the rise of europe: the early middle ages
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The Rise of Europe: The Early Middle Ages. Decline of Roman Empire & Barbarian Migrations. Introduction: Western Europe 500-1000 A.D. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Rise of Europe: The Early Middle Ages
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Decline of Roman Empire & Barbarian Migrations
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Introduction: Western Europe500-1000 A.D.
• During the Roman Empire, Europe was linked by Roman Roads – spread classical ideas, Latin language & Christianity
• After fall of Roman Empire, invaders swept across Europe
• Trade slowed, towns emptied, learning almost ceased• Western Europe cut off from sophisticated civilizations of
Middle East, China, India• Focus of European history shifts North• New culture emerged-blended Greco-Roman, Germanic,
& Christian traditions• Medieval-Latin for “middle Ages”
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Geography: Resources• Frontier-sparsely
populated, underdeveloped
• Dense forests• Fertile soil• Minerals• Seas for fish &
transportation• Rivers for trade• Mountain streams for
water wheels
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Germanic Kingdoms
• Germanic tribes migrated across Europe were farmers & herders
• Very different culture from Romans
• No cities, no written laws• Small communities,
governed by unwritten customs
• Elected kings to rule during war
• Warrior nobles swore loyalty to king in exchange for weapons & loot
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Germanic Peoples• 5th- 6th centuries,
political unity of Roman Empire ended
• peoples moved southwards, attracted by Rome’s glory
• wanted fertile land/better climate
• organized into tribes • chief made final
decisions• lived in big wooden
houses• moved constantly• Called barbarians
(foreigners) by Romans
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5th Century Germanic Kingdoms
• Borders not fixed• Christian Church
provided order & security
• Several kingdoms in Roman territory– Franks– Visigoths– Burgundians– Anglo-Saxon– Vandals
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How were Germanic societies organized? • Germans were rural
– Most peasants – animal grazing and working
the land
• Most land in hands of Roman a& Germanic families
– Some small land owners
• Monasteries owned vast territories
– received donations in exchange for prayers said by the monks
• Population of cities decreased
• commercial activity had slowed
• currency had almost disappeared
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The New Society:
Germans & Romans • Germans were the
minority• Initially, Romans &
Germans maintained own laws, customs & religion
• societies started to blend-Germans adopted Roman institutions/laws
• Used latin• Converted to
Christianity
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Government Changes
Rome• Loyalty to public
governments• written law• citizenship
Germanic Kingdoms• Family & personal ties
– Made it difficult to govern a large area
• Small communities• Unwritten rules &
traditions• Chief leads warriors
who pledge loyalty
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Art & culture in Germanic Kingdoms
• Few artistic artifacts remain• Some small churches• Art of gold & silver • Early Monasteries
– Community of monks – Daily life organized
according to rules• Saint Benedict
– Monasteries places of prayer
– cultural centers • school • a scriptorium where
manuscripts were copied
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Rise of Christian Monasticism
• Monasteries & Convents were separate religious communities for men & women
• Monks nuns held no private possessions; servants of God
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Rules of Benedict
• Strict yet practical• Give up attachment
to world & love of self
• Devotion to God• Balance between
work & study• Scholastica
– Twin sister?
– Devoted life to the church
– Took Benedict’s rules to convents
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Germanic Kingdoms: The Franks
• Strongest of the small Germanic kingdoms of Western Europe
• In 486, Clovis, king of the Franks, conquered Gaul, a former Roman province
• Converted to Christianity– earned the support of the
people – Christian Church of Rome
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Christianity Spreads
• Germanic peoples converted– missionaries
– fear of Muslim attacks
• New converts settled in Rome’s former lands
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Germanic Kingdoms: Europe & Muslim World
• Islam appeared in Arabia in 622
• Christians were stunned when Muslim armies overran Christian lands, building a huge empire from Spain to North Africa to Palestine
• Charles Martel stopped Muslims at Battle of Tours, France in 732
• Muslims advanced no further into Western Europe but continued to rule Spain
• Caused Christians great anxiety and hostility
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Age of Charlemagne • Grandson of Charles Martel
• Built empire across France, Germany, part of Italy
• Ruled for 30 years• Spent most of that time
fighting Muslims in Spain, Saxons in the north, Avars & Slavs in east, Lombards in Italy
• United much of Old Roman Empire
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Age of Charlemagne: The Carolingian Era • In 800, crushed
rebellious nobles at request of Pope Leo III
• Pope crowned him – gave him title
Emperor of Romans• Joined Germanic
power to Church & heritage of Roman Empire
• Laid path for future power struggles
• Emperor in Constantinople outraged
• Increased division between east & west Christians
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Age of Charlemagne: Government
• Worked to create a united Christian Europe• Worked with Church to spread Christianity to conquered peoples• Limited power of nobles-(counts) • Gave land in return for support and soldiers for his armies• Missi dominici were officials sent out to check on roads, listen to
grievances & administer justice
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Age of Charlemagne:
Revival of Learning • Wanted to make his court at Aachen a “second Rome”
• Promoted education for all social classes
• Founded a school
• Curriculum was grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy
• Ordered monasteries to open schools - train monks & priests
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After Charlemagne
• His son Louis, took over 814 AD
• ineffective• He had 3 sons• They battled for 30
years• In 843, Treaty of
Verdun-split empire into 3 regions
• Central authority broke down
• Led to feudalism
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After Charlemagne: Legacy
• Extended Christian civilization into northern Europe
• Increased blending of German, Roman, & Christian traditions
• Set up a strong, efficient government
• Set an example for later medieval rulers
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After Charlemagne: New Invasions
• 800’s, Muslims conquered Sicily which became a thriving center of Islamic culture
• In 896, the Magyars, nomads overran eastern Europe and plundered Germany, parts of France, and Italy
• After about 50 years, pushed back into Hungary
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After Charlemagne: The Vikings
• Expert sailors from Scandinavia • burned & looted along the coasts
and rivers of Europe• Traders & explorers who sailed
around the Mediterranean Sea and across the Atlantic Ocean
• Opened trade routes that linked northern Europe to Mediterranean lands
• Settled in England, Ireland, northern France and parts of Russia
• Around 1000, Leif Erikson set up a short-lived colony on North America
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The Vikings
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/launch_gms_viking_quest.shtml
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Big Question
• What changes altered the economy, government, and culture of Western Europe?– Disruption of trade– Downfall of cities– Population shifts– Decline in learning– Loss of common language
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After the fall of Rome, what institution provided security and stability?
• The Roman Catholic Church
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Who was Clovis?
• Frankish king in region of Gaul
• Brought Christianity to the region
• Won the support of the Church against others
• United the Franks into one kingdom
• Mark the beginning of the alliance between political and religious powers
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Who was Benedict?
• Monk who develop a set of strict yet practical rules for monasteries.
• Became a model for religious communities
• Monasteries became centers of learning
• Venerable Bede wrote a history of England
• Illuminated manuscripts
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What were the most important events in the unification of the Germanic kingdoms?
• 400’s Roman Empire invaded• 511-Clovis unites Franks in Christian kingdom• 590-Gergor the Great becomes Pope• 732-Charles Martel defeats Muslims at Battle of Tours• 751-Carolingian Dynasty begins• 800-Pope crowns Charlemagne Emperor • 800’s-French, Spanish, other languages evolved from Latin
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What happened to Charlemagne’s empire after he died?
• Grandsons fought for control• Treaty of Verdun• Empire broken up into three kingdoms• Carolingian kings lost power• Central authority broke down• Lack of strong leadership created a new
system of governing and landholding• Feudalism is born!!!!
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Feudalism in Europe: The Impact of Vikings
• Climate Change• Sailed up rivers• Traders, farmers,
explorers• Russia• Constantinople• North Atlantic• Gradually accepted
Christianity• Warming trend in N.
Europe• Settled down
Longship
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Magyar Invasions-late 800’s AD
• Nomads from Hungary
• Horsemen• Took captives as
slaves
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Muslims
• Came from south
• Strongholds in N. Africa
• wanted to spread Islam into Europe and plunder wealth
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New Political System: Feudalism
• Based on rights & obligations
• Loyalty & Military Service exchanged for Land & Privilege
• Loyalty & Labor exchanged for protection
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Social Classes
• Social status determined prestige & power
• Those who fought• Those who prayed• Those who worked• Inherited• Most people were
peasants & most peasants were serfs
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Manors: The Economic Side
• Manor was lord’s estate
• Provided serfs with housing, farmland, protection
• Serfs tended lord’s land, cared for animals, other tasks to maintain the estate
• Peasant women worked along their husbands
• All owed duties to the lord
• Grain, labor, etc.
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Life on a Manor
• Self-sufficient• Peasant taxes
– grinding their grain– Marriage– Church
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Age of Chivalry
• Nobles constantly fought• Conflict kept Europe
fragmented• Violent society valued
combat skills• High ideals guided
warriors actions- glorified their roles
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Age of Chivalry: Education
• At age 7, trained as a page in castle of another lord;
• at age 14, trained as squire, acted as servant to knight;
• at 21, became a knight
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Age of Chivalry: Weapons & Equipment
• Saddles & stirrups from Asia• Armor• Long bow• Cross bow and missiles
Caltrops
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Age of Chivalry: War Games
• Fought in local wars or tournaments
• Combined recreation with combat training
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Code of Chivalry
• Be loyal• Brave• Courteous• Defend three masters:
– Feudal lord – God– chosen lady
• Protect the weak & poor
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Castle Life• Lived in & protected
home of feudal lords• castles designed as
fortresses, massive walls & guard towers
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Romantic Love
• “courtly love”• Ideal form of
spiritual love• Knight or courtier
completely devoted himself to a noblewoman
• Expected to defend his chosen lady & keep her entertained with love poems & songs
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The Art of Courtly Love by
Andreas Cappellanus
• Marriage is no real excuse for not loving. • He who is not jealous cannot love. • No one should be deprived of love without the very best of reasons. • It is not proper to love any woman whom one should be ashamed to seek to
marry. • A true lover does not desire to embrace in love anyone except his beloved. • When made public love rarely endures. • The easy attainment of love makes it of little value; difficulty of attainment
makes it prized. • Every lover regularly turns pale in the presence of his beloved. • When a lover suddenly catches sight of his beloved his heart palpitates. • A new love puts to flight an old one. • Good character alone makes any man worthy of love. • Love can deny nothing to love. • A lover can never have enough of the solaces of his beloved. • A man who is vexed by too much passion usually does not love. • A true lover is constantly and without intermission possessed by the thought
of his beloved.
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How did feudal lords in Western Europe in the 11th century defend their
territories?• Private armies
• Rewarded knights with fiefs from their estates
• Allowed knights to use their wealth to purchase supplies; weapons, armor, horses for battle
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How were the lives of a noblewoman and a peasant woman different?
• Peasant woman– Worked as hard as a
man in order to survive– General work duties
• look after children & organize food for family and animals
• Noblewoman– Centered around
Church and home– Inherit husband’s
estate, title of military commander and warrior when husband was away in battle
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How did invading armies go about attacking a castle?
• To capture a castle, first engineers would check the walls to find any weak points
• Attacking soldiers would ram the walls with weapons such as the battering ram and then walls would collapse
• Attacking soldiers could infiltrate the walls of the castle
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How did some of the troubadours’ songs promote a false image noblewomen &
knights?
• portrayed noblewomen as always beautiful, constantly pure
• Reality Check: Knighthood was a particularly brutal office
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Power of the Church
• In 936,Otto I, crowned Holy Roman Emperor for protecting the Church
• Began Holy Roman Empire
• Close relationship between Church & State
• Tensions over who would appoint Church officials-investiture
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Conflict Between Popes & Emperors: Gregory VII
• Reform corrupt church leaders
• Make the Church independent of secular rulers
• 1075, Banned practice of “lay investiture”-(church official chosen by kings)
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Conflict Between Popes & Emperors: Henry IV
• Holy Roman Emperor• Angered by Pope
Gregory’s actions• Needed church
leaders to support him against powerful German lords
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Conflict Between Henry and Gregory• Henry IV demanded
that Gregory VII resign as Pope
• Gregory excommunicated Henry
• Henry realized he could not win so begged forgiveness
• Henry was forgiven
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Why was the Church so important in the lives of the people?
• Church was a unifying force in a time of political turmoil & warfare
• Church provided a sense of security
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How did popes in the 11th century use excommunication & interdicts as political
tools?
• Popes threatened excommunication to have power over them & the decisions they made
• The pope could threaten a king with an interdict to frighten the kings’ subjects in order to force him to submit
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What was the Concordant of Worms?
• Compromise between Church & emperor in 1122
• Church officials appointed church leaders
• King could veto appointments
• Kings could give titles& land grant to church officials
• 1st document outlining separate areas of responsibility for Church and State
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What happened at the Battle of Legnano?
• 1176,Frederick I’s army of mounted knights fought against foot soldiers of the Lombard League
• Lombard League was a group of Italian merchants who stood up to Frederick’s plundering of Italy
• The Italians, with the support of the pope, defeated Frederick’s army
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The Scriptorium: Remember Your Vow of Silence!!!!
• You are a monk in the scriptorium.
• Create an illuminated manuscript of the Latin proverb “Moderatio in omnibus rebus”
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The Dormitory: Remember Your Vow of Silence
• Pretend you are a monk in the dormitory at 9:00 pm.
• Put your head down on your desk, close your eyes
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The Workhouse: Remember Your Vow of Silence
• You are a monk in a workhouse. Today, you and your fellow monks are in charge of cleaning.
• Get paper towels, use Windex to clean all parts of your workspace.
• Work diligently and quietly with a cheerful spirit.
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The Chancel: Maintain total silence
• You are a monk in the chancel
• Sit and listen to the Gregorian chant.
• Think about how the Gregorian chant helped bring monks closer to God.