the respiratory system medical terminology chapter 7
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Respiratory System
Medical TerminologyChapter 7
![Page 2: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Functions of the Respiratory System
• Bring oxygen-rich air into the body for delivery to the blood cells
• Expel waste products (carbon dioxide and water) that have been returned to the lungs by the blood.
• Produce the air flow through the larynx that makes speech happen.
![Page 3: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Word Parts
• nas/o, rhin/o = nose• sinus/o = sinuses• epiglott/o = epiglottis• pharyng/o = pharynx (throat)• laryng/o = larynx (voice box /
vocal cords)
![Page 4: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• trache/o = trachea• bronch/o, bronchi/o = bronchi• alveol/o = alveoli• pneum/o, pneumon/o,
pulmon/o = lungs• thorac/o, -thorax = chest• -ectasis = stretching, opening• -pnea = breathing• Ox/o = oxygen
![Page 5: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Structures of the Respiratory System
• Upper Respiratory Tract consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea.
![Page 6: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Lower Respiratory Tract consists of the bronchial tree and the lungs. These structures are protected by the thoracic cavity.
![Page 8: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Sinuses
• A sinus is an air-filled cavity within a bone, and it is lined with mucous membrane.
• They make the skull lighter, help produce sound by giving resonance to the voice, and produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity.
![Page 11: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• There are four sinuses in the bones of the skull, called the paranasal sinuses. (para- = near, nas = nose, -al = pertaining to).
![Page 12: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Air enters the body through the nose and passes through the nasal cavity.
• Then, the air reaches the pharynx which has 3 divisions:
• nasopharynx• oropharynx – part you can see• laryngopharynx
![Page 14: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Protective Swallowing Mechanisms
• Two mechanisms act automatically during swallowing to ensure that only air goes into the lungs.
• The soft palate, the posterior part of the roof of the mouth, moves up and backward to prevent food from going up into the nose.
![Page 16: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• At the same time, the epiglottis, which is a lid-like structure at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so food does not enter the trachea or the lungs.
![Page 17: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Larynx (laryng/o)
• The “voice box” – located between the pharynx and the trachea
• Protected & held open by a series of 9 separate cartilages. The thyroid cartilage is the largest. Its prominent projection is commonly known as the Adam’s apple.
![Page 18: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• The larynx contains the vocal cords
• During breathing, the cords are separated to let air pass.
• During speech, they are together, and sound is produced as air is expelled from the lungs, causing the cords to vibrate against each other and make your voice noise.
![Page 19: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Air passes from the larynx into the trachea, also known as the windpipe.
• It is held open by a series of C-shaped cartilage rings.
• The trachea divides into two branches called bronchi (singular = bronchus).
![Page 21: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• Within the lung, the bronchus divides and subdivides into smaller branches called bronchioles.
• Because of the similarity of these branching structures to a tree, this is referred to as the bronchial tree.
![Page 23: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Alveoli, also known as air sacs, are small grapelike clusters found at the end of each bronchiole.
• The thin alveoli walls are surrounded by microscopic pulmonary capillaries.
• This is where the gas exchange occurs.
![Page 24: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Lungs• A lobe is a division of the
lungs.• The right lung has three lobes,
the superior, middle and inferior.
• The left lung has two lobes, the superior and the inferior.
• The mediastinum is the space between the lungs.
![Page 27: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Pleura• The pleura is a membrane that
surrounds each lung.• The parietal pleura is the outer
layer of the pleura; forms the sac containing each lung.
• The visceral pleura is the inner layere of the pleura. It closely surrounds the lung tissue.
![Page 29: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• The pleural space, also known as the pleural cavity, is the airtight space between the folds of the pleural membrane.
• It contains a watery lubricating fluid that prevents friction when the membranes rub together during respiration.
![Page 30: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The Diaphragm (phren/o)• The diaphragm is the muscle
separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
• When this contracts & relaxes, breathing is possible.
• The phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm and causes it to contract.
![Page 31: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Respiration• This is the exchange of gases
essential to life.• This occurs in the lungs as
external respiration and in the cells as internal respiration.
• Inhalation – breathing in• Exhalation – breathing out
![Page 33: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• As air is inhaled into the alveoli, oxygen passes into the surrounding capillaries and is carried by the RBCs to all body cells.
• At the same time, the waste product carbon dioxide passes from the capillaries into the airspaces of the lungs to be exhaled.
![Page 34: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• Internal respiration is the exchange of gases within the cells of all body organs and tissues.
• Oxygen (O2) passes from the bloodstream into the tissue cells, and carbon dioxide passes from the tissue cells into the bloodstream.
![Page 35: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Terminology Practice• Allergic rhinitis – inflammation
of the nose due to an allergy; increased flow of mucus.
• Rhinorrhea - runny nose• Sinusitis – inflammation of
sinuses• Pharyngitis – inflammation of
the pharynx; aka sore throat.
![Page 36: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• pharyngorrhagia – bleeding from pharynx
• laryngoplegia – paralysis of the larynx
• laryngospasm – sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx
• laryngitis – inflammation of the larynx; usually causes voice loss
![Page 37: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• tracheitis – inflammation of trachea
• tracheorrhagia – bleeding from trachea
• bronchitis – inflammation of the bronchi
• bronchorrhea – excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi
• pleuralgia – pain in the pleura or side
![Page 38: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• pneumorrhagia – bleeding from lungs
• pneumonia – condition of having inflammation of lungs with pus and other liquids in the alveoli.
• tachypnea – fast breathing (>20)
• bradypnea – slow breathing (<10)
• apnea – absence of breathing• dyspnea – difficulty breathing
![Page 39: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• hyper/pnea – abnormal increase in depth & rate of breathing.
• hypo/pnea – shallow or slow respiration
• hyperventilation – abnormally rapid deep breathing.
• pharyngoplasty – surgical repair of the pharynx
• laryngotomy – incision into larynx
![Page 40: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• tracheostomy – creation of a new opening into the trachea; a tube is inserted which may be temporary or permanent.
• lobectomy – surgical removal of a lobe of the lung
• thoracentesis – puncture of chest wall to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity.
![Page 41: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Pathology of the Respiratory System
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): a general term used to describe respiratory conditions characterized by chronic airflow limitations.
![Page 45: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
• Asthma – a chronic, allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, wheezing.
• Dyspnea can be caused by:• swelling / inflammation of
lining of the airways• production of thick mucus• tightening of muscles around
airways
![Page 46: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
• Bronchi/ectasis : chronic dilation (enlargement, stretching) of bronchi or bronchioles from an earlier lung infection that was not cured.
![Page 47: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
• Emphysema – progressive loss of lung function due to a decrease in the total number of alveoli, the enlargement of the remaining alveoli, and then the progressive destruction of their walls.
• Breathing becomes more rapid, shallow, and difficult.
• In an effort to compensate for the
![Page 48: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
• loss of capacity, the lungs expand and the chest assumes an enlarged barrel shape as air is trapped in the airways.
• Prevention of emphysema – stop smoking.
![Page 49: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
• Epistaxis – nosebleed. Usually from an injury, excessive use of blood thinners, or bleeding disorders.
• Sit straight up, tilt head slightly forward, pinch your nose for 10 minutes.
• May apply an ice pack.
![Page 50: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
• Pneumothorax – an accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse.
• Hemothorax – accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity.
• Pleural effusion – abnormal escape of fluid into the pleural cavity that prevents the lung from fully expanding.
![Page 51: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
• Atelectasis – also known as a “collapsed lung”
• It is a condition in which the lung fails to expand because air cannot pass beyond the bronchioles that are blocked by secretions.
![Page 54: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Types of Pneumonia• Bacterial – commonly caused
by streptococcus pneumonia – only type of pneumonia that can be prevented by a vaccination.
• Viral – approx. ½ of all pneumonias
• Lobar - affects one or more lobes
• Double – involves both lungs
![Page 55: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
• Aspiration – may occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit or food, is inhaled into the lungs.
• Mycoplasma – also known as “walking pneumonia”. Is a milder but longer lasting form, caused by the fungus mycoplasma.
![Page 56: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Lack of Oxygen
• Anoxia – the absence or almost complete absence of oxygen from inspired gases, arterial blood or tissues. (ox/o = oxygen).
• If it occurs for more than 4-6 minutes, irreversible brain damage may occur.
![Page 57: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
• Asphyxia – the pathologic changes caused by a lack of oxygen in air that is breathed in. It causes anoxia and hypoxia.
• Asphyxiation – suffocation. An interruption of breathing resulting in the loss of consciousness or death. Drowning, smothering, choking, inhaling carbon dioxide.
![Page 58: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
• Cyanosis – a bluish discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen. (cyan/o = blue, -osis = a condition of.)
• Hypoxia – the condition of having subnormal oxygen levels in the cells.
![Page 59: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Respiratory secretions
• Phlegm – the thick mucus secreted by tissues lining the respiratory passages.
• Sputum – phlegm that is ejected (coughed up) through the mouth. May be used for diagnostic purposes.
![Page 60: The Respiratory System Medical Terminology Chapter 7](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649c815503460f949385e0/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)