The Road to The Road to RevolutionRevolution

Britain & Her Colonies Grow Britain & Her Colonies Grow ApartApart

BackgroundBackground

MercantilismMercantilism wealth = powerwealth = power colonies sources of raw materials & food & colonies sources of raw materials & food &

markets for manufactured goodsmarkets for manufactured goods

Trade & Navigation Acts (1650)Trade & Navigation Acts (1650) goods carried only in English shipsgoods carried only in English ships enumerated commoditiesenumerated commodities duties paid by colonies in England on goods duties paid by colonies in England on goods

to & from Europe to & from Europe

Early LegislationEarly Legislation

Woolen Act of 1699Woolen Act of 1699 Hat Act of 1732Hat Act of 1732 Molasses Act of 1733Molasses Act of 1733 Iron Act of 1750Iron Act of 1750 writs of assistancewrits of assistance no real enforcement by Britainno real enforcement by Britain smuggling by colonistssmuggling by colonists policy of “salutary neglect”policy of “salutary neglect”

The French & Indian The French & Indian WarWar rivalry between Britain & France rivalry between Britain & France 1754-17631754-1763 territorial claimsterritorial claims fur tradefur trade

battles in the Ohio Valley & Great battles in the Ohio Valley & Great Lakes regions & CanadaLakes regions & Canada

Battle of Quebec decisiveBattle of Quebec decisive

Results of F&I Results of F&I WarWar French out of North AmericaFrench out of North America power of Native Americans reducedpower of Native Americans reduced colonists’ respect for British colonists’ respect for British

damageddamaged new land for the taking new land for the taking Britain puts troops in the coloniesBritain puts troops in the colonies Britain heavily in debtBritain heavily in debt Britain begins enforcing tax lawsBritain begins enforcing tax laws

British Point of ViewBritish Point of View

war was for defense of colonies so war was for defense of colonies so they should help paythey should help pay

needed to exercise more control needed to exercise more control danger from Native Americansdanger from Native Americans Pontiac’s Rebellion; Pontiac’s Rebellion; Proclamation Proclamation

of 1763of 1763 typical policy toward colonies typical policy toward colonies

within empirewithin empire

Colonial Point of ViewColonial Point of View

British not so toughBritish not so tough France goneFrance gone colonists can handle Native Americanscolonists can handle Native Americans land, land, landland, land, land distrust of standing armiesdistrust of standing armies smugglingsmuggling ““salutary neglect”salutary neglect” : why the : why the

crackdown on taxes now?crackdown on taxes now? used to used to independence & self-independence & self-

governmentgovernment

Starting Down the Starting Down the Road Road Sugar Act/Revenue Act of 1764Sugar Act/Revenue Act of 1764 lower duties on molasses to stop smugglinglower duties on molasses to stop smuggling smuggling cases tried in admiralty courts (no smuggling cases tried in admiralty courts (no

juriesjuries))

Quartering Act of 1765Quartering Act of 1765 colonists must provide food & shelter for colonists must provide food & shelter for

British troopsBritish troops

Stamp Act of 1765Stamp Act of 1765 first direct taxfirst direct tax stamp required on all official documentsstamp required on all official documents affected all colonists, especially merchants & affected all colonists, especially merchants &

lawyers lawyers

Reaction to Stamp ActReaction to Stamp Act

Stamp Act Congress in NY 1765Stamp Act Congress in NY 1765 colonies come togethercolonies come together boycotts of British goodsboycotts of British goods ““No Taxation Without Representation!”No Taxation Without Representation!” virtual vs. direct representationvirtual vs. direct representation Stamp Act repealed 1766Stamp Act repealed 1766 Declaratory Act of 1766Declaratory Act of 1766 (“in all (“in all

cases whatsoever”)cases whatsoever”)

Britain Tries to Back Britain Tries to Back UpUp Townshend Duties of 1767Townshend Duties of 1767 tea, glass, paper, lead, painttea, glass, paper, lead, paint indirect tax (paid by merchants)indirect tax (paid by merchants) revenue used to pay colonial revenue used to pay colonial

officials previously paid by officials previously paid by legislatureslegislatures

writs of assistancewrits of assistance repealed 1770 except for repealed 1770 except for teatea

Colonial ResistanceColonial Resistance

boycottsboycotts Sons & Daughters of Liberty (1765)Sons & Daughters of Liberty (1765) Massachusetts Circular Letter of 1768 Massachusetts Circular Letter of 1768 Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

(Dickinson)(Dickinson) Committees of Correspondence (1772)Committees of Correspondence (1772) tarring & featheringtarring & feathering hanging in effigyhanging in effigy British customs ship British customs ship GaspeeGaspee burned in RI burned in RI AssociationAssociation

Boston MassacreBoston Massacre

March 5, 1770March 5, 1770 tension building between colonists & British tension building between colonists & British

soldierssoldiers fight at the rope worksfight at the rope works confrontation with young boyconfrontation with young boy snowballs & clubssnowballs & clubs ““Fire!” or “Don’t fire!”Fire!” or “Don’t fire!” colonists diecolonists die Sam Adams’ “massacre”Sam Adams’ “massacre” Paul Revere’s engravingPaul Revere’s engraving John Adams defends British soldiers John Adams defends British soldiers

Revere’s EngravingRevere’s Engraving

Boston Tea Party Boston Tea Party (Dec 16, (Dec 16, 1773)1773)

Tea ActTea Act: : British East India Co monopoly on tea to coloniesBritish East India Co monopoly on tea to colonies ““Indians” dump all the tea in Boston Harbor ($75,000)Indians” dump all the tea in Boston Harbor ($75,000) other colonies sympathize with Massachusettsother colonies sympathize with Massachusetts call for inter-colonial congresscall for inter-colonial congress

Coercive/Intolerable ActsCoercive/Intolerable Acts port of Boston closedport of Boston closed self-government reduced; Gage military governorself-government reduced; Gage military governor royal officials tried in Britainroyal officials tried in Britain British troops quartered in private homesBritish troops quartered in private homes

Quebec ActQuebec Act Roman CatholicismRoman Catholicism no representative governmentno representative government boundary of Quebec to Ohio Riverboundary of Quebec to Ohio River

First Continental First Continental CongressCongress Philadelphia, September 1774Philadelphia, September 1774 radicals, moderates, conservativesradicals, moderates, conservatives Declaration of Rights & GrievancesDeclaration of Rights & Grievances Suffolk ResolvesSuffolk Resolves repeal of Intolerable Actsrepeal of Intolerable Acts boycottboycott military preparationsmilitary preparations The AssociationThe Association 22ndnd congress May 1775 if necessary congress May 1775 if necessary

Lexington & ConcordLexington & Concord

April 19, 1775April 19, 1775 British trying to capture military supplies in British trying to capture military supplies in

ConcordConcord Searching for Sam Adams & John HancockSearching for Sam Adams & John Hancock ““One if by land, two if by sea”One if by land, two if by sea” ““The Regulars are coming!”The Regulars are coming!” (Paul Revere & (Paul Revere &

William Dawes)William Dawes) Minutemen on Lexington Green; 8 killedMinutemen on Lexington Green; 8 killed British repulsed at Concord’s North BridgeBritish repulsed at Concord’s North Bridge British chased back to Boston; 250 British chased back to Boston; 250

casualties casualties ““Shot heard ‘round the world”: Shot heard ‘round the world”: War had War had

begunbegun