 1939
Germany and the Soviet Union had their first practice run at each other.
Spain was neutral during WWII
Franco remained in power until 1975
The Road to War1939
Germany and Italy continued to build their militaries
The remainder of Europe and the USA watched and waited
War in Europe Italy occupied __________ (April 1939)
France & Great Britain prepared for war and pledged to defend __________ (1939)
Germany removed their largest obstacle by signing a ____________with the Soviet Union (August, 1939)
Within a month, Germany conquered W. Poland
France & Great Britain unable to help
World War II officially began
Soviet Union (1939)
Conquered E. Poland, Finland & The Baltic States
**Resistance fighters in Finland would continue to fight, and would eventually win back most of their country
Molotov Cocktail
‘_______________lasted from October 1939 to April 1940
France reinforced the ____________
War in Europe
* April 9, 1940
*Germany conquers Denmark (1 day);
*Norway (2 weeks);
*Belgium and The Netherlands (12 days).
War in Europe Continues
The Maginot Line protected France from a ________________ from Germany
Germans used _______________ to cross the line and bombed reinforcements
German Panzer divisions invaded from the north, through ______________, around the Maginot Line
The French and English armies retreated to the northwest coast
War in Europe
Evacuation at Dunkirk
F The French and British were trapped between the English Channel and the German Army
F The British navy rushed to evacuate the troops
F In 9 days, over ______ ships evacuated over __________________ troops
while being strafed by the ____________
Occupation of France 1940-1944–Collaborators
Germany occupied 3/5’s of France
The ‘_____’ gov’t, under Petain, ruled the remainder
–Resistance Fighters used
___________and sabotage to disrupt the Germans
Rescued and returned fighter pilots
The Blitz
By September the Germans were deliberately using ___________ bombs on civilian populations
This would continue off and on for eight months
Both sides would target civilian populations throughout the war
Hundreds of RAF pilots died defending GB
American and Canadian volunteers assisted before the USA declared war
British people stayed resolved to fight back
British gained an advantage by cracking Germany’s codes
The invasion of GB never occurred
The Blitz
American Involvement
Eventually the USA begins to provide supplies and equipment to the Allied Powers.
“_______________________” The USA does not have direct troop
involvement until after Pearl Harbor.
The Holocaust
Prior to 1938, Germany encouraged Jews to emigrate; many did to other European countries
Germany began the systematic imprisonment of Jews by 1938
Kristallnaght was the beginning of an all-out campaign against Jews
As they conquered additional territory, more Jews came under their control
The Final Solution was agreed on in 1941
Japan ______________________- elected
government but emperor remained powerful Built up military and industry and became
most powerful nation in the Pacific Took control of Korea and ‘policed’
By staging revolts and anarchy, the military was able to take control of the government
Japan Japan could not support its population or
industry In September, 1931 they seized control of
Manchuria By moving thousands of soldiers and
farmers into the area, they were able to use it as a base for further expansion
United States and the League of Nations protested but did nothing to stop it
War with China July, 1937 Japan began an all-out assault on
They quickly conquered the northern and eastern cities but failed to conquer the interior
Japanese were particularly brutal to civilians and prisoners of war
“Rape of Nanjing” killed at least 100,000 men, women, and children
War with China United States responded with a series of
________________ Great Britain and the Soviet Union sent
men and supplies General Jiang Jieshi and Mao Zedong
worked together to thwart the Japanese, using sabotage and guerrilla warfare
By 1939 they reached a ____________
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
1940 Japan signed the tripartite with Germany and Italy
– Each country would come to the others’ defense– They would not support each other’s enemies– Recognized that Italy & Germany controlled Europe– Recognized that Japan controlled East Asia
Japan signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union
Invaded French Indochina and other European colonies
Neutrality 1935 - Banned the USA from selling arms
to countries at war
1936 - Banned loans to these countries
1937 - Only allowed to sell non-military goods on _________________
(September) 1940 Executive order – 99 old destroyers for bases (8) in U.K. territories
(March) 1941 - ______________allowed USA to lend, lease, or otherwise provide all available support to the Allied forces
(July) 1941 – US destroyers started escorting supplies overseas; conflicts w/ u-boats
Prelude to War - Europe
Prelude to War - Japan
(1940) USA cut off _____________________to Japan when they expanded in the Pacific
(1941) Further expansion precipitated a freeze on all Japanese assets in the USA
(1941) USA cut off all _________to Japan– USA and Japan continued negotiations to find a
peaceful solution– General Tojo Hideki became PM of Japan
Pearl Harbor
The Japanese strategy was to make us give in to their demands in order to avoid war
Admiral Yamomoto, who planned the attack, opposed it
“I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant”
Japanese Strategy Failures