the rise and spread of islam chapter 8. why important??? islam spread quickly to become one of the...
TRANSCRIPT
Why Important???Why Important???
Islam spread quickly to become one Islam spread quickly to become one of the world’s most popular religionsof the world’s most popular religions– Remains so to this dayRemains so to this day
Muslim merchants played a crucial Muslim merchants played a crucial role in trade and cultural diffusionrole in trade and cultural diffusion
GeographyGeography Islam originated on the Islam originated on the
Arabian PeninsulaArabian Peninsula Mostly desertMostly desert Cities on coasts or near Cities on coasts or near
an oasis, thrived on an oasis, thrived on tradetrade– Mecca and Medina most Mecca and Medina most
imptimpt BedouinBedouin tribes tribes
controlled caravan controlled caravan routes b/t citiesroutes b/t cities– Nomadic, clans based on Nomadic, clans based on
kinshipkinship
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=5769&rendTypeId=4
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/942/663946.JPG
Pre-Islamic ArabiaPre-Islamic Arabia
Polytheistic religion, animisticPolytheistic religion, animistic– Some Jewish and Christian influenceSome Jewish and Christian influence
Polygamy Polygamy – Some allowed women multiple husbands Some allowed women multiple husbands
(polyandry)(polyandry) Relatively high status for womenRelatively high status for women Poetry main form of artistic Poetry main form of artistic
expressionexpression
Rise of IslamRise of Islam
By 500’s, Arabia was very By 500’s, Arabia was very fragmentedfragmented– Rivalry among BedouinRivalry among Bedouin– Christianity and Judaism increased in Christianity and Judaism increased in
influenceinfluence Religious disunityReligious disunity
Prophets began to call for unity Prophets began to call for unity among the Arabsamong the Arabs– Believed a common religion was neededBelieved a common religion was needed
MuhammadMuhammad Born around 570Born around 570 Educated to be a merchantEducated to be a merchant
– Moved to Mecca as an adolescentMoved to Mecca as an adolescent– Heavily influenced by monotheistic religion (Judaism and Heavily influenced by monotheistic religion (Judaism and
Christianity)Christianity) 610: received revelation from Allah610: received revelation from Allah
– Believed his revelation was the final word of godBelieved his revelation was the final word of god Following, yet superseding, those of Noah, Abraham, Following, yet superseding, those of Noah, Abraham,
Moses, and JesusMoses, and Jesus Muhammad’s beliefs and teachings became the Muhammad’s beliefs and teachings became the
basis of a new religion- Islambasis of a new religion- Islam– Beliefs and teachings recorded in Arabic to compose a Beliefs and teachings recorded in Arabic to compose a
holy scripture known as the Qur’anholy scripture known as the Qur’an
http://theinsanityofthesane.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/quran1.jpghttp://theinsanityofthesane.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/quran1.jpg
MuhammadMuhammad
His teaching made him unpopular His teaching made him unpopular among the polytheists in Meccaamong the polytheists in Mecca– Fled to MedinaFled to Medina– Began to buildup base of followers; became Began to buildup base of followers; became
skilled politician and spiritual leaderskilled politician and spiritual leader– Islamic community became known as Islamic community became known as ummaumma
Muhammad’s teaching quickly spread Muhammad’s teaching quickly spread – Unified the people of ArabiaUnified the people of Arabia
Teaching of MuhammadTeaching of MuhammadTenets of IslamTenets of Islam
Muslim: follower of IslamMuslim: follower of Islam 5 Pillars of Islam5 Pillars of Islam
– Acceptance of Allah as one true god and Acceptance of Allah as one true god and Muhammad as his prophetMuhammad as his prophet
– Prayer 5 times daily in direction of MeccaPrayer 5 times daily in direction of Mecca– Fasting during day-light hours of RamadanFasting during day-light hours of Ramadan– Charity for the less fortunateCharity for the less fortunate– Hajj- pilgrimage to Holy LandHajj- pilgrimage to Holy Land
http://www.theodora.com/wfb/photos/saudi_arabia/grand_mosque_mecca_soudi_arabia_photo_2.jpghttp://www.theodora.com/wfb/photos/saudi_arabia/grand_mosque_mecca_soudi_arabia_photo_2.jpg
Beliefs of IslamBeliefs of Islam
Islam:Islam:– Is monotheisticIs monotheistic– promotes equality of all believers in the eyes of promotes equality of all believers in the eyes of
GodGod– Encourages charity for the poor Encourages charity for the poor – Belief in judgment in the afterlife (paradise or Belief in judgment in the afterlife (paradise or
hell)hell) Because its beliefs were similar to those of Because its beliefs were similar to those of
Judaism and Christianity, Islam was an Judaism and Christianity, Islam was an appealing religion that spread quicklyappealing religion that spread quickly
CaliphateCaliphate
632: death of Muhammad632: death of Muhammad– Uncertainty about leadership in Muslim Uncertainty about leadership in Muslim
communitycommunity– Some renounced faith due to lack of leadershipSome renounced faith due to lack of leadership
CaliphCaliph: political and religious successor of : political and religious successor of MuhammadMuhammad– Some wanted Ali (Muhammad’s first cousin) to Some wanted Ali (Muhammad’s first cousin) to
take overtake over– Others felt Abu Bakr (Muhammad’s father-in-Others felt Abu Bakr (Muhammad’s father-in-
law) would be betterlaw) would be better
Sunni-Shi’a SplitSunni-Shi’a Split
Sunni Muslims supported Abu Bakr Sunni Muslims supported Abu Bakr and the Ummaya clanand the Ummaya clan
Shi’a (Shi’ite) Muslims supported Ali Shi’a (Shi’ite) Muslims supported Ali to be caliphto be caliph
The Sunni-Shi’ite conflict still The Sunni-Shi’ite conflict still continues to this day.continues to this day.– Over time the two groups developed Over time the two groups developed
many differences that makes their union many differences that makes their union even more difficulteven more difficult
Ummayad CaliphateUmmayad Caliphate
Abu Bakr of the Ummaya clan Abu Bakr of the Ummaya clan became caliph (from 632-634)became caliph (from 632-634)– Began to standardize the Islamic faith, Began to standardize the Islamic faith,
oversee compilation of the Qur’an, oversee compilation of the Qur’an, reassert Muslim authority among the reassert Muslim authority among the ArabsArabs
– Temporary peaceTemporary peace
Ummayad CaliphateUmmayad Caliphate
632-750, ruled over an Arab Empire632-750, ruled over an Arab Empire– Capital in Damascus, SyriaCapital in Damascus, Syria
Major Features of Ummayad CaliphateMajor Features of Ummayad Caliphate– Est. Arabic as official languageEst. Arabic as official language– Muslims enjoyed highest social positionMuslims enjoyed highest social position
Only pay taxes for charity Only pay taxes for charity Most people were Most people were dhimmidhimmi (non-Muslim) (non-Muslim)
– paid the bulk of taxespaid the bulk of taxes
– Very little attempt to convert non-MuslimsVery little attempt to convert non-Muslims
Muslim ConquestsMuslim Conquests
Muslims began to engage in Muslims began to engage in campaigns against neighboring campaigns against neighboring empiresempires– To gain wealth and glorify their religionTo gain wealth and glorify their religion– At first, not interested in conversionAt first, not interested in conversion
Seized territory from Byzantine Seized territory from Byzantine EmpireEmpire
Territorial gains in: Syria, Egypt, Territorial gains in: Syria, Egypt, Tunisia, Spain, Algeria, MoroccoTunisia, Spain, Algeria, Morocco
Ummayad CaliphateUmmayad Caliphate
Gender/Family under UmmayadGender/Family under Ummayad– Teachings of Muhammad influenced the role of Teachings of Muhammad influenced the role of
womenwomen Muhammad taught respect for women, saw marriage Muhammad taught respect for women, saw marriage
as important social institutionas important social institution Saw men & women as equals in eyes of AllahSaw men & women as equals in eyes of Allah
– Under Ummayad, men were allowed 4 wivesUnder Ummayad, men were allowed 4 wives So long as he could support them equallySo long as he could support them equally
– Very little evidence of the use of veils during Very little evidence of the use of veils during the Ummayad Caliphatethe Ummayad Caliphate
– Women involved in various occupations (law, Women involved in various occupations (law, commerce, scholars)commerce, scholars)
Abbasid CaliphateAbbasid Caliphate
750-1258750-1258 750: Ummayad overthrown during 750: Ummayad overthrown during
rebellionrebellion– Abbas family took over and established Abbas family took over and established
the Abbasid Caliphatethe Abbasid Caliphate Capital at BaghdadCapital at Baghdad Abbasid was a “Golden Age” for IslamAbbasid was a “Golden Age” for Islam
– Court-life, literature, learningCourt-life, literature, learning
Abbasid CaliphateAbbasid Caliphate
Dramatic increase in converts to Dramatic increase in converts to Islam during the AbbasidIslam during the Abbasid– Missionary work to promote conversionMissionary work to promote conversion
Urban expansion; Baghdad became a Urban expansion; Baghdad became a cultural center and economic hubcultural center and economic hub
Trade boomedTrade boomed– Use of Use of lateenlateen (triangular) sails on ships (triangular) sails on ships
known as known as dhowsdhows Extensive trade Extensive trade increased wealthincreased wealth
Arabian Arabian DhowDhow
trade shiptrade ship
http://www.mikewashburn.com/frcamp/dhow.jpg
Lateen (triangular) sails
Abbasid CaliphateAbbasid Caliphate
Cities were filled with artisan and Cities were filled with artisan and craft shopscraft shops– Unskilled labor performed by slavesUnskilled labor performed by slaves
Slavery was not a hereditary conditionSlavery was not a hereditary condition Slaves were Non-Muslims, usually captives Slaves were Non-Muslims, usually captives
from Africafrom Africa– Qur’an forbids enslavement of Muslims, Jews, Qur’an forbids enslavement of Muslims, Jews,
Christians, or ZoroastriansChristians, or Zoroastrians
Islamic LawIslamic Law
Over time, Muslim scholars developed Over time, Muslim scholars developed an Islamic law codean Islamic law code– Based on traditions passed down since Based on traditions passed down since
times of Muhammadtimes of Muhammad Islamic law known as Islamic law known as Shari’aShari’a
– Designed to promoted legal stability and Designed to promoted legal stability and a common moral code for all Muslim a common moral code for all Muslim followersfollowers Followed to varying degrees and in slightly Followed to varying degrees and in slightly
different forms throughout the Islamic worlddifferent forms throughout the Islamic world
Islamic LearningIslamic Learning
Muslim scholars preserved and recopied Muslim scholars preserved and recopied classical works from the Greek and classical works from the Greek and Hellenistic periodHellenistic period
Adopted the Indian Numeral system & Adopted the Indian Numeral system & spread itspread it– Made advances in algebra and trigonometryMade advances in algebra and trigonometry
Architecture became a form of artistic Architecture became a form of artistic expressionexpression– Mosques with elaborate mosaics insideMosques with elaborate mosaics inside– Elaborate palaces for entertaining the eliteElaborate palaces for entertaining the elite
Dome of Rock- JerusalemDome of Rock- Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock
Declining Position of WomenDeclining Position of Women
During the Abbasid, the position of women During the Abbasid, the position of women began to declinebegan to decline– Harems very popularHarems very popular– Veiling became a common practice and women Veiling became a common practice and women
were secludedwere secluded Only slave women allowed to appear in public Only slave women allowed to appear in public
unescortedunescorted
However, women did have some rightsHowever, women did have some rights– Own property, right to divorce and remarry, Own property, right to divorce and remarry,
right to testify in court, and the right to go on right to testify in court, and the right to go on hajjhajj
Decline of Abbasid Decline of Abbasid CaliphateCaliphate
By mid-800’s Abbasid began to lose powerBy mid-800’s Abbasid began to lose power– Internal unrest (Sunni-Shi’ite conflict)Internal unrest (Sunni-Shi’ite conflict)– Courtly excess became a financial drainCourtly excess became a financial drain– Conflicts over succession led to civil warsConflicts over succession led to civil wars– Revolts by non-Muslims and Turkish slaves Revolts by non-Muslims and Turkish slaves
(Mamluks)(Mamluks) Abbasid also faced outside pressuresAbbasid also faced outside pressures
– Seljuk Turks (nomadic group) seized territory Seljuk Turks (nomadic group) seized territory to create the Seljuk Sultanateto create the Seljuk Sultanate
– CrusadersCrusaders– Mongol InvasionMongol Invasion
Abbasid eventually fell in 1258Abbasid eventually fell in 1258
Spread of IslamSpread of Islam
Islam quickly spread beyond the Islam quickly spread beyond the Muslim EmpireMuslim Empire– Aided by tradeAided by trade
Expansion into Sub-Saharan Africa, Expansion into Sub-Saharan Africa, the Swahili Coast of East Africa, parts the Swahili Coast of East Africa, parts of Europe and Asiaof Europe and Asia
More on this later!!!More on this later!!!