The Rise and Fall of New France

Early 1600s FranceNear QuebecFur and fish tradingMissionary Person who teachers their religion to others who have different beliefs

Stylized Flower becomes a symbol of French KingsIRIS FLOWERThe white Bourbon Flag (flag of the Royal House of France) of New FranceFlag of QuebecCanadian Coat of Arms

French ExplorationIn 1524, France sent Giovanni Verrazano to find the Northwest Passage to Asia.He discovered that North America was not an archipelago of islands, but a continent.

Jacques CartierIn 1534, France sent Jacques Cartier to find the Northwest Passage.He reached the Gasp Peninsula, which he claimed for France.He also kidnapped two Iroquoians, Taignoagny and Domagaya, and brought them back to France to learn French so that they could guide him when they returned.

Cartiers Second VoyageThe next year, Cartier arrived in Canada, an Iroquoian word meaning village that Cartier thought was the name of the area around the St. Lawrence.He explored the St. Lawrence River, visiting Stadacona and Hochelaga.The rapids west of Hochelaga, which he named La Chine (China), prevented him from travelling further.

Cartier failsCartiers men spent the winter at Stadacona, where 25 men died of scurvy.Donnacona, the chief of Stadacona, showed Cartier how to make Vitamin C-rich tea from spruce bark and needles, saving many lives.To thank him, Cartier kidnapped Donnacona and took him to France, where Donnacona died.As a result, the Iroquois refused to trade with the French, and Cartiers colony failed.The French would not try to settle in North America for another sixty years.

Early French settlementsIn 1600, Pierre de Chauvin and Franois Grav established a French fur trading post at Tadoussac.In 1603, Pierre Du Gua de Monts founded a settlement at Port Royal (present day Nova Scotia).

Samuel de ChamplainThe settlement failed in 1607 when de Monts lost his royal fur trading license.In 1608, de Monts assistant, Samuel de Champlain, founded a colony in Quebec City.

SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN 1567 1635Skilled Geographer and Cartographer Believed in colonization when the French were only interested in trade and making a profitForged relationships with the Mikmaq and Huron peoples

Modern day Nova Scotia and surrounding areaSituated in an attractive location for a permanent trading postHad a deep enough harbour for shipsVery fertile farm landDefendable against attack

In 1604, Champlain set up a settlement thereUnusually harsh winter that yearSettlers suffered from scurvy (lack of vitamin C)Nearly half of the settlement died that winterColony was moved further inlandFrench claims on Acadia did not stop

Founded July 3, 1608 by ChamplainOne of oldest European settlements in N.A.At the spot where 2 waterways meet: The St. LawrenceThe Saint-Charles RiverIn this period, these rivers are the only means of transportation

Quebec is situated on a 90 m high cliff over the St. Lawrence (Upper Town is 90m, Lower Town meets the water)The St. Lawrence narrows in front of QuebecThis is why the natives called the place Kenebec, which means narrow passage.This makes it easier to see enemy boats if you are posted at the top of the cliff

Huron peoples became allies with the FrenchHuron traded farm produce to aboriginal hunters for fursHuron then traded furs to the French for European goodsChamplain allied with the Huron and helped them attack and defeat the Iroquois in 1609 at the battle of Ticonderoga Point south of QuebecIroquois had no guns during this battle3 Iroquois chiefs were picked off by French muskets

Alliances with First NationsChamplain made alliances with the Algonquins and Montagnais that lived near Quebec, as well as with the Wendat, whom the French called Hurons, and who controlled most of the territory around the Great Lakes.Champlain sent coureurs de bois like tienne Brul to live with the Wendat, trade with them, marry their women and explore their territory.In addition to the coureurs de bois, the French also sent Jesuit missionaries to live with the Hurons. The Hurons did not want the missionaries, but the French made this a condition of trading.

Huron and Iroquois had wars over the fur tradeIroquois acquired guns from the DutchHuron acquired guns from the French

Fashion trend in Europe in the late 1500s beaver skin hatsFelt from beaver skin could be moulded into many different shapesBeaver hats were purchased well into the 1800sThe beaver became a cultural symbol of Canadian heritage and was immortalized on the 5 cent piece

Cardinal Richelieu of France wants to settle New France with settlers and to convert the Aboriginal people to CatholicismCompany founded in 1627 consisting of 100 investorsCompany was given seigneurial ownership of New France and exclusive trading rights for fursCompany had to bring 200-300 settlers to New France in 16284000 more Roman Catholics were to be brought over in the next 15 years. No Protestant settlers were allowed.

Land in New France divided into narrow strips along St. Lawrence RiverLand belonged to King of FranceLand maintained by landlord or SeigneurLandlords tenants (Habitants) worked the land and paid taxes to the SeigneurSeigneurs never really owned the landThey were responsible for building roads and mills for the King (work done by the Habitants)System was unsuccessful at bringing in substantial settlement

Huron-Iroquois WarsExposure to European diseases such as measles and smallpox reduced the Hurons population from 40,000 to 12,000 between 1634-1640.The Hurons were further weakened by divisions between Christian and non-Christian Hurons, and addiction to alcohol introduced by French traders. In wars over fur trading territories, the Hurons were easily defeated by the Iroquois, who were armed with muskets acquired from their Dutch allies.Surviving Hurons abandoned their territory and relocated to Wendake, near Quebec City.

Colonization of New FranceIn 1627, control of New France was given to the Company of a Hundred Associates.The company set up seigneuries along the St. Lawrence River, feudal-style manors given to settlers.Peasant farmers who lived on the seigneuries were known as habitants.Montral was founded in 1642 by the Socit de Notre-Dame de Montral, as a Catholic mission originally known as Ville-Marie.

A Royal ColonyIn 1660, the company lost its trading monopoly, and New France became a royal colony.The first administrator was Jean Talon.He brought hundred of young women, known as filles du roi from France to marry the mostly male settlers.

Continued ExplorationThe French continued to explore the North American interior: in the 1650s Pierre Radisson and Mdart de Groseilliers explored the Western Great Lakes.

Along the MississippiIn the 1670s traders such as Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the territory along the Ohio, Illinois and Mississippi rivers.Ren Robert Cavalier de la Salle was the first European to reach the mouth of the Mississippi River in the Gulf of Mexico in 1782.

The Great Peace of MontrealFor most of the seventeenth century, New France was at war with the Five Nations Confederacy of the Iroquois.The Five Nations were the most powerful First Nations in the St. Lawrence/Great Lakes region, and were allied with the Dutch and later the English.In the 1670s and 1680s the French negotiated treaties with the Five Nations enemies to the west, such as the Miami and the Illinois.In 1701, over 1300 delegates representing 40 nations, including the Five Nations and the French, signed a peace treaty in Montreal.

French-English WarsThe French and English fought four wars in North America.From 1689-1697, King Williams War was fought between the French, English and their First Nation allies in Canada, Acadia and New England.From 1704-1713 the French and their Spanish allies in Florida fought against the British in a war from Newfoundland to Florida. In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht gave the British control of Acadia.

The Expulsion of the AcadiansAfter the British conquered Acadia in 1713, the Acadians refused to sign an oath of loyalty to Britain, but they promised to remain neutral in the event of war.In 1755, following the outbreak of the Seven Years War, the British decided to expel the Acadians.

Le Grand Drangement11,500 Acadians were deported (3/4 of the Acadian population of Nova Scotia), and one-third died at sea.The rest settled in the Thirteen Colonies, France and England, and many eventually made their way to Louisiana, where they became known as Cajuns.

The Seven Years WarKing Georges War: fought between Britain and France, 1744-1748.In 1755, the Seven Years War began as a result of conflict over the Ohio Valley.In 1758, the British under Gen. Wolfe captured the fortress of Louisbourg, which allowed British ships to enter the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

The Conquest of New FranceIn 1760, the British and French armies met on the Plains of Abraham.Both Wolfe and the French General Montcalm were killed in the battle. The British won, and Quebec surrendered.Montral was captured the same year.The Treaty of Paris in 1763 declared New France to be a British possession.

The Plains of Abraham by George Campion

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