the road to revolution
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The Road To Revolution. 1763-1775. The French & Indian War Ends. The war was extremely costly for Great Britain. American colonists were content as English citizens in the New World. They only sought the “rights of an Englishman.”. Deep Roots of Revolution. Republicanism. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Road To Revolution
1763-1775
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The French & Indian War Ends
The war was extremely costly for Great Britain.
American colonists were content as English citizens in the New World.
They only sought the “rights of an Englishman.”
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Deep Roots of Revolution
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Republicanism
In true republicanism spirit, all citizens willingly give up their private, selfish interests.
They devote themselves to the “common good,” or the “good of the whole.”
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Radical Whigs
Colonists who feared that their liberties would be taken away by the monarch and his ministers.
Always on guard against corruption in government.
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Mother England
Distance weakens authority.
Great distance weakens authority greatly!
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The American Colonies
There were no titled nobility in the colonies.
Property ownership and political participation was common.
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Mercantilism
Wealth is power and a country’s economic wealth can be measured in the amount of gold and silver in its treasury.
EXPORT MORE THAN YOU IMPORT
Colonies - Raw materialsEngland - reduced need for foreign imports
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Navigation Law of 1650All commerce in and out of the colonies must be transported by British ships.This included colonial vessels.European goods heading to colonies must first pass through England for tariffs
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No Hard Money
Gold and Silver were scarce in the American Colonies
Gold and Silver are called hard money
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No Hard Money
Colonists used butter, nails, pitch, feathers, etc. for exchange
Colonies issued paper notes, which quickly depreciated in value
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Currency Act
English Parliament prohibited colonial legislatures from printing money.
This angered the colonists because there was a shortage of necessary cash.
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Parliament’s Hand In America
The British Crown could nullify any law passed by a colonial legislature
Only used 469/8,563 colonial laws
Colonists fiercely resented this right of Parliament
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Colonial Rebellion
Colonists would disregard or ignore restrictions placed on them by Parliament.
1st American fortunes came from smuggling
John Hancock
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Colonial Advantages
Colonists made a large profit from producing ship parts.
Virginia had a monopoly on the tobacco market in colonies and in Britain.
Colonies were protected by the world’s strongest Navy and Army of Redcoats.
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Feeling Used…
Colonists felt used in the mercantilism system.
Colonists were dependent on British agents and creditors.
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ENGLAND
After The Seven Years’ War, England had the largest empire in the world.
They also owed a tremendous debt for protecting its empire.
England’s debt was over L 140,000,000
Half of which was spent defending the American Colonies.
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George Grenville
Grenville became Head of the Treasury
Introduced several taxes on the American colonies.
Felt America should shoulder some of the costs of the 7 Years’ War
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Sugar Act of 1764
Increased tax on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies
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Quartering Act of 1765
Required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops.
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Stamp Act of 1765
Stamped paper that certified the payment of an appropriate tax
ex. Playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, bills of laden, marriage licenses.
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Grenville
Colonists saw Grenville as an aggressive tax collector.
Some colonies refused to comply with the new laws.
Colonists wondered why the British Army was still needed in the colonies after the French and Indian War.
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“No taxation without representation.”
This becomes the rallying cry of the colonists who disliked Grenville’s taxes.
Irony – Not all the colonies allowed representation.
Colonies didn’t want members of the House of Commons – they would be the minority and the taxes would be passed anyway.
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Actual Stamp on Newspapers
The colonists hated the Stamp Act
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Stamp Act Congress of 1765
The Stamp Act Congress met in New York City with 27 delegates representing 9 colonies.Drew up a statement of rights and grievances.Asked King and Parliament to repeal Stamp ActTheir pleas were ignored in England
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Non-Importation Agreement
The Stamp Act Congress agreed voluntarily not to purchase imported goods from Great Britain to show disapproval of the tax.
Widespread success
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Taxation without Representation
The Sons of LibertyThe Daughters of Liberty
Took law into their own hands and violently enforced the non-importation agreement.Mobs destroyed homes of unpopular officialsTAX COLLECTION BROKE DOWN
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Stamp Act Mobs
Mobs forced tax collectors to resign from their posts.
There were no agents left on the day the Stamp Act went into effect.
Law was openly defied!
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England Hit Hard
Colonies bought ¼ of British exports
½ British shipping devoted to colonial trade
Non-importation hurt British economy
Many laborers lost jobs in England
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Repeal of Stamp Act
The British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in 1766
BUT passed the Declaratory Act of 1766 – declared its “absolute” sovereignty over its North American colonies.
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Charles Townshend
“Champagne” Charley
British Prime Minister
Could give great orations in Parliament while completely drunk!
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Townshend Acts of 1767
Light taxes on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea.
These were indirect customs taxes at the ports, unlike the Stamp Tax.
However, colonists did not overlook the tax, and they were rebellious after the Stamp Act victory
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Colonists & Teas
1,000,000 colonists drank tea twice a day
Townshend Acts – revenue went to pay royal governors and judges
Colonists were again angered
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London
Parliament shut down the New York colonial legislature for failure to follow the Quartering Act
Colonists found that smuggled tea was cheaper
Smuggling was high in Massachusetts
John Hancock
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Boston
Because of rebellious actions of colonies, Britain sent 2 regiments of troops to Boston to face the breakdown of law and order - 1768
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Boston Massacre
March 5, 1770
60 Bostonians attacked 10 British soldiers with clubs
Troops opened fire and killed 11 “innocent” citizens
1st to die – Crispus Attucks – “mullato” African American leader of the mob
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King George III
In 1770, King George III was 32 years old
Good man in private morals
Bad ruler
Stubborn and lustful for power
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Townshend Acts Fail
The Townshend Acts failed to generate any sort of revenue
However, they did produce near rebellion from the colonists
Lord North – King’s “yes man” repealed the Townshend Acts but kept a 3 pence tax on tea…angered colonists
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Samuel Adams
From Boston
Cousin of John Adams
His hands trembled
Lived and breathed politics
Zealous, courageous, tenacious, faith in common people
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Adams cont…
Samuel Adams organized local committees of correspondence to spread resistance to British laws
Virginia followed Adams’ idea in 1773
Soon, every colony had a central exchange system
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Tea
By 1773, colonists were paying the tax on tea
Legal tea was cheaper than smuggled tea
Even cheaper than tea in England
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Problems with Tea
The government in London awarded the British East India Company a monopoly on American colonial tea trade – 1773This principle of monopoly outraged the colonistsColonists protested and forced all ships with BEIC tea to return to England with a full cargo (Philadelphia and New York City)
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Gov. Thomas Hutchinson
Governor of Mass.
Hated by colonists
Ordered tea ships not to clear Boston Harbor until tea was unloaded
Colonists refused the ship to unload its cargo
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Boston Tea Party
Band of Bostonians load the ship dressed as Indians
They smash 342 chests of tea and dumped it into Boston Harbor
Hutchinson left MA for England
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Intolerable Acts
Parliament passed a series of acts to punish Boston and Massachusetts for the acts of the Boston Tea Party and other defiant actions of the colonists.Many colonial charter rights were taken away from MA – restrictions on town meetings
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Boston Port Act of 1774
Closed Boston Harbor until damages were paid and order was restored.
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Quebec Act of 1774
Boundaries of Quebec were extended South to the Ohio River – trans-Allegheny area was snatched away from the colonists.
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Continental Congress of 1774
A congress was called to meet in Philadelphia from Sept. 5 – Oct. 26, 1774
Met to consider ways to address their concerns to the King
12/13 colonies – 55 delegates (GA)
Sam Adams, John Adams, George Washington, Patrick Henry
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Continental Congress of 1774This was more of a convention than a Congress that makes laws.Congress created The Association – called for a complete boycott of British goods; non-importation, non-exportation, and non-consumptionDELGATES DID NOT CALL FOR INDEPENDENCE !!!!!Congress would meet again May 1775
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April 1775British troops were sent to Lexington and Concord to seize stores of gunpowder
They were to capture Sam Adams and John Hancock
8 Americans killed @ Lexington
Redcoats were forced to retreat from Concord
300 dead British soldiers
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The Revolutionary War Begins
The fight for America’s Independence
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War Against A Mighty Empire
7.5 million British citizens
2.5 million American colonists
British Army of 50,000 men
30,000 Hessian mercenaries
50,000 American Loyalists
Indians
130,000 + British troops for the war…
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British Parliament
Parliament was confused and inept
No more William Pitt
Brits didn’t want to kill American cousins
Some Brits openly cheered the colonists
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British Army In America
British Generals in America were 2nd rate and untrainedProvisions for troops were scarce, rancid and wormyOne load of biscuits for the troops had been confiscated from French – 15 year old biscuits – a cannon ball dropped on them to soften them up…
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Britain
3,000 miles away from home
Delays
Uncertainty
Obvious communications problems
American was HUGE – 1,000 miles X 600 miles
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Parliament’s Reaction
Parliament and the King rejected all of the Continental Congress’ petitions
Colonists began to drill openly in the streets with their militias
A clash seemed certain
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Lexington and Concord
April 1775 – British troops were sent to Lexington and Concord to seize stores of gunpowder and capture Sam Adams and John Adams to be hanged8 Americans killed and several wounded at LexingtonRedcoats forced to retreat from Concord300 dead British Redcoats
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The American Revolution
War Begins
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Great American Leaders
George Washington
Benjamin Franklin
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Marquis de Lafayette
Fled from France because of boredom
Loved glory
Ultimately loved liberty
19 years old when he became Major General in American Army
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Moral Advantage
They believed the war was a just cause
BUT, they were badly organized for war
Lacked unity, states saw themselves as sovereign
“Continentals” – paper money printed in great quantity – became worthless
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