chapter 12: mongol eurasia and its aftermath 1200-1500
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Chapter 12: Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath 1200-1500. John Ermer AP World History Miami Beach Sr. High. Happening Now. Americas 1325: Aztecs found Tenochtitlan 1438-1533: Inca Empire Europe 1215: Magna Carta signed in England 1337-1453: Hundred Years War - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 12: Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath
1200-1500
John ErmerAP World History
Miami Beach Sr. High
Happening Now Americas
1325: Aztecs found Tenochtitlan 1438-1533: Inca Empire
Europe 1215: Magna Carta signed in England 1337-1453: Hundred Years War 1454: Gutenberg Bible printed
Middle East 1258: Mongols attack Baghdad, end Abbassid Caliphate 1453: Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople
Africa 1324-25: Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca 1499: Vasco da Gama rounds Africa
Rise & Rule of The Mongols Mongols: Turkic speaking pastoral nomads of Central Asia/Mongolia
Superb horsemen, herders, and hunters Slave labor, tribute clans Interfamily alliances + interfaith marriage= political federations Self-sufficient with meat/milk, traded for iron Khans spoke to and for God, shamanism Mongol women give great respect and freedom relative to village women
1206-1227: Genghis Khan, Temüjin, becomes Mongol leader Promotes religious tolerance, cultural diversity and exchange, and harsh
punishment for enemies 1206-1221: Empire stretches from China to Iran
1227-1241: Reign of Great Khan Ögödei Established capital at Karakorum Tanggut and Jin China destroyed, replaced with Mongol governors 1236-1241: Batu conquers Kievan Russia, Moscow, Poland, and Hungary
1265: Family unity breaks down when Khublai declares himself Khan 1271: Moves capital to Beijing, founds Yuan Empire in China Other mongols establish Islam in Central Asia, maintain inter-Turkic relations
Genghis’s Family of KhansGenghis Khan r. 1206-1227
Jochi
Batur. 1224-1255
Golden Horde of Russia
Jagadair. 1227-1242
Jagadai Khanate
Ögödeir. 1227-1241
Güyükr. 1246-1248
Tolui
Möngker. 1248-1257
Khubilair. 1265-1294Yuan Emperor
Hülegür. 1256-1265
Il-khan Emperor
Mongol Domains, 1300
Mongols & Islam Islamic culture destroyed with Mongol invasion of
Baghdad Cultures difficult to reconcile Il-kahn state founded by Hülegü in Persia
Shortly allied with Western European Crusader states in Palestine, Lebanon
Convert to Islam in 1295 Golden Horde North Central Asia
Allied with Muslim Mamluk Turks, convert Mongols adapt Muslim urbanism, tax system, science Timur, commands Khanate of Jagadai, invades Middle
East and India
Responses in Western Eurasia
Russia Golden Hoard rules from Sarai in south
Granted privileges to Orthodox Church Russian language dominates Russian princes = Mongol gov’t officials
Alexander Nevskii favored by Mongols Novgorod & Moscow become trade centers Power and population shifts north
Late 1400s, Ivan III, Prince of Moscow, is tsar
Anatolia and Eastern Europe Independent Eastern European kingdoms emerge
(Lithuania, Serbia) Ottoman Turks establish sultanates in Anatolia
Mehmet II conquers Constantinople, renamed Istanbul
Mongols In China Great Khan Ögödei heavily taxes China, Khubilai Khan continues Yuan successes:
Secure transportation & communication Eurasian cultural & population exchange Transmission of information, ideas, and skills Acceptance of Chinese religion and culture Tibetan Buddhist lamas become influential Reunified China, Jin capital of Beijing established as great city
Mongol Social Structure: Mongols, Central Asians, Middle Easterners, Northern Chinese, Southern Chinese
Merchants enjoyed higher status than under traditional Chinese dynasties
Mongol infighting and Chinese farmer rebellion replaces Yuan Empire with Ming Dynasty
Independent clans still in control of Mongolia welcome Yuan refugees, new sense of Mongol unity established
Ming China Buddhist Rebel Zhu Yuanzhang becomes emperor Hongwu
Reestablishes traditional Chinese culture Some Mongol ideas linger (provinces, prof)
Establishes Ming capital in Nanjing Espouses Confucian view of imperial power Declares war on “barbarians” Closes relations with Mid. East & Central Asia Silver replaces paper money
Emperor Yongle (1403-1424) reintroduces Mongol ideas Returns capital to Beijing, improves Forbidden City Reopens relations with rest of Asia Funds maritime exploration (Zheng He)
Ming China not as innovative as Song China Return of civil exam system discourages merchant class growth
East Asia & The Mongols
Japan and Annam escape Mongol rule Mongol threat forces centralization
Korea conquered, local traditions thrive Under Mongols, heavy Yuan influence After Mongols, Korea est. Yi kingdom and
trade, move capital to Seoul Renew study of Confucian classics Breakthrough in printing technology
Japan and Annam Decentralized Japan inadequate against Mongols
Kamakura Shogunate centralizes, builds coastal defenses and communication/trade infrastructure
Ashikaga Shogunate decentralize power to local warlords, est. market towns, economy grows, Zen, urbanization, tech and artistic advancement
Annam After Mongol rule, Annam conquers Champa United Annam is foundation of modern Vietnam