the rise of hitler. the rise of hitler hitler was a brilliant orator who was very effective at...
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THE RISE OF THE RISE OF HITLERHITLER
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The Rise of HitlerThe Rise of Hitler
Hitler was a brilliant orator who was very effective at public speaking
Public meetings were carefully staged managed with floodlights, military music and marches by nazi supporters
To rouse the people into supporting Hitler without the faintest idea of what they were agreeing to
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The Rise of HitlerThe Rise of Hitler
Hitler managed to get the support of some wealthy industrialists
Thought that a Nazi Germany would be strong and thus good for the economy
Worried also about the growing support for communism
Thought that Hitler would be the best defence against communism
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The Rise of HitlerThe Rise of Hitler
Eventually Hitler came to power
Other parties could not resolve their differences to unite against him
The President, Hindenburg, had no choice but to appoint Hitler as Chancellor in Jan 1933
Beginning of the end for Weimar Germany and the start of the “Third Reich” (the third German empire)
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The Rise of HitlerThe Rise of Hitler
The First ReichFirst Reich refers to the rule of the Holy Roman Empires (800-1806)
The Second ReichSecond Reich refers to the rule of the German Emperors (1871 – 1918)
The Third ReichThird Reich refers to the rule of Adolf Hitler (1933 – 1945)
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19
33 -
1933
- 19
38
1938
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You will learn……..You will learn……..
• How Hitler established political How Hitler established political control (power)control (power)
• How Hitler established social How Hitler established social controlcontrol
• How Hitler established How Hitler established economic controleconomic control
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POLITICAL CONTROLPOLITICAL CONTROL
A “thousand year Reich”
But Hitler’s Third Reich only lasted 12 years
Ended with Germany’s defeat and Hitler’s suicide amidst the ruins of Berlin
This lesson looks at what happened inside Germany in the years before WWII broke out
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Why Hitler was supported?Why Hitler was supported?
Hitler : Chancellor in Jan 1933
Supported by President, German army and many politicians
Hoped for a strong govt and a solution to Germany’s economic problems
Then they will get rid of Hitler
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How Hitler consolidated his How Hitler consolidated his power?power?
Hitler, however, was determined to stay
Went about making sure he had complete power
How?
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1.1. Use of ViolenceUse of Violence
Stopped newspapers from criticizing the Nazis
Dismissed officials who opposed him
Use his unformed followers to break up meetings of other parties and beat up his opponents (SA & SS)
Extreme Nazi violence throughout the election campaign, especially against the communists
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2.2. The Reichstag FireThe Reichstag Fire
A week before the elections, the Reichstag building in Berlin went up in flames
Hitler blamed the fire on the communists
Used this as an excuse to issue an emergency law
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The Reichstag FireThe Reichstag Fire
This law removed freedoms promised by the Weimar Republic Right to a fair trial Free press
The fire was almost certainly started by the Nazis though the Germans did not know this then
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3.3. Election CampaignElection Campaign
Called for new elections for the Reichstag (parliament)
Although the Nazi Party was the single largest party in the Reichstag, Hitler wanted an overall majority
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Results of the Election Results of the Election CampaignCampaign
Results of election Nazis obtained 43% With the help of the
Nationalist party, managed to scrap through an overall majority of 51%
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4.4. The Enabling Act, 1933The Enabling Act, 1933
Hitler now schemed Hitler now schemed to have the Reichstag to have the Reichstag give up its powers give up its powers and rule as a dictatorand rule as a dictator
To do this, the To do this, the Reichstag had to pass Reichstag had to pass an “Enabling Act” an “Enabling Act” which required 2/3 which required 2/3 majoritymajority
Hitler achieved this.Hitler achieved this. How do you think he How do you think he
did it?did it?
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The Enabling Act, 1933The Enabling Act, 1933
3 WAYS3 WAYS
1.1. Banned communist Banned communist deputies from coming to deputies from coming to the Reichstag so they the Reichstag so they could not use their votes could not use their votes – Reichstag Fire– Reichstag Fire
2.2. Persuaded the Centre Persuaded the Centre Party to vote for the Act Party to vote for the Act by giving vague by giving vague promisespromises
3.3. Using the votes of his Using the votes of his allies, the Nationalist allies, the Nationalist PartyParty
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Effects of Enabling ActEffects of Enabling Act
Because of the Enabling Because of the Enabling Act, democracy died in Act, democracy died in GermanyGermany
Other political parties Other political parties were bannedwere banned
Trade Unions taken Trade Unions taken over by the Nazisover by the Nazis
Press, radio and cinema Press, radio and cinema placed under total Nazi placed under total Nazi controlcontrol
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The End of Democracy in The End of Democracy in GermanyGermany
Opponents arrested, Opponents arrested, imprisoned or killedimprisoned or killed
Concentration camps Concentration camps and forced labour campsand forced labour camps
SS and Gestapo struck SS and Gestapo struck terror into many Nazi terror into many Nazi opponentsopponents
Many fled the country eg Many fled the country eg Albert Einstein and the Albert Einstein and the writer Thomas Mannwriter Thomas Mann
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5.5. The Night of the Long The Night of the Long Knives Knives 19341934
• Hitler wanted to have complete power Hitler wanted to have complete power within his own partywithin his own party
• Ernst Rohm, leader of the SA, was Ernst Rohm, leader of the SA, was disappointeddisappointed– Not given a more important role in the new Not given a more important role in the new
governmentgovernment– Started to create trouble for HitlerStarted to create trouble for Hitler
• Hitler decide to get rid of him and Hitler decide to get rid of him and many of his followersmany of his followers
• How would you do that if you were How would you do that if you were Hitler?Hitler?
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The Night of the Long Knives The Night of the Long Knives 19341934
• Hitler called the leaders of the SA to a Hitler called the leaders of the SA to a special conferencespecial conference
• During the night, he had them dragged During the night, he had them dragged out of bed and shotout of bed and shot
• On the same night, many other On the same night, many other opponents all over Germany suffered opponents all over Germany suffered the same fatethe same fate
• No public protests – demonstrated No public protests – demonstrated Hitler’s power and the people’s fearHitler’s power and the people’s fear
• This became known as the This became known as the Night of the Night of the Long KnivesLong Knives
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6.6. Establishing post of Establishing post of FuhrerFuhrer
• 2 months later, President 2 months later, President Hindenberg diedHindenberg died
• Hitler combined the jobs of Hitler combined the jobs of Chancellor and President – Fuhrer Chancellor and President – Fuhrer (Leader)(Leader)
• He also became commander in chief He also became commander in chief of the armed forcesof the armed forces
• He was now the supreme dictator He was now the supreme dictator of Germanyof Germany
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1.1. EducationEducation
Aim of education – train young people up to be Nazis and loyal citizens of Nazi Germany
Education was carefully controlled There was Race
Studies as well as German History and Geography
Strict curriculum’ indoctrinated with Nazi ideas
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2.2. Youth MovementsYouth Movements
Hitler Youth Movements: Girls and boys (14-18
yrs) encouraged to join this organisation
Divided into different sections according to age
Those who did not join found it difficult to get in the University or to find jobs after leaving school
Military styled training / motherhood – women to stay at home and produce babies
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3.3. PropagandaPropaganda
Controlled by Ministry of People’s Enlightenment and Propaganda
Helped Germans agree with Nazi Germany
E.g. posters – images of Hitler throughout Germany
E.g. Radio to broadcast Hitler’s ideas, books, music, etc.
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4.4. CensorshipCensorship
Banned undesired books
Burnt books Newspapers tightly
controlled News slanted in
favour of the Nazis
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5. Strict control of people5. Strict control of people
Nazi Party – many ways of controlling the lives and influencing the thoughts of the German people
People were watched everywhere – at work, at school, even at home!
A PARTY REPRESENTATIVE in every street
Gestapo or Secret Police SS – security forces as
well as control of the police force
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Strict control of the peopleStrict control of the people
Declared Nazis the Aryan race – against undesirable – Jews, homosexuals, disabled people, etc.
Nazi controlled National Reich Church – celebrated Aryanism
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The JewsThe Jews
Nazis had always attacked the Jews
Jews were blamed for all of Germany’s problems
Once in power, the Nazis began a campaign of anti-anti-semiticsemitic persecution
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The JewsThe Jews
Jews were arrested and beaten up
Many forced out of their jobs
Jewish shops had slogans painted over their windows
People were discouraged from buying their goods
Many left Germany but most stayed
They had nowhere else to go
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The JewsThe Jews
Between 1933 and 1938, laws discriminating against Jews were passed Jews were not allowed in
the civil service and the judiciary
Jews were not considered German citizens
Jews could not take part in economic activity
Jews had to carry identity cards and passports which identified them as Jews
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The JewsThe Jews
1935 – Nuremberg Laws forbade Jews to marry
non-Jews Persecution turned
violent in 1938 Mass murder of Jews –
what the Nazis called “The Final Solution” to the “Jewish problem” did not take place until after the outbreak of WWII
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The EconomyThe Economy
Hitler needed a strong economy to sustain his large army
He knew his Nazi Party would win more support if he could revive the economy and reduce unemployment
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The EconomyThe Economy
Introduced road-building as one measure to solve Germany’s economic problems
Provided jobs for large numbers of people
Had the income to buy more goods which provided work for others
Other measures : reclaim waste land and pull down slums in the cities
In this way, Hitler was able to reduce the number of unemployed
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Bridge over Rhine River near Köln-Rodenkirchen (A4)
(photo taken in 1995)
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The EconomyThe Economy
Rearmament started in 1934 - Greater demand for armaments – jobs for people in the arms factories
A large party bureaucracy was set up, providing thousands of jobs
Purges of Jews and anti-Nazis from the civil service created more jobs for the other Germans
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The EconomyThe Economy
Growth in German army also provided jobs Conscription reintroduced
in 1935 6 million unemployed in
1933 reduced to 2.5 million in 1935 to 250,000 in 1939
Made Hitler immensely popular with many Germans
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ConclusionConclusion
Having fulfilled his promise of economic recovery, and knowing he had the German people’s support, Hitler was now ready for his next plan of action
To extend Germany’s border and prove to the world Germany’s superiority