THE RISE OF ISLAM CHRISTIAN SOCIETIES EMERGE IN EUROPE INNER AND EAST ASIA CIVILIZATIONS OF THE AMERICAS MONGOL EURASIA TROPICAL AFRICA AND ASIA THE LATIN WEST ORIGINS AND MAJOR BELIEFS THE CALIPHATE ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION Pastoral nomads provided merchants with camels, guides, and a safe passage to trade (caravan trading) Arab pastoralists were the primary supplier of animal power camels had replaced horses Islam was founded on the Arabian Peninsula by Muhammad Born in Mecca in 570 C.E. Mecca was a prosperous caravan city Muhammad claimed Allah came to him in his dreams and told him how he wanted people to live on earth The revelations continued until Muhammads death in 632 Hijra: in 622 Muhammad and his followers fled to Medina in fear of persecution by Meccas leaders (marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar) Umma: the community of Muslims that accepts Islam and Muhammad as the messenger of God Islam means submission to the will of God 5 Pillars o Declaration of Faith: there is only one god and Muhammad is his messenger o Daily Prayer: pray five times a day facing the holy city of Mecca o Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan o Paying alms charity to the poor o Hajj: make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in your lifetime, if able Muhammad died in 632 without appointing a successor (caliph) Abu Bakr (an early believer and the father of Muhammads favorite wife) succeeded him Expanded Muslim authority over Arab communities Caliph (king); Caliphate (kingdom) Ordered the men who wrote down Muhammads revelations to collect them in a book (Quran) The first 3 caliphs were early believers and/or companions of Muhammad Ali, Muhammads first cousin was overlooked all three times Rebels assassinated Uthman (the third caliph) and nominated Ali to be caliph and the husband of his daughter to succeed him Those who supported Ali became known as the Shiites Those who supported the first 3 caliphs became known as the Sunnis (People of Tradition and Community) Battle of Camel (656): Shiites defeated Sunnis Uthman (the third caliph who was assassinated) was related to the governor of Syria, Muawiya of the Umayya clan Arbitration: found assassins guilty and said that Ali should NOT have become caliph Before fighting resumed, Ali was assassinated by one of his own men for agreeing to go to arbitration Muawiya became caliph and chose his son to succeed him - Umayyad Caliphate Alis son revolted and Muawiyas son had their family killed WHILE CIVIL WAR WAS TAKING PLACE OVER THE RULE OF THE CALIPHATE, ISLAMIC CONQUESTS WERE BEING MADE! Muslims started to spread Islam through force in the 630s Arab armies defeated local inhabitants by giving them the choice: the Quran or the sword Submit to the will of God must do as a Muslim Conquered parts of the Byzantine Empire (Syria and Egypt), North Africa, Spain, present day Pakistan Islam spread to sub-Saharan Africa through peaceful trade and conversion The Umayyad caliphs ruled from Damascus, Syria Gradually replaced non-Muslim officials with Muslim officials and introduced the Arabic language as the official language of the government Muslim silver and gold coins symbolized the new order The Umayyad Caliphate fell in 750 due to unrest among the converts 750 a revolt overthrew the last Umayyad caliph The revolt was done by an organization controlled by Abbas, one of Muhammads uncles Abbasid Caliphate ruled until 1258 Was becoming weak by the half of the ninth century Information regarding revolts took long to reach Baghdad Mamluks: Turkic military slaves who made up part of the army; became a system of Islamic military slavery throughout the Middle East The Buyid family finally conquered the Abbasid caliphate Berbers: indigenous peoples of North Africa Berbers revolted against the early Arabs who made their way into North Africa Arabs established trade with people of sub-Sahara Africa first kingdom was Ghana which means (land of gold) Traded salt for gold, copper, manufactured goods EGYPT Fatimad Dynasty had control over Northern Africa, specifically Tunisia and Egypt Cairo, Egypt became a major cultural and political center of Islam A major economic power on the Mediterranean SPAIN Spain was still under Umayyad control Very diverse Cities in Spain became very populated and prosperous Religious toleration The most diverse and sophisticated agricultural economy in Europe The Seljuk family established a Turkish Muslim empire The Abbasid caliph remained, even after the Buyid family (Shiites) takeover; however he was under the control of the Buyid princes The Abbasid caliph now was under the control of the Seljuk family (Sunnis) The Seljuk Turks invaded and took over Anatolia which was under control of the Byzantine Empire The Turks were pastoralists so they did not maintain the land and irrigation systems Baghdad turned into a city of ruins and experienced a major population loss Sharia: the law of Islam and provides a foundation of Islamic civilization o Dealt mostly with personal and family matters o Had no legal system in the time of Muhammad but slowly developed laws to govern social and religious life Conversion: did not require an extensive knowledge of faith o There is no God but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God (in the presence of a Muslim) Technology: science and technology flourished o Muslim doctors and astronomers develop skills theory long before Europeans Rural women worked in the fields and tended animals Urban women (elite class) lived in seclusion and did not leave their homes without covering themselves Women sometimes learned to read and write with relatives (away from unrelated men) Influential roles within the family but were generally barred in public Slave women could perform as dancers or musicians in front of unrelated men A man could have sexual relations with as many slave women as he wanted A man could marry as many as four wives Enjoyed more legal rights than Christian and Jewish women Daughters were guaranteed a share in inheritance equal to that of a son The financial burden of supporting a family was put on the husband Women were allowed to remarry if their husbands divorced them (received a cash payment) Women could initiate divorce Women could practice birth control Islamic law forbade Muslims from enslaving other Muslims or People of the Book (Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians) Being a prisoner of war was an exception Many slaves were brought into the Middle East from Africa and Central Asia in the later centuries The offspring of slave women and Muslim men were born free THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE MEDIEVAL EUROPE THE WESTERN CHURCH KIEVAN RUSSIA THE REVIVAL OF WESTERN EUROPE THE CRUSADES The Eastern Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire Capital city: Constantinople, which was located on the Bosporus straight Generally centered in the Greek and Anatolian areas Constantinoples location between the Black and Mediterranean sea made an ideal center for trade and travel GRECO-ROMAN CIVILIZATION Adopted many aspects of both Greek and Roman culture Used Greek as its language and built upon many of the traditions of the Roman Empire in terms of both law and economics ECONOMICS Byzantine emperors regulated prices, the trading of luxury goods, and grain shipments, which may have slowed technological and economical advancements CONTRIBUTIONS The empire reached its height under the emperor Justinian (527 565) Justinian is responsible for the building of the Hagia Sophia, which serves as a great example of Byzantine architecture The Cyrillic writing system became the written language of Slavic and Russian Orthodox Christians Gradually moved from an urban way of life to a more rural one Women saw a change in their status, moving from a freer status in the public arena during the Roman period to a more secluded existence in the home (veil and limited relations) Muslims took away territory from the Byzantine Empire Constantinople was destroyed in 1204 After 1200, the Byzantine Empire declined largely because of a weak military the Ottoman Turks captured the Byzantine Empire The period of time from the fall of the Roman Empire until the beginning of the Renaissance is known as the Medieval period, or the Middle Ages The fall of the Roman Empire brought drastic changes to western Europe, which caused a period of economic decline and subsistence living Local lords replaced Roman imperial rule and the laws of the Roman Empire were replaced by Germanic traditions and practices of the tribes in that area Safety became the primary concern due to the absence of centralized government Peasants began to turn to their local lords, which is how feudalism emerged Charlemagne was the exception to the weak kings of the early medieval period Charlemagnes grandfather, Charles Martel, had prevented the Muslims from taking over France (Gaul) at the Battle of Tours in 732 Charlemagnes family, the Carolingians, had created an empire that included all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy Charlemagne brought about a brief period of intellectual revival After the death of his son, Louis the Pious, the Treaty of Verdun split the empire into three parts, and brought an end of this brief period of empire in Medieval Europe Roman roads fell into disrepair and the Roman coin became a thing of the past contact with the larger world through long distance trade around the Mediterranean declined Little communication and no strong central government Medieval life revolved around the manor, which became the primary source of local agricultural production Small community of people and included a mill, church, workshops, and a village where serfs lived Serfs were tied to the land and could not leave Most peasants across France, England, and western Germany were serfs Serfs worked the lands of the manor in exchange for protection and were under complete control of the lord of the manor, who had armed men to provide their safety Land rights for military service Kings and lords gave land to vassals in exchange for sworn military allegiance Land given to a knight, which was known as a fief, could be passed down through generations this allowed knights to become wealthy lords and then they could enter into vassal relationships with other knights Knights could be in a vassal relationship with more than one lord at a time VIKING RAIDS VIKINGS WERE FROM SCANDINAVIA Played an important role in land ownership and inheritance Marriage became a tool to make military alliances or gain more lands Noble children had very little choice in whom to marry Kings used marriage alliances to increase their territorial and political control Women could own land When their husbands were away on military service, they could manage the estate The Catholic Church was the strongest unifying force in medieval Europe The Church owned and controlled extensive lands was used for monasteries and convents Monasticism: element of Christianity and Buddhism THE POPE The head of the Church was the pope He exercised authority over all of the clergy and demanded the respect of secular leaders He controlled territory in Rome and central Italy HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR In need of allies, the pope crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor The Holy Roman Empire started out as an alliance of German princes Eventually these creations led to the investiture controversy Conflict arose between kings and popes over who has the power to appoint bishops Kings were used to giving authority to bishops in their territories, but technically, Church law assigned the responsibility of appointing bishops to the Church However, many bishops were also in a vassal relationship with a lord or a king Concordat of Worms (1122): A compromise that said the pope had the power to spiritually appoint bishops, and then the emperor could grant a papally appointed bishop with a fief Located north of the Byzantine Empire Russia was derived from the word Rus, which referred to Slavic-speaking peoples who ruled by the Varangians (Swedish Vikings who sailed down to Russia from the Baltic) Varangian princes lived in cities and focused on trade while the Slavs worked the lands Traded with the Byzantine Empire In 980, Vladimir I made himself the grand prince of Russia Vladimir made Orthodox Christianity the official religion Kiev remained an independent state until the Mongols invaded in the 13 th century Between the year 1000 and 1200, many important changes were made in Europe New agricultural technology o A new plow, a horse collar, and the use of horses instead of oxen Food surplus Population growth Increased trade Trade arose throughout the Mediterranean and in Northern Europe in the Baltic and North Seas Gold coinage Pope Urban II called out to western Europeans in 1095 to take back the Holy Land from Muslim control Europeans wanted to look for new lands and acquire trading posts in Muslim territory The Crusades failed in their attempts to take back the Holy Land, but they had a long lasting impact on European life Europeans were exposed to an enormous amount of information, ideas, goods, and resources Trade increased between Europe and the Middle East SUI DYNASTY TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY THE MONGOLS THE MING DYNASTY KOREA JAPAN VIETNAM SOUTH ASIA AND THE INDIAN OCEAN TRADE NETWORK Set the stage for Chinas growth into a powerful society after the 300 period of disunity Was short-lived only 40 years Confucianism was reestablished as the philosophy of the state and the examination system was revived A large empire that gave a great deal of power to local nobility in order to ensure control Buddhist monasteries that supported Tang rule were rewarded with monetary gifts, tax exemptions, and land grants Reinstituted the tributary system both Japan and Korea paid tribute to the Tang Tang capital, Changan, was a major trading center that attracted people from all over Changan became a center for cultural exchange Took part in Indian Ocean trade In the 8 th Century the Tang began to be threatened by rival states Internal rebellion Overexpansion Buddhism became the scapegoat for many of the problems faced by the Tang Empire o Accused of being a foreign evil o Accused of draining money from the state o Accused of causing the breakdown of the family Was never as large as the Tang Made outstanding scientific and technological contributions o Used their knowledge of astronomy to build a mechanical celestial clock and to improve the compass and the junk (Chinese seafaring ship); improved iron and steel production Economic accomplishments o Paper money Footbinding symbolized the restrictions on women in Song China and became a status of the elite in China Confucian ideas that emerged in the Song period reflected Buddhist influence and incorporated new understandings of Confucian teachings Zhu Xi the most important early neo-Confucian thinker Borrowed ideas about the soul and the individual from Buddhists Human nature was moral, rational, and essentially good, but also reemphasized moral and social responsibility Family ties were still the core of Confucianism Spread to Korea and Japan Nomadic group from Central Asia Self-sufficient pastoralists Shamanism Genghis Khan: supreme leader of the Mongols and known as the Great Khan o Captured Beijing, Iran, and made attacks on Russia o Died in 1227 o His son took the title of Great Khan Ogodei Great Khan Ogodei was responsible for sacking Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258 The Mongols were known for their military techniques and horsemanship their only true rivals were the Mamluks From 1240 1260 the Mongol Empire flourished and attracted merchants, missionaries, and scholars from all over Eurasia During this time, the Great Khan remained in Mongolia and ruled over its territories in Russia, Iran and Central Asia Founded by Genghis grandson Batu in 1223 and based in southern Russia Mongols ruled Russia from a distance allowing Russia to avoid direct subjugation and kept Russias principalities in place Mongols recognized the Orthodox Church Islam became a major source of tension in the Mongol Empire after Batus successor declared himself a Muslim While the Golden Horde and the Il- Khan Empire quarreled, new leadership rose in the Jagadai Khanate Became the new leader of the Jagadai Khanate and ruled from 1370 1405 An ambitious military leader Could never be khan because he was not born a Mongol He was a Turk who had married into the Mongol dynasty Had success attacking the Delhi Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire He died before he could attack China His legacy lived on through his descendents, the Timurids, in the Mughal Empire of the 16 th century Timurs capital at Samarkand was strategically located between Iran and China, and became a major trading point on the Silk Road Genghis grandson Khublai Khan took the title of Great Khan after the death of Ogodei Khubali ruled from Beijing and created the Yuan Empire in China He unified China after the fragmentation of the Song Dynasty He did away with the civil service examinations and placed Mongols in the highest positions Chinese scholar officials kept their positions but were subordinate to the Mongols The status of merchants rose (were not respected by Confucians) With the Yuan Empire at one end of the Silk Road and the Il-Khan at the other, it allowed for the Pax Mongolica, or Mongol peace Marco Polo, a Venetian merchant traveled throughout China and kept records at the court of Khublai By the 1340s, the population declined due to warfare, flooding, migration, and the bubonic plague Mongol princes were feuding and led to rebellion The Mongols either were absorbed into Chinese society or returned to the Mongol homeland The first Ming emperor, Hongwu, made it his priority to reassert Chinese authority and cultural practices He moved the capital from Beijing to Nanjing and reinstituted the Confucian examination system Communication with Central Asia and the Middle East reduced drastically Silver replaced money as the main currency Completed the Great Wall The second Ming emperor, Yongle, moved the capital back to Beijing and added onto Khublais royal complex, The Forbidden City Yongle reopened trade with the Indian Ocean trade network and reestablished ties with the Middle East To avoid conflicts the remaining Mongols in Central Asia, he sent Admiral Zheng He on maritime voyages to Indian Ocean ports Between 1405 and 1433, Zheng He established trading, mercantile, and diplomatic relationships and added 50 new tribute states to Chinas realm GEOGRAPHY OF JAPAN Archipelago chain of islands 4/5 of Japan is mountainous, so most people settled in river valleys and along the coast Bodies of water protected Japan from invaders; provided trade and transportation routes; was a source of food Japan is located in the ring of fire - tsunamis THE RING OF FIRE First written records came from the Chinese Many Chinese influences reached Japan through Korea (cultural bridge) Emperors descended from one continuous lineage: The Yamato Clan Fujiwara Family ( ): HEIAN PERIOD Controlled power and protected the emperor Favored Confucian learning Read the Chinese classics Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki the worlds first novel Kamakura Family ( ) Military values increased The first of Japans decentralized military governments THE HEIAN PERIOD Heian was the capital city during a period of elegance and sophistication The Heian period took place from 794 to 1185 During this period the blending of Chinese and Japanese cultures flourished Important literature came out of the Heian period The Tale of Genji, written by Lady Murasaki, was the worlds first full-length novel ORGANIZATION OF FEUDAL JAPAN EMPEROR SHOGUN (Military Leader) DAIMYO (Nobles) SAMURAI (Warrior Class) PEASANTS, MERCHANTS, ARTISANS The shogun (military leader) distributed land and privileges to his followers and in return they paid him tribute and supplied him with soldiers Regional warlords (Daimyo) The only thing that united the Japanese was loyalty to the emperor and to the shogun When the Mongols attempted to invade Japan in 1281, the shogun tried to centralize his military government and prepare for war The Japanese made a national effort in moving supplies to Kyushu (the most western island) The Mongols were never able to invade due to weather a typhoon; a Kamikaze 1338 Ashikaga Shogunate took power and Japan returns to a decentralized feudal system Was heavily influenced by Chinese society and traditions Both Confucianism and Buddhism had a tremendous impact on Korean culture Had close relations with the Tang and Song Empires Dealt with the Mongols when the Mongols attacked in 1231 and finally defeated the Koreans in 1258 Korea had an aristocratic government with a ruling family having power for centuries Wealth was based on agriculture Aristocratic familes: o The Silla family and Koryo family before the Mongols o The Yi family after the Mongols and until the Japanese takeover in 1910 Vietnam was divided into two rival kingdoms Annam (in the North) Politically, culturally, economically tied to China Champa (in the South) Part of the Indian Ocean trade network Tied to India and Malaya When the Mongols came, they made both tribute states The Ming occupied Annam and also made both tribute states By 1500, Annam took control of Champa and united the two under the name Annam Annam used Confucian political structures, including the examination system Women had property rights In the twelfth century, Muslim Turks invaded the disunited subcontinent of India and established the Delhi Sultanate From , the Muslim Empire had control over India They destroyed temples and killed thousands of people The Delhi Sultanate required Hindus to pay a special tax in exchange for protection The sultanate collapsed in1398 when Timur invaded and captured Delhi The Delhi Sultante benefited from their control over India because of the Indian Ocean trade network Had to master the monsoon winds and navigating their currents Typical ship was a dhow - had a lateen sail (triangular shaped sail that caught the winds) Chinese junk best vessel for travel and large transport Richest trade network from and was at its height from Towards the end of it, European explorers tried to gain control of it Was not controlled by one central political power East Africa, Arabia, India, China Islam was the dominant religion of the network Facilitated trading relationships between peoples of all languages and ethnicities who shared this faith Ibn Battuta was a Moroccan Muslim who traveled along the Indian Ocean trade route MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS o CLASSIC ERA (200 900) TEOTUHUACAN MAYAS o POSTCLASSIC ERA (900 1500) TOLTEC AZTECS NORTH AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS o SOUTHERWESTERN DESERT o MISSISSIPPIAN ANDEAN CIVILIZATIONS o PREINCAS o INCAS Just north of modern day Mexico City Reached its height in 600 The largest cities in the Americas at the time Served as a religious center Religion polytheistic and human sacrifice Architecture pyramid-like structures Reliable food supply allowed for job specialization in architecture, trade, and art Government an alliance of aristocratic families Secured long distance trade & ensured agricultural surpluses It is not clear why Teotihuacan was destroyed evidence suggests disagreement among the elites and the mishandling of resources TEOTIHUACAN TERRACED FARMING Located in modern day Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and southern Mexico Never politically unified but shared a single culture City-states competed for territorial supremacy Terraced farming and irrigation Decorated, colorful religious palaces, temples, pyramids Constructed incredible buildings with only stone tools and levers Elite had secular and religious responsibilities intermediaries between the spirit world and the material world Women had important religious, political, and household roles Two kingdoms are known to have been ruled by women MAYAN CONTRIBUTIONS Astronomical observation Writing system Math concept of zero Three different calendars Ritual cycle of 260 days Solar calendar of 365 days Long Count beginning in 3114 B.C.E. A migrating group who finally settled in central Mexico Built on many of the cultural practices of the people of Teotihuacan Capital city Tula Military conquest Toltec art depicted and glorified the militaristic aspects of its culture Two kings ruled together but one was expelled around the year 1000 after a power struggle (marked the beginning of the end) 1156 capital was invaded and destroyed Located in modern day Mexico City (1325) Twin Capitals Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco Based on military conquest and looked to the Toltec as models Established a monarchy but the monarch did not have absolute power selected by a council of aristocrats from all the males of the ruling family Highest social class warrior who owned huge estates and relied on the labor of peasants Used the chinampa system to grow crops Relied on the tribute system for food supplies Trade was based on the barter system Merchants grew wealthy Polytheistic Conquistador Hernando Cortes captured Tenochtitlan in 1521 HOHOKAM lived in present day Arizona and were heavily influenced by Mesoamerican cultures ANASAZI Navajo term meaning ancient ones Had an economy based on maize, beans, and squash Kivas: underground buildings that served as community centers Chaco Canyon consisted of 8 towns one of them being Pueblo Bonito Pueblo Bonito held religious dominance over the region Men hunted and cared for the irrigation works Women specialized in crafts and helped with agriculture and domestic duties Chaco Canyon was abandoned in the 12 th century due to a drought but the Anasazi remained in the Southwestern region The first Amerindians were hunters and gatherers When people made contacts with Mesoamerican peoples and maize, beans, and squash was introduced, people began to settle and an urban lifestyle emerged Built mounds for ceremonial and religious use and as dwellings for chiefs Chiefs had religious and political roles and oversaw long distance trade Food supply became more constant The bow and arrow was introduced Trade expanded and was based on bartering Cahokia contained the largest mound (100 feet high) The Moche were dominant in the northern coastal area of Peru in 600 Depended on the Mita system to supply labor for irrigation and the llama for trade The wool from llamas allowed the Moche to create a strong textile industry Women had special roles as weavers Developed metal tools for agriculture and military use Priests and military leaders held political control The bulk of the population focused on agricultural production No written records, but archaeological evidence suggests repeated natural disasters weakened the power of both religious and political leaders The Tiwanaku and Wari lived in the highlands Tiwanaku An urban center located in modern day Bolivia Depended on the lake fish and llamas Grand ceremonial and religious center that was built out of stone limited tools Conquered colonies greater food supply Wari Larger than Tiwanaku Contained a walled city, huge temple, urban and suburban housing By 1000 both Tiwanaku and Wari had declined Stretched up and down the coast of South America Had more than 6 million people under its control by 1525 Their rise to power began in the 1430s when strong political leaders joined together and began an age of military conquest Depended on the llama for food, clothing, and transport women & men cared for the animals Built 13,000 miles of road linking the empire Cuzco centrally located in the empire and the center of government Local chiefs handled local administrative duties and judicial matters Elaborate palaces and temples reflecting each rulers glory The Temple of the Sun was the most glorious Used calendars for religious rituals Weaving and metallurgy was passed down from earlier Andean civilzations Civil war weakened the empire just before the Europeans arrived GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA AFRICAS RESOURCES ISLAMIC EMPIRES: MALI IBN BATTUTA AFRICA & THE INDIAN OCEAN TRADE SOCIAL & CULTURAL CHANGE The second largest landmass on the planet Africa is a TABLELAND o Elevated but flat o Surrounded by the Altantic Ocean on o the West coast and the Indian Ocean o on the East coast o Both sides have massive cliffs o 3 Major Regions o Desert Makes up 30-35% of the land o Tropical Rainforest Makes up 10% of the land o Savanna Makes up 50-55% of the land THE SAHARA DESERT o The worlds largest desert o Located in North Africa o Although it serves as a geographic barrier, it did become a highway for trade and migration o Almost no vegetation! o The SAHEL the belt of land that runs from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea, right below the Sahara o Desertification: a climate change results in the process in which non- desert land becomes desert THE KALAHARI DESERT o Much smaller than the Sahara o Located in Sub-Sahara Africa o Also serves as a geographic barrier Has the greatest concentration of vegetation Receives a large amount of precipitation it rains almost every day! Terrible for farming! Canopy large branches that cover the rainforest, allowing very little sunlight to shine through; however, this is where the majority of life exists Africas grassy plains Trees are seen in some areas Contains fascinating wildlife Contains the best soil Africa has to offer, but is still below global standards Cattle herding is a common occupation Slash and burn agriculture was practiced o a farming method in which forest and brush land would be cut down, burned, and used for planting crops o ash was used for fertilizer o RIVERS o Nile River o Niger River o Congo River These rivers served as home to many African civilizations LAKE VICTORIA o the source of the Nile River ATLAS MOUNTAINS o Located in Northwest Africa o North of these mountains was very prosperous during the time of the Greeks and Romans ETHIOPIAN HIGHLANDS o Located in East Africa o The area responsible for the development of iron smelting in Africa A trading network gradually developed linking the savanna to the Sahara, and eventually spread to civilizations along the Mediterranean and into the Middle East Gold and salt came to dominate trade across the Sahara The camel was used to transport these goods There was an abundant amount of gold in present day Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal West Africans received salt in return from the Sahara North Africa was under Muslim rule by the eighth century Islam made its way into North Africa through the Caliphate by force, and spread to sub-Saharan Africa through peaceful conversion One of the richest and largest Muslim state was Mali their only rival was the Delhi Sultanate Malis wealth derived from trade controlled key trade routes and trading cities (Timbuktu) Mansa Musa ruled from 1312 1337 o Established diplomatic relations with European cities o Converted to Islam and made the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) o After being gone for years, on his return to Mali, Mansa Musa drowns in 2 feet of water because of all his armor Mansa Musas death marked the beginning of decline for Mali Mansa Suleiman Mansa Musas successor A Muslim scholar from Morocco Traveled to Mecca and completed the hajj He continued on to explore the Middle East, Africa and Asia 75,000 miles in 29 years Kept records of his travels considered invaluable in describing the Muslim world He credited the leadership of Mansa Suleiman Sunni Mar 1381 founded a new city Gao - becomes its capital Sunni Ali Marches northwards and brings a big chunk of the North African coast under his control Askia Mohammad Established economic ties with Europe Timbuktu became a major intellectual center in the Muslim world Built the Great Mosque - most advanced, elaborate architecture Songhai cities attracted great theologians, scholars, inventors 1590 El Mansur Moroccan prince wealthy prince of a wealthy family Speculated that there were weak leaders in Songhai and formed a huge mercenary army to go down and loot and look for gold Produced so much havoc disrupted the gold and salt trade Songhai goes into a tailspin in which it never recovers Early trade with Phoenician, Greek, Roman, Arab, Chinese, and Indian merchants Growth of strong city- states on the East coast Rise of slave trade Rich mix of cultures Development of Swahili language (mixed Arabic words with Bantu) Experienced its height from 1200 1500 Richest maritime trading route Grew as the Mongol Empire came to an end Connected Africa, Asia and the Middle East East African trading states (Swahili Coast) prospered o Each city began to participate in only 1-2 economic activities o Zanzibar - slaves o Dar es-Salaam palm oil processing o Malindi ivory o Kilwa (Great Zimbabwe) - gold Malacca became a major trading port in Southeast Asia o Shipped rubies from Burma, gold from Sumatra, and spices Malabar Coast in India prospered o Shipped cotton cloth, beads, and foodstuffs in exchange for African slaves and goods Mosques were built based on Middle Eastern designs An increase in literacy coincided with the spread of Islam 2.5 million Africans crossed the Sahara and Red Sea as slaves between 1200 and 1500 Women farmed, transported food, water, and other materials needed for cooking, bought and sold food and crafts at markets The impact of Islam on women varied According to Ibn Battuta, women did not completely cover their bodies and veil their faces when in public and interacted with men who were not their husbands or family members URBAN REVIVIAL THE EMERGENCE OF NATION-STATES SPANISH RECONQUISTA AND INQUISITION THE BLACK DEATH EARLY RENAISSANCE Originated in China Killed every 1 in 3 people Transmitted through trade People lost faith in the power of the Church Sped up social and economic movements that were already impacting Europe The growth of towns and trade increases Towns formed alliances Ex: Hanseatic League controlled trade throughout much of Northern Europe Interdependence among towns initiated a drive towards nationhood and it increased social mobility and flexibility among the social classes Achievements in architecture Gothic style cathedrals European contact with the Muslim world increased People began to question religion and develop heresies (religious practices or beliefs that do not conform to the traditional Church doctrine) people began to reject how wealthy the Church had become Universities were being built the study of philosophy, medicine, and advancements made in Muslim culture Scholasticism Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologica) Inquisition the interrogation and persecution of heretics Feudal kingdoms to Nation-states People who spoke French aligned with France People who spoke English aligned with England Germany and Italy remained divided into strong, independent states King John of England signed the Magna Carta in 1215, giving a certain amount of rights to the nobility The French ruled only a small amount of land around Paris French kings expanded their territory over hundreds of years 12 th Century England began to claim large parts of present- day France which led to the Hundreds Years War ( ) The result of these wars was that England withdrew from France A rebirth of classical learning and artistry Stimulated by urban revival, a growing merchant class, and economic contact with the Muslim world The rise of new scholarship Began in Italy and spread to Northern Europe Leonardo Da Vinci: Mona Lisa, The Last Supper Niccolo Machiavelli: The Prince French word that means rebirth A revival of interest in learning about the classical civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome Time of creativity and change Time of peace and prosperity Changed the way people viewed themselves and the world Political, social, economic and cultural changes were made Changes/contributions in arts, literature, architecture Intellectual movement Focused on worldly subjects rather than religious issues Believed that education should stimulate individuals creativity Taught humanities (grammar, poetry, history) The Renaissance began in Italy in the late 1300s and lasted until the 1500s WHY? o Center of the Roman empire o Cities survived the middle ages o Cities were wealthy and centers of trade o Location between Europe and Asia It later spread into Europe Spain was divided into three Spanish Kingdoms Queen Isabella of Castille married King Ferdinand of Aragon Together, they ended religious toleration They forced Muslims to convert to Christianity or leave the country Spanish Inquisition