Renaissance and ReformationCh.14

Italian RenaissanceWhy does our government want all kids to be educated?

1300-1600

Italian States

• The civilization of the Italian Renaissance was urban, centered on towns that had become prosperous from manufacturing, trade, and banking.

• Italians had acquired considerable wealth, and some of this wealth was used to support writers, scholars, and artists. Patrons of the Arts

• During the Renaissance, Italy remained divided politically. Social Classes

• Rebirth or revival of Greek and Roman antiquity. Humanism and Renaissance Man

• Humanities – History, Literature, Art, Logic/Reason, Rhetoric/Debate, Grammar, Science

• Florence – Birthplace of the Renaissance – Medici Family - Bankers

• Florentine merchants loaned and invested money

• Huge profits from investments and loans

• More disposable income – Patrons of the arts

• The rich and middle class enjoyed the wealth, instead pilgrimages to the City of God

Italian States - Rivaliries• Florence

– Oligarchy– Medici family

• Milan– Condottiere -

mercenaries– Spanish empire

• Venice– Great Council

• Doge - leader– Monopoly on spice and

luxury trade

• Papal States– Renaissance

Popes (Italian)– Borgias (Spain)

1492• Kingdom of the

Two Sicilies

Poor land

Spanish empire

• Northern cities had free men who competed with the Nobles. (Political and economic)

• Merchant guilds and communes. (Oligarchies)• Political rivals created an unstable government• The common people (popolo) were heavily taxed

and excluded from government• The popolo used armed conflicts to establish

republican form of governments.• The popolo could not maintain civil order• The wealthy and nobles would gain back control

by using the Condottieri (military leaders)• The wealthy acted like nobles and created courts

Renaissance Literature

Niccolo Machiavelli

The Prince

Dante Alighieri• Divine Comedy

Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch)

• Italian sonnet - poem of 14 lines (8 and 6)

• Literary humanism• Devout Catholic• Revive the classics

Italian Renaissance Art

• Religious scenes focused on expressions• Holy as human - Humanism• God’s beauty in world• Nude body• Uniqueness - self-portraits

Sandro Botticelli• Vivid colors• Classical mythology• The Adoration of the Magi• The Birth of Venus• Primavera

Leonardo da Vinci• First Italian artist to use oil

paints• Mona Lisa• The Last Supper• The Virgin of the Rocks• Religious matter in secular and

humanized fashion

Leonardo da Vinci• Studying fossils• Anatomy from

dissections• First accurate

description of human skeleton

• Remained on paper

Raphael Santi • Humanized Madonna paintings

• Sistine Madonna• School of Athens

Michelangelo Buonarotti• Sistine Chapel

– Nine scenes of OT from Creation to Flood

• The Last Judgment• David• Moses• Pieta• Dying Slave• Night

Michelangelo Buonarotti

•Using these two paintings, comment on the similarities and differences between Italian and Northern humanism.

The Northern RenaissanceWhy does information spread so fast today?

• The influence of the Italian Renaissance gradually spread northward.

• Why does it happen later?• The Northern Renaissance was infused with

a more Christian spirit than in Italy, where there had been often an almost open revolt against Christian ideals.

Northern Renaissance

• The Kings and Queens of Europe brought in the great artists and scholars

• Trade and travel to Italy – people were educated in Italy - exploration

Renaissance in Germany and Low Countries

• Printing press w/ moveable type– Johannes Gutenberg– 1456 - the Bible– Rapid spread of

knowledge

• Christian Humanism– Unite classical

learning w/ Christian faith – Church encouraged Bible study

– Erasmus• ‘Prince of the

Humanists’• Praise of Folly• Rejected Luther

Flemish Painting• Jan and Hubert van

Eyck– First to use oil paints– The Adoration of the

Lamb– Giovanni Arnolfini and

His Bride

• Peter Brueghel– Earthly and lively

activities of peasants– Peasant Wedding– Children’s Games

German Painting

• Albrecht Durer– Mastery of

expression– Woodcuts– Self-Portrait

• Hans Holbein the Younger– Portraits

• Henry VIII

• Erasmus

• Thomas More

• The Ambassadors

Elizabethan Literature

• Edmund Spenser– Leading poet

• Christopher Marlowe– playwright– Brief career– Doctor Faustus

• William Shakespeare– Most famous playwright

• Thomas More– Utopia – beneficent

government

Spanish Renaissance

• Miguel de Cervantes– Don Quixote

• El Escorial – King’s Palace

• El Greco

Mannerism (1520-1600) – The artists did not focus on nature,

more on style

•El Greco, Resurrection•Tintoretto, The Last Supper

France

• Black Death and 100 years war left France depopulated

• Charles VII revived the monarchy, expelled the English, strengthened finances thru salt and land taxes.

• Charles VII created the first permanent royal army

• Concordant of Bologna (1516) – Frances I and Pope Leo X agreed to allow French kings to appoint bishops – set church policies

England

• Decline in Population?• Tudors restored royal prestige, crush power

of nobility, and establish local order• Tudors, except Henry VIII, stayed away from

expensive wars• The royal council was filled with common

lawyers, not nobles – The Star Chamber• When Henry VII dies (1509), England is at

peace, wealthy from trade, and the royals are well respected

Spain

• Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon unite the royal houses, but not the two peoples – Spain not united

• They weaken the power of the aristocracy – excluded from royal council

• They secured the power to appoint biships in colonies

• Anti-Semitic pogroms – 40% of jews killed or forced to convert (conversos)- “purity of blood”

Spain

• Inquisition – Expell all Jews• Hapsburg dynasty continues with Charles V

and Philip II• Charles V – inherits the Netherlands and Holy

Roman Empire• Philip II – Unites Spain in 1580