The Renaissance + Reformation

Ch 171300-1600

Out of the dark, into the light…

Background: The Middle Ages

• Religion • The Christian Church splits in 1054•East: Orthodoxy•West: Catholic

Europe in the 6th Century

• Christianity•Church was a political power•Unifying•Canon Law (marriage,

inheritance, religious practices)•Inquisition – trial of an accused

heretic (doesn’t have to include torture)

•Excommunication – kicked out of the church, typically a threat against kings, but any heretic could be excommunicated

•Interdict - People in a given area may not receive certain sacraments. A temporary punishment

• Politics • Feudalism•Nobles use king’s land +

in return, give loyalty + military service

•Born in a class (king, noble, knight, peasants/serfs)

•Nobles provide peasants w/ housing, land, + protection, in return, receive labor + goods

•Most peasants rarely traveled more than 25mi from home

• Economics • Manor System•Lord’s estate•All contribute, self-

sufficient farming communities

• Little trade b/w manors• Life is hard

• Typically had 200-300 people

• Buildings on a manor included: (Do NOT copy)– Manor house / castle– Lord’s barn– Stables– Mills– Bake house– Cookhouse– Church– Priest’s house– Freedmen + Serf’s huts– Meadows, woodlands, pastures +

farmland

• Crusades • Christian “Holy War”• 1093- Byzantine Emperor

appeals to the Western Christians for help

• Page 382 quote in blue box• Peasants + kings alike

•Goals: protect Constantinople, reclaim Holy Land (Palestine), and reunite east + west Christians

•Rewards: if died in Crusade, guaranteed place in Heaven, status, land, wealth

• 1st Crusade - ill-prepared (don’t know geography, climate, culture) no strategy, not united

•Laid siege to Jerusalem, won narrow bit of land

•Lose it later• 2nd Crusade - try to regain

territory•Lose

• 3rd Crusade - more of the same• 4th Crusade - still haven’t

learned• And so on…

• Effects of Crusades in Europe…

• Trade – imported goods, new riches

• Church – power questioned• Weakened

nobility, but power of kings

• Knowledge• Poor Relations w/

Muslims – effects still felt today

Now for the Renaissance,• Renaissance • “re-birth”

• War + Plague are over!

• Celebrate life• Question status

quo

• Starts in Italy

Lorenzo de' Medici, ruler of Florence and patron of the arts

• Why?•Large city-states•Merchants + the Medici

(rulers of Florence + patrons)

•Look back to Greece + Rome

• Explosion of creativity in the arts + thought

• Values

The Creation of AdamMichelangelo

• Humanism - intellectual movement focused on human potential + achievements

•(popularized “humanities” study in classical times including literature, philosophy, + HISTORY!)

• Individuals – most CatholicSociety – secular (non-religious)

• Can enjoy life w/o offending God

• Valued art highly

• Art • Patrons – promote artists + their work

• Perspective - 3D appearance on a flat surface

• Focus on individual (portraits)• Vernacular – everyday language

End Section 1

• Renaissance spreads when French King claims Naples throne + artists flee

• Renaissance art is more detailed + lifelike

• Christian Humanism – focused on reforming society

•Educate boys + GIRLS• Erasmus – writer

•to improve society, all people should study the Bible

•Christianity of the heart

• Thomas More•“Utopia” : no greed,

corruption, war• Christine de Pizan

•Writer - promoted education for girls

• Meanwhile, in England…

• Renaissance arrives in mid-1500s (2 centuries later)

• Known as the Elizabethan age

•(reigned from 1558-1603)

•Educated, patron• Shakespeare – humanist• P. 483 quote in blue box

• Printing press • Johann Gutenberg • 1st printed Bible• Effects:

1. Books were finally cheap enough that many could buy them

2. Spread of knowledge3. in literacy4. Copyright laws (writing

became profitable)

End section 2

• Catholic Church dominates life in Western/Central Europe

• Why?1. Religion helped explain

difficult events (ex. illnesses, natural phenomenon)

2. Escape from drudgery of life3. Center of social life4. Priests could save your soul

through services, e.g. mass, christening, + last rites

• Not everyone approved of the church leaders

• Church leaders, politicians, + businessmen (many corrupt)

• Some immoral

• Causes of the Reformation

1. Renaissance views on individual

2. Printing press3. Germany divided into states4. Merchants paying taxes to

Rome5. People call for reforms, few

take place

• Martin Luther • German monk • Wanted reform - especially regarding

the sale of indulgences (a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin)

• Wrote 95 Theses + nailed it to a church door

• copied by new printing press• 3 main points

1. Salvation by faith alone (not good works)

2. Church teachings should be clearly based on the Bible

3. All people of faith are equal, therefore priests not needed to interpret the Bible

• Response to Luther’s 95 Theses

• Excommunicated as a heretic by the Edict of Worms

•None were to feed or shelter him, should burn his books

• Goes into hiding, translates the Bible into German

• Comes out + discovers he has gained followers “Lutherans”

• Peasants’ revolt •German serfs raided

monasteries, pillaged, burned

•Put down by armies at Luther’s request

• Some German princes become Protestants

• P.491 chart

“Unless I am convicted by scripture and plain reason, I do not accept the authority of the popes and councils,

for they have contradicted each other, my conscience is captive to the Word of God.

I cannot and I will not recant anything for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. 

God help me. Amen.” Martin Luther’s defense at the Diet of Worms, April 1521

• Protestantism comes to England

• Henry VIII•Attacked Luther’s ideas,

Pope gives him title “Defender of the Faith”

• 42 yr old wife has only given him a daughter, Mary

• Wants an annulment, Pope says no

• Goes to Parliament, asks them to pass laws to end Pope’s power in England

•Passes, he divorces wife, takes 2nd wife

• Act of Supremacy required people to take an oath recognizing divorce + Henry as head of England’s church

• Henry’s Family • 6 wives• Divorce, treason, died, divorce, treason, survived

• 3 Children• Edward- child king, sickly (he inherits

b/c he was a boy, even though he’s the youngest)

• Mary- Catholic, executes Protestants• Elizabeth- restores Protestantism

• Parliament sets up Church of England –AKA the Anglican Church

• Only legal Church in England• Moderate, too Catholic for

many Protestants, too Protestant for many Catholics

End section 3

Reformation Continues throughout Europe:

• Calvinism • Started in Switzerland by John Calvin (a follower of Martin Luther)

• Writes the Institutes of the Christian Religion

• Believes humans are sinful by nature

• Humans cannot earn salvation• God already knows who the

“elect” are - they will be saved - Predestination

• Believed the ideal gov.’t was a theocracy – a gov.’t led by religious leaders

• Invited to lead the Protestants of Geneva, Switzerland

• Tolerated no dissent, harsh punishments – but seen as a model city.

• Presbyterianism

• John Knox admired Calvin• Visited Geneva + returned

to Scotland in 1559 + put Calvin’s ideas into practice

• Each community church governed by a group of elders called presbyters

• Overthrew Catholic Mary Queen of Scots (cousin to Elizabeth I – NOT her sister Mary) + made her infant son James king

• Switzerland, France, + The Netherlands would adopt Calvin’s ideas but soften his strict teachings

• Anabaptists

William Penn

• “Baptize again”• Only adults should be baptized,

those baptized as children must be baptized again

• Church + state should be separate

• Refused to fight in wars (pacifist)

• Shared possessions• Viewed as radicals by Catholics

+ other protestants• Influenced Amish, Quakers, +

Baptists

• Women during the Reformation

• Some played prominent roles in the Reformation (mostly early on)

• Women protected Calvin + other reformers

• Wives of reformers spoke out

• Performed charitable works• As protestant religions

became more defined, organization became more formal + male leaders limit women’s activities

Catholic Reformation(or Counter

Reformation)

• Movement to reform the Catholic Church itself• Helped many Catholics to

remain true to their faith• 3 Main reformers

1. Ignatius Loyola•Founded new religious

order “Society of Jesus”, followers called Jesuits in 1540

•Focused on 3 activities

1. fund schools

2. missionary work

3. stop the spread of Protestantism

2. Pope Paul III•Had Council of Cardinals to

investigate indulgence selling + other abuses

•Approved the Jesuit order•Used inquisition to seek out heresy

in Papal territory•Called a council of church leaders to

meet in Trent, Italy. They decided:A. Catholic Church’s

interpretation of the Bible was absolute, all others heretics

B. Christians needed faith + good works to be savedC. The Bible + Church tradition equally importantD. Indulgences were valid, but

false selling was banned

3. Pope Paul IV •Carried out Council of

Cardinals’ decrees•Had officials draw up a list of

books considered dangerous to the Catholic faith (Index of Forbidden Books)

•included Protestant Bible•Books burned by

Catholics

• Ended Christian unity in Western Europe

• Culturally divided• Church influence ,

power of monarchs • Religious conflicts

led to wars in Europe for over 100 yrs

• Led to Catholic unity after the Catholic Reformation

• Emphasis in education in promoting beliefs

- Religious schools• Women’s roles the same

under Protestantism + Catholicism

• Anti-Semitism + religious persecution

• Led to the Enlightenment

• Effects of Protestant Reformation

                               

       

End of Section 4