the rise and fall of rome & the rise of chris4anity
TRANSCRIPT
TheRiseandFallofRome&theRiseofChris4anity
WorldHistoryGPS
• SSWH3Examinethepoli2cal,philosophical,andculturalinterac2onofClassicalMediterraneansocie2esfrom700BCE/BCto400CE/AD.
• 3a.ComparetheoriginsandstructureoftheGreekpolis,theRomanRepublic,andtheRomanEmpire.
• 3b.Iden2fytheideasandimpactofimportantindividuals,include:Socrates,Plato,Aristotle,AlexandertheGreat,JuliusCaesar,andAugustusCaesar.
• 3c.AnalyzetheimpactofGreekandRomanculture,poli2cs,andtechnology.
ParallelEvents(Greecevs.Rome)
• AncientGreekEvents• 490-479BC:Persian
Wars• 460BC:AgeofPericlesin
Athens• 431BC:Peloponnesian
Wars• 331BC:Alexanderthe
GreatconquersPersianEmpire:Hellenis4cAge
• 133BC:endofGreekdominanceinMed.world
• AncientRomeEvents• 509BC:Romesetsupa
Republic• 450BC:12TablesofLaw• 270BC:Romecontrols
mostofItalianpeninsula• 264-146BC:PunicWars
vs.Carthage• 133BC:Romanpower
extendsfromSpaintoEgypt
Rome:Beginnings• Geography:Romewas
builton7hillsalongTiberRiver;locatedatcenterofMediterraneanSea&westofcentralApennineMts.(midwaybetweenAlps&ItalianPeninsula’ssouthern4p)
• Defensibleloca4on&accessiblefortrade&transporta4on
Rome:Beginnings
• La4ns:ancestorsoftheRomans– Herdersandfarmers:se[ledalongtheTiberRiveralongthe7hills
• Etruscans:ruledcentralandnorthernItaly– CamefromAsiaMinor(EasternMediterranean)– CalledthemselvesTyrrheniansinhonoroftheirking
• RomansborrowedEtruscanalphabet,archandworshippedsimilargods/goddesses
• Greeks:se[ledinsouthernItaly/Sicily
Rome:Beginnings• -Legendhasitthattwin
brothers,RomulusandRemusfoundedthecitya^erbeingraisedbyawolf.
• -Accordingtothetale,thetwins’motherwasaLa4nwomanandtheirfatherwasthewargodMars.
• -ThisledRomanstobelievethattheyhadadivineorigin.
Rome:TheRepublic
• RomansdroveoutEtruscanrulersaround509BC
• SetupaRepublic(govt.ofthepeople)
• Senate:mostpowerfulgoverningbodymadeupof300patricians(landholdingupperclass):servedforlife
CheckingforUnderstanding
• HowdidgeographyaffectthedevelopmentofRome?
• Arepublicisademocra4cformofgovernmentinwhichpeopleelecttheirleaderstomakelawsforthem.Howisthisdifferentfromthedemocracyprac4cedbytheGreeksinAthens?
Rome:TheRepublic• Patricians:wealthy
landowners(heldmostofthepower)
• Inheritedpowerandsocialstatus
• Claimedauthoritytomakelawscamethroughancestry
• Plebeians:commonfarmers,ar4sans,merchants(mostofthepopula4on)
• Ci4zenswithvo4ngrights• Notallowedtoholdgovt.
posi4ons• Eventuallyallowedto
formanassembly&electrepresenta4vescalledtribunestoprotectthemfromunfairactsofpatricianofficials
Rome:GovernmentunderTheRepublic
• Execu4ve:Assemblyelected2consulsforone-yearterms;commandedthearmy&directedthegovernment;couldnotbere-electedfor10years;eachhadvetopowerovertheother
• Legisla4ve:Senate–300members(mostlypatrician);controlledforeign/domes4cpolicy;TribalAssembly–madelawsforplebeians&electedtribunes
• Judicial:8Praetorsoverseecourts&governprovinces• In4mesofcrisis(likewar),adictatorwaschosenwithabsolutepowertomakelaws&commandthearmyfor6months.
TheRomanRepublic
• 450BC:12TablesofLawsetupintheForum---madeitpossibleforplebeianstoappealdecisionofajudge
TheRomanArmy
• Alllandowningci4zensrequiredtoserve
• 10yearsmilitaryservicewasrequiredtoserveinpublicoffice.
• Dividedintolegions(about5000men)andcenturies(about80men)
RomanConquests&Wars
• ConqueredmostofItalyby265B.C.• 1stPunicWaragainstCarthage:264-241B.C.RomewoncontrolofSicily&W.Med.
• 2ndPunicWar:218-202B.C.NearlydefeatedbyHannibalbutScipiooutsmartedhim
• 3rdPunicWar:149-146B.C.Carthagedestroyed• A^erPunicWars,RomedominatedW.Med.thenconqueredE.Med.
• RomanscontrolledfromAnatoliaintheeasttoSpaininthewestby70B.C.
EndoftheRomanRepublic
• EconomicProblems:Wealthylandownersranlargeestates/farmsusingslaves;manysmallfarmerscouldn’tcompete,soldtheirfarms,becamepoor,homelessorjobless,movedtoci4es
• GracchusBrothers(tribunes)proposedreformslikelimi4ngestatesize&givinglandtothepoorbutwealthysenatorshadthemassassinated.
EndoftheRomanRepublic
• MilitaryProblems:Somegeneralsseizedpowerbyofferinglandtothepoorwhowouldfightforthem&werenolongerloyaltotheRepublic
• Thissitua4onallowedmilitaryleaders,supportedbytheirowntroop,totakepowerbyforce
CheckingforUnderstanding
• Whatwasthedifferenceinthepatriciansandplebeians?
• InwhatwayswasthegovernmentundertheRomanRepublicsimilartoourgovernment?
• Whywasitimportantthatthe12Tableswerewri[endownanddisplayedinpublic?
JuliusCaesar
• Hebecameconsulin59B.C.&formedatriumviratewithPompey&Crassuswhohelpedhimgetelected.
• Strongleader&militarygenius
• ConqueredGaul(France)in50B.C.&appointedhimselfgovernor
JuliusCaesarcont.
• CaesarpopularitymadehimdangeroussotheSenateorderedhisarmytodisbandin50B.C.
• 49B.C.-CaesardefiestheSenate&crossesRubiconR.
• 46B.C.CaesarreturnstoRomea^erdefea4ngPompey’sarmy&nameddictator
• 44B.C.Caesarnameddictatorforlife• 44B.C.killedbySenatorswhowereafraidoflosingpowertohim
ReformsofJuliusCaesar
• GrantedRomanci4zenshiptopeopleintheprovinces
• ExpandedtheSenatetoincludeotherregions• Createdjobsforthepoorthroughpublicbuildingprojects
• Startedcoloniessopeoplewithoutlandcouldownproperty
• Increasedpayforsoldiers
BeginningoftheRomanEmpire
• 2ndTriumvirate:Octavian(Caesar’sgrandnephew),Lepidus,MarkAntonycontrolledRomea^erCaesar’sdeath
• 27B.C.:Octavianturnedagainsttheothertwo,defeatedthemandnamedhimselfemperor(supremecommander)&Augustus(“exaltedone”
• PaxRomana(RomanPeace)periodbetween27B.C.to180A.D.ofpeace/prosperityintheRomanEmpire
TheRomanEmpire
• Government:civilservicessuchastaxcollec4on&postalservicemaintainedstability;Senates4llfunc4onedtomakelaws
• Agriculture&trade:90%ofpeopleengagedinfarming;commoncoinagemadetradeeasier;RometradedintheMed.,China,&India
• RomanroadsfirstbuiltforthemilitaryhelpedtradeandthespreadofRomanculture
CheckingforUnderstanding
• WhatdoyouthinkwasthemaindifferencebetweentheRomanRepublic&theRomanEmpire?
LifeintheRomanEmpire
• Rich:hadcountry&cityhomes;onlyrichcouldholdoffice(nopay);homeshadrunningwater/baths;emphasizededuca4on(childrenhadtutorsathomeorsenttoboardingschools.
• Poor:mostlivedinthecountry;Nearly1millionRomanslivedincrowdedapartmentbuildingswithconstantdangeroffire;governmentofferedfreefood/entertainmenttoavoidrebellion
EntertainmentintheRomanEmpire
• Romansofallclassesenjoyedcircus,chariotraces• HeldinCircusMaximus—racetrackcouldhold250,000
spectators• Alsolikedtheater,mimes,jugglers,dancers,acrobats,
clowns• Romansenjoyedspectaclesinamphitheaters• Wildanimalsba[ledeachotherandprofessionalfighters• Gladiatorcontestsmostpopular,performedinColosseum
for50,000people• Romanbathswereplacesforhygiene&socializing.(Baths
hadsteamrooms,mee4ngrooms,pools)
EntertainmentintheRomanEmpire
ARomanBath
TheColosseum
LifeintheRomanEmpire• Headoffamily—paterfamilias,
familyfather—oldestlivingmale• Hadextensivepowersoverother
membersoffamily• Withinfamilystructure,virtuesof
simplicity,religiousdevo4on,obedienceemphasized
• Adop4onimportantinRomansociety,awaytoensurefamilynamewouldbecarriedon
• Womencoulddoli[lewithoutinterven4onofmaleguardian,morefreedominlowerclasses
• UpperclassRomansplacedgreatvalueoneduca4on
• Parentstaughtchildrenathome;wealthyfamilieshiredtutorsorsentsonstoexclusiveschoolstolearnLa4n,Greek,law,math,publicspeaking
• RomansadoptedmuchfromGreekmythology,alsofromEgyp4ans,others
• Eachfamilyworshippedlocalhouseholdgods,penates
• Manyworshippedemperor
SlaveryintheRomanEmpire• SlaverywassignificanttoRomanlifeandeconomy• Probablymoreslaverythananypreviousciviliza4on(asmuchas1/3ofthepopula4on
• Mostslaveswereconqueredpeoples(men,women,&children)
• Slaveswerepropertytobebought,sold,punished,freed,orputtodeath.
• Strongmaleslaveswereo^enforcedtobecomegladiatorsorprofessionalfighterswhofoughttothedeathinpublicarenas
Good&BadEmperors
• Caligula:37-41A.D.mentallydisturbed
• Nero:54-68vicious,murderer,persecutedChris4ans
• Domi4an:81-96dictator;fearedtreasoneverywhere&executedmanyundersuspicion
• Nerva:96-98customofadop4ngheir
• Trajan:98-117empireatlargest;buildingprograms;socialwelfare
• Hadrian:117-138consolidatedconquests;reorganizedbureaucracy
• MarcusAurelius161-180heightofeconomicprosperity;defeatedinvaders;philosopher
BadGood
Mul4pleCauses:FalloftheRomanEmpirePoli2cal Social Economic Military
• Poli4calofficeaburden,notreward
• Militaryinterferenceinpoli4cs
• Civilwar&unrest
• Empiredivided• Capitalmovedto
Byzan4um
• Declineininterestinpublicaffairs
• Lowconfidenceinempire
• Disloyalty,lackofpatrio4sm,corrup4on
• Rich/poorgap• Popula4on
declineduetodisease&foodshortage
• Poorharvests• Invaders
disruptedtrade• Nowarplunder• Gold/silverdrain• Infla4on• Crushingtax
burden• Rich/poorgap• Increased
povertyinwesternempire
• Threatfromn.Europeantribes
• Lowfundsfordefense
• Problemsrecrui4ngRomanCi4zens
• Recrui4ngofnon-Romans
• Declineofpatrio4sm&loyaltyamongsoldiers
IImmediateCause:
InvasionbyGermanictribesandHuns
FalloftheRomanEmpire:Timeline
• 180AD-MarcusAureliadies,endofPaxRomana
• 284AD-Diocle4andividedempireintoEast&West,limitspersonalfreedoms,
• 305AD-DeathofDiocle4an• 311AD-CivilWarwith4rivals;Constan4newinstheWest
• 324AD-Constan4necontrolsbothhalvesoftheEmpire
FalloftheRomanEmpire:Timeline
• 330AD-Constan4nemovescapitalfromRometoByzan4umontheBlackSea.ItwasrenamedConstan4nople.
• 370AD-InvasionbyHunspushedGermanictribes(“barbarians”)intoRomanterritory
• 410-GermanictribesoverranRome&plunderedit• 444-AnlatheHuna[acksbothhalvesoftheempire• 476-lastRomanemperorforcedoutbybarbarians;RomanpowerinWesternEmpiredisappears;EasternhalfbecomesByzan4neEmpire
FalloftheRomanEmpire:Invasions
Rome&theRootsofWesternCiviliza4on
• MixingofGreek,Hellenis4c,andRomancultureproducedGreco-RomanCultureor“ClassicalCiviliza4on”
• RomanSculpturewasrealis4c,prac4cal• Bas-Relief:formofsculptureinwhichimagesprojectfromaflatbackground(usedtotellstories,showcrowds,soldiersfigh4ng,andlanscapes
• Mosaics:pictures/designsinflatsurfacesusingbitsofglass,stone,or4le
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Rome&theRootsofWesternCiviliza4on
• Romanpain4ngincludedfrescosorlargemuralspainteddirectlyontheirwalls
• Greekphilosophyofstoicism(Zeno)appealedtoRomanswithvaluesofduty,modera4on,virtue,&endurance.
• Epicpoetry:VirgilwrotetheAenidmodeleda^erHomer’sepics
• Ovidwrotelight,wi[ypoetrysuchasAmoresaboutbeinginlove
Rome&theRootsofWesternCiviliza4on
• Livywroteamul4volumehistoryofRomebutusedlegendsfreely
• TacituswroteaccuratehistoryinhisAnnalsandHistoriestellingthegood&badofimperialRome
• TheLa4nlanguagebecametheofficiallanguageoftheRomanCatholicChurchandwasalsousedtodevelopFrench,Spanish,Portuguese,Italian&Romanian.Also,50%ofEnglishwordshaveaLa4nroot.
Rome&theRootsofWesternCiviliza4onArchitecture
• Romansmadegooduseofthearchanddome• FirsttouseconcretetobuildstructuresliketheColosseum.
• Aqueductswereusedtobringwatertoci4es(archesusedtosupportthem)
• Romanroadsmadeofstone&concreteconnectedtheempire&someares4llused
• RomanarchitecturalformsusedinUSCapitolandmanyotherpublicbuildings
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Rome&theRootsofWesternCiviliza4onRomanLaw
• Allhaverightstoequaltreatmentunderthelaw
• Burdenofproofrestswithaccuser• Peoplepunishedforac4ons,notthoughts• Unreasonable/unfairlawscouldbesetaside
TheRiseofChris4anity
• SSWH3Examinethepoli2cal,philosophical,andculturalinterac2onofClassicalMediterraneansocie2esfrom700BCE/BCto400CE/AD.
• e.ExplaintheoriginsanddiffusionofChris2anityintheRomanworld.
RiseofChris4anity
• RometookoverJewishkingdomin6AD.• OTLaw&prophetstaughtthatMessiahor“asavior”wouldcometofreethemfromoppression(Genesis3:15;Isaiah9:2-7)
• SomeJewsbelievedthatJesusChrist(bornabout4B.C.)wastheMessiahandthe“SonofGod”
• Over350OldTestamentpropheciesabouttheMessiahweregivenseveralhundredyearsbeforethebirthofChrist;Jesusfulfillednearlyallofthemandsomehaveyettobecompleted
RiseofChris4anity• Genesis3:15--I'mdeclaringwarbetweenyouandthe
Woman,betweenyouroffspringandhers.He'llwoundyourhead,you'llwoundhisheel."TheMessage
• Isaiah9:6-7–“6Foruntousachildisborn,untousasonisgiven;andthegovernmentshallbeuponhisshoulder:andhisnameshallbecalledWonderful,Counsellor,MightyGod,Everlas4ngFather,PrinceofPeace.7Oftheincreaseofhisgovernmentandofpeacethereshallbenoend,uponthethroneofDavid,anduponhiskingdom,toestablishit,andtoupholditwithjus4ceandwithrighteousnessfromhenceforthevenforever.ThezealofJehovahofhostswillperformthis.”ASV
EventsintheLifeofChrist
• BornApprox.4B.C.inBethlehem,Judea
• RaisedinNazareth• ParentsMary&Joseph,
descendantsofDavid• RaisedinNazareth&did
carpentrywithhisfather• Publicministryforabout
3yearsstar4ngage30• Crucified&resurrectedaboutage33
TeachingsofJesus
• FollowedJewishlaw&prophetspromo4ngmonotheism&principleslikeTenCommandments
• Emphasizedpersonalrela4onshipwithGod• StressedloveforGod,neighbors,enemies,self
• TaughtthatGodwouldendwickedness&establishaneternalrighteouskingdomforthosewhorepented&believedinHim
Death/Resurrec4onofJesus
• Hea[ractedlargecrowdstohearhispreaching&tobehealedbyhim.
• JewishleadersclaimedheblasphemedagainstGodbyclaimingtobeGod’sson
• TheyhandedhimovertoRomanleaderswhothoughthemightstartarevolu4on
• Hewascrucified(nailedtoacross)onaFriday&rosefromthedeadonSunday
• Heappearedtohisdisciplesa^erhisdeaththenascendedintoheaven
Isaiah53:1-61Whohasbelievedourreport?AndtowhomhasthearmoftheLordbeenrevealed?2ForHeshallgrowupbeforeHimasatenderplant,Andasarootoutofdryground.Hehasnoformorcomeliness;AndwhenweseeHim,ThereisnobeautythatweshoulddesireHim.3Heisdespisedandrejectedbymen,AManofsorrowsandacquaintedwithgrief.Andwehid,asitwere,ourfacesfromHim;Hewasdespised,andwedidnotesteemHim.4SurelyHehasborneourgriefsAndcarriedoursorrows;YetweesteemedHimstricken,Smi\enbyGod,andafflicted.5ButHewaswoundedforourtransgressions,Hewasbruisedforouriniqui2es;Thechas2sementforourpeacewasuponHim,AndbyHisstripeswearehealed.6Allwelikesheephavegoneastray;Wehaveturned,everyone,tohisownway;AndtheLordhaslaidonHimtheiniquityofusall.
SpreadofChris4anity• A`erhisdeath,Jesusdisciplesbeganteachthathewas
Messiah&couldforgivesins• Acts2recordstheoutpouringoftheHolySpiritwhich
gaveChris2anssuchasPeterboldnesstowitness&3,000becameChris2ansonthatdayfromallovertheRomanEmpire
• PaxRomanagaveidealcondi2onsfortheChris2anmessagetospreadbecausetravelwassafe
• CommonLanguages(La2n&Greek)madeChris2anityeasytounderstand
• PaulwasaJewandRomanci2zenwhowroteseveralepistles(le\ers)intheNewTestament&spreadChris2anitywithhismissionaryjourneys
Paul’sMissionaryJourneys
Persecu4onofChris4ans• Chris4ansrefusedto
worshipRomangods(includingtheemperor)whichwasviewedasrebellion
• Chris4ansusedasscapegoatsforpoli4cal&economicproblems
• Exiled,imprisonedorexecuted;theywerecrucified,burnedorkilledinthearenabygladiatorsorwildanimals
TheAppealofChris4anity
• Itembracedallpeople-men,women,slave,free,poororrich
• Gavehopetothepowerless• AppealedtothoserepelledbyextravaganceofimperialRome
• Offeredpersonalrela4onshipwithalovingGod
• Promisedeternallifea^erdeath
• Fordiscussion:WhydoyouthinkthatChris4anitycon4nuedtospreadeventhoughmanyearlyChris4ansfacedterriblepersecu4on&death?
TheRoman’sRoad-PlanofSalva4on
• Roman’s3:23“ForallhavesinnedandfallshortofthegloryofGod.”
• Romans3:10“Asitiswri[en:“Thereisnonerighteous,no,notone””
• Romans6:23“forthewagesofsinisdeathbutthegi^ofGodiseternallifeinJesusChristourLord”
• Romans5:8“ButGoddemonstratesHisownlovetowardus,inthatwhilewewereyetsinners,Christdiedforus”
• Romans10:9-10“thatifyouconfesswithyourmouththeLordJesusandbelieveinyourheartthatGodraisedHimfromthedead,youwillbesaved.Forwiththeheartonebelievesuntorighteousness,andwiththemouthconfessionismadeuntosalva4on.
RiseoftheRomanCatholicChurch
• 313-Constan4neapprovesChris4anityfortheempire(EdictofMilan)
• 380-TheodosiusmakesChris4anitytheofficialreligionoftheempire
• Hierarchyofchurchleaders:localpriests,bishopsoverseveralchurches,popewasheadofthechurch
• ChurchleadersestablishedOT&NTastheinspiredWordofGod
RiseoftheRomanCatholicChurch
• NiceneCreedestablishedin325todefinebasicchurchbeliefs
• Augus4ne-churchfather(BishopofHippoinN.Africa)taughtsalva4onbygrace&gracecouldonlybereceivedbychurchmembership&thesacraments