the rise and fall of rome
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8 February 2010. The Rise and Fall of rome. Lecture outline. Origins of Rome Myth Geography Rome Begins to Grow Greek Influence Etruscan Influence Monarchy to Republic Class Divisions Expansion Hellenistic Values Politics in Rome Ladder of Offices Plebeian Recourse. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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THE RISE AND FALL OF ROME8 February 2010
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LECTURE OUTLINE Origins of Rome
Myth Geography
Rome Begins to Grow Greek Influence Etruscan Influence
Monarchy to Republic Class Divisions Expansion Hellenistic Values
Politics in Rome Ladder of Offices Plebeian Recourse
Life in the Republic Social Order Morality Family and Gender Religion
Greek and Roman Gods Tolerance and Expansion Religious Hierarchy
The Age of Conquest Italy Conquest of Mediterranean
Punic Wars Consequences of Empire
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ROMAN TIMELINE 753-509 B.C.E. – Monarchy 509-287 B.C.E. – Early Republic
449 B.C.E. – Law of the Twelve Tables 287-133 B.C.E. – Middle Republic
264-146 B.C.E. – Punic Wars 146 B.C.E. – Rome destroys Carthage and Corinth
133-31 B.C.E. – Late republic 44 B.C.E. – Caesar Assassinated
31 B.C.E. – The Empire
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ORIGINS OF ROME: 753-509 B.C.E. 21 April 753 B.C.E.: Mythic Romulus
founds Rome 1000 B.C.E.
Rome located in Latium large village 15 miles inland on Tiber Access to sea Naturally protected
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SEVENTH CENTURY B.C.E. – ROME BEGINS TO GROW
Why does Rome develop? Greek influence
from South Magna Graecia
Etruscans in the north
Brilliant, wealthy, warlike
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
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FROM MONARCHY TO REPUBLIC 509 B.C.E. – 290 B.C.E. – the Romans
overthrew the king and established a republic Class patron-client Expansion of territory
Romanization Hellenistic values
Lucius Junius Brutus
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THE POLITICAL ORDER IN ROME Ladder of Offices
Military Service Quaestor Aediles Praetor Consul
Plebeian Response: Tribunes How is the Roman political system
different from the Athenian system?
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POLITICS IN THE REPUBLIC The Constitution was mix of tradition, custom
and written law Uneven distribution of power:
Patricians versus the plebeians Senate at the center of politics 471 B.C.E. concilium plebis
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THE STRUGGLE FOR THE ORDERS The Struggle for the Orders = conflict over
the right to power Rome’s need for plebeian soldiers led to
reforms Lex Canuleia The Law of Twelve Tables Lex Hortensia
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LIFE IN THE REPUBLIC Social Order
Mos maiorum “way of the elders”
Patron and Client Slaveholder and
enslaved Morality
Family and Gender Patria potestas Marriage & women’s
rights Children and
education
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LIFE IN THE REPUBLIC Religion
Importation of many Greek Gods Jupiter – “Zeus” Minerva – “Athena” Goddess of
Warriors, wisdom Juno – “Hera” Queen of the Gods Eternal Flame of Vesta – “Hestia”
Goddess of the Hearth Religious Tolerance and
Expansion Elected Religious Hierarchy
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THE AGE OF CONQUEST, 5TH-2ND CEN. B.C.E. Rome conquers Italian
peninsula Defeats Etruscans 396
B.C.E. From 282 – 146 B.C.E.
Romans conquer the Mediterranean
First Punic War (264-261 B.C.E.)
Second Punic War (218-202 B.C.E.
Third Punic War (149-146 B.C.E.)
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THE PROBLEM OF EMPIRE Imperial expansion impacts Roman society in
distinct ways crippled its economy Culture for Rome’s Elite Generals gained fame and power
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TIBERIUS AND GAIUS GRACCHUS, 133-121B.C.E. The Gracchi are tribunes
who advocate reform Distribute public lands to
proletarians, or landless Romans
Devote gifts to equip new farms
Creation of equites Factions form:
populares optimates
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GAIUS MARIUS, 107-100 B.C.E. The “New Man”
Ability over ancestry Breaking of tradition:
six terms as Consul Military Reform:
proletarians as soldiers Client/Patron applied to
Commander/Soldier
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LUCIUS CORNELIUS SULLA, 91-78 B.C.E. Social War, 91-87 B.C.E. Seeks glory “proscription” Dictator with a
government of the “best people”
3 Lessons From Sulla? Military Politics Social values
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GNAEUS POMPEY & THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE, 70-53 B.C.E.
Pompey Magnus, a “New Man” Defeat of Spartacus Consul, 70 B.C.E.
Defies tradition how? Secures Roman control
of Mediterranean Good for urban poor
and merchant classes Secures Rome in the
east: Syria and Judea
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THE RISE AND FALL OF JULIUS CAESAR, 60-44 B.C.E.
Caesar, Consul 59 B.C.E. Defiance of Senate’s
command Strong support from the
masses Alliance with Egypt &
Cleopatra VII King of a Republic
Cancellation of debts Caps on subsidies Public works Extension of citizenship and
Senate Clemency for enemies
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Morte di Giulio Cesare (Death of Julius Caesar) by Vincenzo Camuccini
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THE END OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC The Death of Caesar is intended to take
Rome back to the mos maiorum Incites factional contest for power Highlights the transformation of Rome’s
hierarchy Demonstrates emergence of individual
over community
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OUTLINE From Republic to Principate, 44–27 B.C.E. Augustus’s Restoration, 27 B.C.E.–14 C.E.
Augustan Rome Making Monarchy Permanent, 14–180
C.E. Nero & Caligula Tiberius & Claudius Vespasian and the “Five Good Emperors”
Life in the Golden Age, 96–180 C.E.
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Octavian/Augustus Octavian used the guise
of republican “restoration,” constitutional monarchy, princeps civitatis retains bureaucracy
Octavian assumes power over important civil and religious offices
He creates the emperorship
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Expansion and the Pax Romana Octavian Augustus
centrally organized the empire’s administration
a cult of Rome Rome expanded north
and west into Europe This period of stability
leads to literary culture Virgil, Livy, Ovid, Cicero,
etc.
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THE GOLDEN AGE, 44 B.C.E. TO 284 C.E.
The emperors that followed Augustus were a diverse lot Caligula and Nero Tiberius and Claudius
Later emperors Vespasian and the “five
good emperors”, including Hadrian
Imperial dynasties became full-blown monarchies
soldiers taken from provinces
population of Rome (the city) grew from 500,000 to 700,000
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LIFE IN THE GOLDEN AGE The emperors tried to end anger over hunger and poverty Empire is economically prosperous Rome developed contact with Mesopotamia, Iran, India and indirectly China
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LIFE IN THE GOLDEN AGE
Public entertainment Violent For the masses
Speech-making became less important End of rhetoric?
New forms in literature, history, grammar and the arts - generally less idealized
Women lose public face slavery became the
foundation for Roman labor
Expanded empire led to an expanded citizenry
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THE END OF THE PAX ROMANA Civil wars and invasion
ensued in the third century C.E. 235 to 284 C.E.
Barbarian threat collapse of order
Debasement of coinage
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Diocletian Reforms Formation of the dominate
Emphasis on supreme power Autocracy
Reduction of elite power Image of majesty Strict legal control
Creation of the Tetrarchy Aimed to prevent civil war through system
of partnership and loyalty
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ROME DECAYS Emperors attempted
reforms, but no reform could thwart the decline Constantine
Makes Christianity the religion of the empire
Edict of Milan, 313 moves the capital
from Rome to Constantinople (the Greek city of Byzantium)
Division ensued, including rival claims to Roman imperial seats, and the eastern and western portions of Rome widened their divide
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GERMANIC MIGRATIONS Migrations of various German “tribes” helped
contribute significantly to Roman decline In 370s Huns, later Visigoths, migrate into Italian
peninsula
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Fourth and Fifth Centuries
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Roman World, c. 526
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THE FALL OF ROME What caused the end of the Roman
empire? Did it decline? What is its legacy?