the relationship between some of the physicochemical...

AL-Qadisyah Journal For Science VOL .14 NO.2 Year 2009

10

The Relationship between Some of the

Physicochemical Factors of Water and Fungal

Occurrence in Southern Iraqi Marshes

Part 1 Ayad M. J.Al-Mamoori

Mourouge.S.Alwash

Biology Deptartment, College of Science, Babylon

University.

Abstract:

Three southern Iraqi marshes (Al-Chebiash, Al-Hawaya, and

Al-Hammaar) were monitored for (6) months (December 2005 to

May, 2006) to investigate the relationship between physicochemical

parameters and fungal community qualitatively and quantitatively.

Results showed the fluctuation of physical and chemical

factors,for air temperature reached 39°C and water temperature

ranged between (9.1-28.8°C), ph, electrical conductivity, salinity

and turbidity were (7.3-8.6), (1.1-3.8) ms/cm , (0.3-2.1) ppt and (3.6-

83.6) FTU respectively. Twenty one fungal genera were isolated from

water samples in three sites during the study period. The most

frequent species was hyphomycetes, with a high number in December

and March (120) isolated colony while the lowest number of fungal

species was recorded in January (92) isolated colony in three

sites.The effects of physico-chemical parameters and total count of

fungi were analyzed by regression analysis.

:Introduction Fungi are universally present in all types of natural waters and

form one of the most important components of an ecosystem as

decomposers Fungi, particularly the aquatic hyphomycetes are able to

exploit this energy by means of extracellular enzymatic digestion

)3,18).Marshes represent the habitats that have different fungal groups

including aquatic and terrestrial fungi. Vegetation supplies the water

with substantial amount of dead organic material mostly in the form

of leaves, branches and twigs. There is an increasing number of


11

investigations concerned with the studing of the occurrence and

distribution of zoosporic fungi (13, 24) and terrestrial fungi (12, 26) in

various water areas (20) Studied five species of aquatic fungi of

saprolegnia which isolated from Shatt Al- Arab estuary from

September 1976 to August 1977, out of 81 isolates 43 reached sexual

maturity while 38 remained sterile. Maximum abundance was found

during winter months while minimum in summer months.

In India, study the effect of chemical factors on occurrence,

distribution and seasonality of aquatic fungi, the periodicity of 300

species of water mould, belonging to the orders Blastocladiales,

saprolegnials, Lagenidiales and peronsporales, inhabiting six alkaline

ponds nearly lack now what was found to be governed significantly

by factors such as water temperature , dissolved oxygen and calcium

(24) which (15) was studied the whole–stream nitrate affects litter

decomposition and associated fungi but not invertebrates and they

assessed the effect of nitrate on fungal communities, certain species

were sensitive to nitrogen concentration in water by increasing or

decreasing their sporulation rate accordingly, Also the another

anthropogenic Eutrophication may lead to significant shifts in

microbial dynamics and ecosystem functioning.

In seven streams of the English Lake District, (8) the

relationship between ph and fungi species (aquatic hyphomycetes)

was studied according to the degradation of leaf litter, ph 6.8 higher

decay rates were associated with high levels of microbial

colonization, ph 5.5 slow decay rates were associated with low levels

of microbial colonization and few fungal species, ph appear to inhibit

microbial metabolism. (31) It is mentioned that aquatic fungi grow at

a broad range of ph values and are generally inhibited as the ph

increases above neutral . However, in streams, ph has been shown to

have variable effects on decomposition. In some studies,

decomposition rates have been found to increase as the ph increase,

whereas in other studies, the decomposition rates in streams at ph

5.9 to 6.2 have been found to be greater than the decomposition rates

in streams with ph values which are greater than 7.5.(11) The

investigation showed the correlation between fungi distribution with

physical and chemical factors and the result showed that the

maximum production of fungi took place during months of August to

March, after which they decrease, Fungal production favored by a

fall in temperature, accompanied by an increase of nutrient and

dissolved oxygen content, there appears to be some correlation


12

between phytoplankton and the fungi.Also of all the factors

investigated, ph , ammonia, nitrate, chloride and dissolved oxygen

were found to be most significant controlling fungal periodicity.

The aim of present study was to determine the effects of

chemical and physical factors during the study period on the fungal

occurrence in three southern marshes in Iraq.

Materials & Methods: 1-Physical and Chemical Measurements

A-Field Measurements:

Air water temperature was measured by using thermometer

graduated from (0-100) °C. Portable pH meter (WTW. Company)

GmbH was used to calculate the hydrogen ions after calibration.

Electrical conductivity was measured by Conductivity meter (WTW.

Company)GmbH. From Electrical conductivity values salinity was

calculated by using the following equation (22):

S ppt (ppt) = 0.064 × µs/cm (E.C value) Turbidity measured in

field by Turbidity meter (WTW. Company) GmbH, Germany and

results expressed by FTU.

B-Nutrient Media

-Potato Dextrose Agra(PDA): It was Prepared according to

manufacturing company Instruction of 49g potato extract, 20g

Dextrose and 18 g Agar No.1 were dissolved in 1000 D.W.

-Czapeck dox Agar: This media composed from NaNO3 2g,

KH2 PO4 1g, MgSO4. 7H2O 0.5g, KCl, 0.5g,FeSO4. 7H2O 0.01g,

Sucrose 30g, Agar 18g (23) . The above media were sterilized by

autoclave at 121C°,1.5 bar for 15 minute .

C- General isolation

The dilution method described by (21) was used for isolation of

fungi in 1 ml of sample, which collected from study area. 0.1 ml from

water sample (three replicate for each site) was put in sterile

Petridishes then pouring plate technique was used (PDA, Czapek dox

agar were poured in plates) ,incubated in 25Cº for (5-7) day , the

number of isolated colony was calculated in 1 ml of sample.


13

D-Isolation and identification of fungi.

The primary examination occurred by using dissecting

microscope (wild), classified in precise from by using compound

microscope.The isolated genera and species of terrestrial fungi were

identified according to the following references and monographs

adopted by (29,4,32,14).The identification of genera and species of

terrestrial fungi based mainly on their growth behaviors and

morphological characters.

E-Statistical Analysis

All results statistically analysed by ANOVA test and Revised

least significance differences (RLSD) test with correlation coefficient

(10).The occurrence of fungi was calculated from the following

equation:

%Occurrence= x *100

F-Study Area Description

Site (1): Al chebiash (Al Baghdadia)

Alchebiash occupied the site 31000N, 47000E which include

large area from permanent and temporary , provided by water from

Tigris and Euphrates river, samples collected from Al Baghdadia

found in starting of Al chebiash March ) .

Site (2): Al Hawayze (Am - Al wawed)

Al Hawiza marsh found on the east of Tigris river which have

length 80 km and width 30 km while the depth reach between (1-4.5)

m ,samples collected from Am-Alwarred site .

Site (3): Al Hammaar (Al Berga)

AL Hammaar marsh located in site 30035 – 30000 and 46045

south of Euphrates river, this station include many type of plant such

as cyperus, myriophyllum sp. Tamarix sp., sample collected from Al

Berga

The number of samples during the study period

Occurrence of fungi in samples during study period


14

Rsults :

A-Physical and Chemical Characteristics:

1. Air and water temperature: As showed in (Table 1, 2) the air

and water temperature ranged between (9.1°C) to (39°C) in

three sites. A clear compatible is occurred between air and

water temperature in all study sites (Fig,1 and 2)

2. pH: all values of pH were alkaline during the study period

which ranged between (7.3-8.6) as showed in (Fig ,3).

3. Electrical conductivity and Salinity: Electrical conductivity

results showed low differences between the study sites. High

value (3.8) ms/cm is recorded in site (3) while low value (1.1)

ms/cm is recorded in site (2) (Fig, 4). Low differences for

three sites in conductivity are recorded in significance level

(p<0.05) .While salinity which calculated from electrical

conductivity ranged between (0.3-2.1) ppt as showed in (Fig,

5).

4. Turbidity: Turbidity values (table 1, 2, 3) ranged between

(3.6-83.6) FTU and high value found in site (2) which showed

in (Fig ,6).

5. Regression analysis showed that temperature appeared to be a

factor affecting the occurrence and distribution of aquatic

hyphomycetes so there is a positive correlation between

temperature and total count of fungi in three sites, the close

relationship is found between pH and total count of Fungi -

0.21492, -0.40769 in site (1),(3) respectively, a positive

correlation coefficient between the number of species and

electrical conductivity 0.215372,0.852732 in site (1),(3)

whereas there is a negative correlation coefficient with

salinity -0.30262, -0.21535 in site (1),(2) , a positive

correlation with turbidity 0.18392, 0.491719 in site (1),(3)

respectively (table,6)

B-Total Count of Fungi:

Total count of fungi ranged from high value (58) colony /ml in

site(3) and low value( 16) colony /ml in site(1) (table,4 ).Dominance

in species found in site (3) and penicillium recorded the dominant in

all months for each site ( Table, 5).


15

Table (1)

Physical and Chemical Values (mean±S.D) of Water

Samples in Site (1).

Factors Months (2006)

December January February March April May

Air

temperature

(ºC)

21.3

±0.0

17

±0.0

12.1

±0.2

17

±0.0

22.1

±0.3

33.0

±0.0

Water

temperature

(ºC)

16.7

±0.2

12.9

±2.3

9.1

±5.7

15.9

±0.0

22.6

±0.1

26.8

±0.0

pH 8.2

±1.1

8.6

±0.2

8.6

±1.7

8.5

±5.7

7.6

±5.7

7.3

±2.0

Electrical

conductivity

(ms/cm)

3.4

±3.2

2.4

±0.4

2.1

±4.1

1.9

±5.7

1.8

±0.5

2.9

±5.7

Salinity

(ppt)

2.1

±9.2

1.5

±0.3

1.4

±0.0

0.8

±0.0

0.9

±5.7

1.4

±0.0

Turbidity

(FTU)

4.9

±0.3

4.2

±0.1

4.4

±0.1

5.3

±0.5

3.7

±0.4

3.6

±0.1


16

Table (2)



Factors

Months (2006)

Decembe

r

Januar

y

Februar

y

Marc

h

Apri

l

Ma

y

Air

temperatur

e (ºC)

29.9

±0.0

22.1

±0.0

17.4

±5.7

23

±0.0

27.6

±1.1

39.

0

±0.

0

Water

temperatur

e (ºC)

18.1

±0.7

12.4

±0.3

14.3

±6.9

18.1

±0.0

22.2

±0.4

26.

7

±0.

6

pH

8.1

±1.1

8.4

±0.2

8.0

±1.7

8.3

±4.6

7.7

±5.7

7.6

±0.

1

Electrical

conductivit

y (ms/cm)

1.2

±5.7

1.4

±0.2

1.2

±1.5

1.9

±5.7

1.1

±2.8

1.3

±0.

0

Salinity

(ppt)

0.8

±0.0

0.7

±0.0

0.7

±1.7

0.8

±0.0

0.3

±0.0

0.4

±0.

0

Turbidity

(FTU)

29.8

±0.0

38.8

±5.7

43.5

±2.9

44.2

±5.7

35.5

±4.2

83.

6

±4.

0


17

Table (3)



Factors

Months (2006)

December Januar

y

Februar

y

March Apri

l

Ma

y

Air

temperature

(ºC)

21.7

±1.0

18.2

±5.7

14

±0.0

18

±0.0

25.8

±0.7

30

±0.

0

Water

temperature

(ºC)

19.8

±0.0

13.6

±1.0

12.1

±0.1

14.9

±0.0

22.8

±1.0

24.8

±0.

3

pH 8.2

±5.7

8.1

±4.6

8.7

±0.0

7.3

±0.0

7.6

±0.2

7.7

±4.

9

Electrical

conductivity

(ms/cm)

3.4

±1.0

2.7

±1.0

2.2

±0.3

3.0

±5.7

3.8

±0.0

3.04

±5.

7

Salinity (ppt) 2.1

±0.1

1.9

±5.7

1.3

±2.1

1.4

±0.0

1.9

±0.0

1.5

±0.

0

Turbidity(FTU) 13.7

±1.0

19.1

±1.3

13.8

±1.0

13.9

±1.0

24.8

±0.5

14.8

±0.

9

Table (4)

No. of Fungal Colonies per ml Isolated form Three Sites

of Marshes (mean±S.D)

Months Mean±S.D of fungal colonies

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3

Decembe

r 28±1.0a* 37±2.0 56±3.0

January 22±1.0a 30±2.0 40±2.0

February 16±2.0 27±1.0 29±2.0

March 29±1.0 33±4.0 58±1.0


18

April 33±1.0 33±2.0 50±1.0

May 20±1.0 29±1.0 35±1.0

*the similar letter point to non-significance differences under

0.05 level.

Table( 5)

The Occurrence Percentage of Genera During the

Study Period (December 2006-may 2007) in Three Sites

of Marshes.

Occurrence

%

OR

Remark

May April March February January December Genera

33.33 R * * Acremonium sp.

66.67 M * * * * Alternaria sp.

100 H * * * * * * Aspergillus sp.

16.67 R * Chaetomium sp.

50 M * * * Cladosporium sp.

50 M * * * Curvularia sp.

66.67 M * * * * Fusarium sp.

50 M * * * Humicola sp.

50 M * * * Mucor sp.

50 M * * * Mycelia sterrilia

100 H * * * * * * Penicillium sp.

33.33 R * * Phoma sp.

66.67 M * * * * Pythium sp.

100 H * * * * * * Rhizoctinia

16.67 R * * Rhizopus sp.

33.33 R * * Stachybotrys sp.

33.33 R * * Stemphyllium sp.

50 M * * * Sordaria sp.

100 H * * * * * * Trichoderma sp.

33.33 R * * Ulocladium sp.


19

100 H * * * * * * White mycelia

H: High M: Moderate R: Rare

* Occurrence of fungal genera every month and the percentage

was calculated from the following equation

100 periodstudy theduring samples ofnumber The

periodstudy during samplesin fungi of Occurrence% Occurrence

Table(6)

The Correlation Coefficient Values( r)between Some

Physicochemical Factors of Water Samples and The

Total Count of Fungi in Three Sites of Marshes

Correlation coefficient values(r)

Site(3) Site(2) Site(1) Factors

0.093427 0.178977 0.106879 Air temperature (ºC)

0.359768 0.236863 0.359768 Water temperature

(ºC)

-0.40769 0.067559 -0.21492 pH

0.852732 0.215372 -0.03859 Electrical

conductivity (ms/cm)

0.495463 -0.21535 -0.30262 Salinity (ppt)

0.491719 -0.41697 0.18392 Turbidity (FTU)


20

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Air

tem

per

atu

resite 1

site 2

site 3

December January March May February

Months

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Wat

er te

mpe

ratu

re

site 1

site 2

site 3

December April January March May February

Months

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9

pH

site 1

site 2

site 3


Months

Figure (1): Seasonal Variation for Air Temperature for Three Sites.

Figure (2): Seasonal Variation for Water Temperature for Three Sites.

Figure (3): Seasonal Variation for ph for Three Sites.


21

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

E.C

(ms/

cm)

site 1

site 2

site 3


Months

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Salin

ity (p

pt)

site 1

site 2

site 3


Months

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Turb

idity

(FTU

)

site 1

site 2

site 3


Months

Figure (4): Seasonal Variation for Electrical Conductivity (ms/cm) for three

sites.

Figure (5): Seasonal Variation for salinity (ppt) for three sites.

Figure (6): Seasonal Variation for Turbidity (FTU) for Three Sites.


22

Discussion:

Marshes ecosystems depend upon allocthonous organic matter as

a source of energy and nutrients (1). Such material consists mainly of

structural compounds, rich in energy but difficult for animals to break

down. Fungi particularly play a major role in biodegradation by

means of extracellular enzymes. Here we examined the correlation

between aquatic fungi and different environmental conditions.

Temperature appeared to be a factor affecting the occurrences and

distribution of aquatic hyphomycetes, so there was a positive

correlation between temperature and total count of fungi in site

(3)and (2) (Table,6).(Table 3,4) showed that the highest number of

fungi was during March ,April and December with total count of

fungi (58,56,50) colony /ml in the site (3) ,The result was compatible

with the study of (7). (16) found that seasonal periodicity was

governed by temperature.The peak of fungi activity was found in

spring during March, April and May (Figure, 1) as a result for

favorable circumstances from temperature, humidity and nutrient.

The fluctuation No. of colony was compatible with the study of (17)

Through study Quebec wood in Canada pH ,Temperature correlation

with fungi distribution were recorded by the study of ( 6 ) on some

alpine Canadian wood.The pH or alkalinity of the water also

appeared to affect fungal activity so the close negative relationship

between pH, and number of species return to the pH or alkalinity of

the water (Table, 4) in site (3), also (31) observed that aquatic

hyphomycetes grow at a broad range of pH values and were generally

inhibited as the pH increases above neutral, so pH affect fungal

0

10

20

30

40

50

60C

olo

ny/m

l

December January February March April May

Months

Figure(7)Total count of fungi in three sites during Months (c/ml)

Site 1

Site 2

Site 3


23

activity. A negative correlation has frequently been observed between

Ca++ content of the water, high pH values and number of species by

many studies (2,34 ,9).The fluctuation of values in electrical

conductivity and salinity (Table 1, 2 and 3), including expansion or

contraction of salt and fresh water marshes, due to altered river out

flow may influence a variety of ecosystem processes. In our study

analysis of correlation coefficient revealed that the electrical

conductivity was the most important factor affecting the total count

of fungi so the number of species collected generally increased with

increasing in electrical conductivity in site (3) ( Table ,6) . There was

a negative relationship between the number of species collected and

salinity during the study period (most of isolated species were

halotolerant fungi) in site (3) (Table, 6) and these results are

compatible with many studies of (30, 28).Fungal analysis showed the

presence of twenty one genera isolated on czapeck dox agar and

potato dextrose agar from water samples in three sites during the

study period .most of the isolated colony belong to terrestrial fungi in

three sites (Table, 5).The occurrence of Penicillium sp., Trichoderma

sp, Aspergillus and white mycelia which were represented in 100 %,

100%, 83%, 83% of total water samples respectively. This means that

Penicillium showed dominance over all spices return to this species

produce many reproduce structure which have resistant to

unfavorable condition and (33) pointed to Penicillium appearance

related with mild months for year. And in accordance with statement

of (5) that Aspergillus was biologically one of the most successful of

all fungi and is expected to occur on all sorts of organic debris. (27)

Reported that the fungal population in freshwater pond of Bhagalpur

(India), is mainly composed of the Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp.,

Fusarium sp., Cladosporium sp., Epicoccum sp.,and Mucor sp. Most

of isolated species were previously isolated from Egyptian water

areas ( 25 ,12 ) .And from other water areas in the world ( 19 )

mentioned that the more obvious types of origin of these terrestrial

fungi in fresh water would be animal or plant, the whole or part,

living or dead and soil letter having been in contact with soil.

References :


24

1. Anderson,N.H. and Sedell ,J.R.(1979).Detritus processing by

macroinvertebrates in stream ecosystems. Annual Review of

Entomology. 24:351-357.

2. Bärlocher, F. and Rosset, J.(1981). Aquatic hyphomycetes

spora of two Black Forest and two Swiss Jura streams.

Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 76:479-483.

3. Bärlocher,F.(1992).The Ecology of Aquatic Hyphomycetes

.Springer-Verlag,Berlin.

4. Barron, G.I.(1983) .The genera of hyphomycetes from soil

.Krieger , R.E. publishing company .Malabar ,Florida. U.S.A.

pp.364.

5. Barron, G.L (1968). The genera of Hyphomycetes from soil.

Williams and Wilkins Co, Baltimore,

6. Bissett, J, and Parkinson, D.(1979) .The distribution of fungi

in some alpine soils– canad. J. Bot , 57 : 1609- 1629.

7. Chauvet, E and suberkropp, K.(1998) .Temperature and

sporulation of Aquatic hyphomycetes. Appl. Environ.

Microbial 64 (4): 1522- 1525

8. Chamier, A.C. (1987). Effect of pH on microbial degradation

of leaf little in seven streams of the English Lake District.

Ecologies .71(4) : 491-500

9. Czeczuga,B. and Proba,D. (1987). Studies on aquatic fungi

VII. Mycoflora of the upper part of the River Narew and its

tributaries in a different environment. Nova Hedwigia.

44:151-161.

10. Danial, W.W. (1978). Biostatistics , A foundation for

Analysis in health science 2nd. John Wiley and sons, New

York, U.S.A.

11. Dayal, R. and Tandon ,R.N.(1963). Ecological studies of

some aquatic phycomycetes. Hydrobiologia , 22(4) : 324-330.

12. El-Hissy, F.T; Moharram, M.A.; and Soad, M El-Zayat

(1990). Studies on the mycoflora of Aswan High Dam Lake,

Egypt. I-Monthly variation. J.Basic Microbology, Vol 30, (in

press).

13. El-Hissy, F.T.; Moubasher, A.H.; El-Nagdy, M.A. (1982).

Seasonal fluctuations of freshwater fungi in River Nile

(Egypt). Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Microbiologie, 22:521-

527.

14. Ellis,M.B.(1993).Dematiaceous hyphomycetes.

Commonwealth. Mycological Institute .London.


25

15. Ferreira,V.;Gulis,V. and Graca ,M.(2006) .whole-stream

nitrate addition affects litter decomposition and associated

fungi but not invertebrates Oecologia .149(4) : 718- 729.

16. Gupta.A.K and Mehrotra R.S. (2005). Seasonal periodicity of

aquatic fungi in tanks at Kurukshetra . Hydrobiologia 173(3):

219-229

17. Hunt, G.A. and Fogel, R. (1983) .Fungal hyphal dynamics in

a western Oregon Douglas. Firstand – soil Boil – Biochem

.15(6): 641-649.

18. Hibbett, D.S and Binder , M.( 2001 ). Evolution of Marine

Mushrooms. Biol Bull .201(33): 319- 322.

19. Hiremath,A.B ; Probhakar,M.N and Jayarj,Y.M.(1985) .Fungi

of wastewaters and stabilization pond. Plant Sci, 95(29):263-

270.

20. Ismail, A.L.S;Rattan,S.S and Muhsin,T.M. (1979). Aquatic

fungi of Iraq: species of saprolegnia . Hydrobiologia 65 (1)

:83–93.

21. Johnson,L.E;Curl,E.A ;Bond,J.H and

Fribourgh,H.A.(1959).Methods for studying soil microflora –

plant disease relationships. Burgess publ .Co. Minneapolis.

22. Mackereth, F.J.H.;Heron, J. and Talling,J.T.(1978).Water

analysis some revised method for limnologist, Sci. Publ.

Fresh water, Biol. Ass. (England) 36: 1-120

23. McGinnis,M.R.(1980).Laboratory Handbook of Medical

Mycology. Academic Press, New York.

24. Misra, J.k( 1982 ).Occurrence, distribution and seasonality of

aquatic fungi as affected by chemical factors in six alkaline

ponds of India Hydrobiologia 97(2) : 185- 191 .

25. Moharram, A.M; El-Hissy,F.T. and Soad ,M. El-Zayat

(1990). Studies on the mycoflora of Aswan High Dam Lake,

Egypt. II-Vertical fluctuation. J .of Basic Microbiology, Vol

30 (in press).

26. Mangioratti,, A.M. and Caretta,,G.(1984).Keratinophilic fungi

isolated from a small pool. Mycopathologia, 85:9-11.

27. Nasar,S.A.K. and Munshi, J.D. ( 1980). Studies on the

seasonal variations in the fungal population of a freshwater

pond of Bhagolpur, India. Imnologica (Berlin) 12:137-139

28. Newell,S.Y.(2003).Fungal content and activities in standing–

becoming leaf blades of plants of the Georgia coastal

Ecosystems research area .Aquatic. Microb. Ecol .(32) 92-103

http://www.springerlink.com/content/100271/?p=37db08855c6746ca8269e7840af689d8&pi=0


26

29. Raper, K.B. and Fenell, D.I.(1977) .The Genus Aspergillus

.R.E . Krieger : Melbourne , FL, U.S.A.

30. Shearer ,C.A.(1972).Fungi of the Chesapeake Bay and Its

Tributaries. III. The Distribution of Wood -Inhabiting

Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti of the Patuxent River .

American Journal of Botany.volume 59( 9):961-969

31. Suberkropp,K.(2001).Fungal growth, production, and

sporulation during leaf decomposition in two streams. Applied

and Environ mental Microbiology 67 (11): 5063- 5068

32. Von Arx,J.A;Guarro,J. and Figueras, M.J.(1986).The

Ascomycetes genus chaetomiam Nova Hydwigia. Berlin .

Stuttgart . pp 162.

33. Widden,P.(1986).Seasonality of forest soil microfungi in

southern Quebec. Canad. J. Botany. 64:1413-1423

34. Wood-Eggenschwiler,S. and Bärlocher,F.(1983).Aquatic

hyphomycetes in sixteen streams in France ,Germany and

Switzerland .Transactions of the British Mycological Society.

81:371-379


27

العالقة بين بعض الصفات الفيزياوية و الكيمياوية للمياه وتواجد

الفطريات في أهوار العراق الجنوبية

مروج سعدي عباس أياد محمد جبر

جامعة بابل -كلية العلوم -قسم علوم الحياة

: الخالصة

( 6الحةو,ة الحاةشر( لاة) اتم دراسة ثالث من أهوار العراق الجنوبيةة االجاةش,

ذلةةل لاعر ةةة العاليةةة بةةين 2006 لغش,ةةة ا,ةةشر 2005اشةة ر اباةة)انا مةةن اةةش و ا

الاغيةرا اليية,ش ,ةة الميايش ,ةة لاايةةشت مجااةر اليار,ةش الاومةود ةةو ميةشت ا هةوار اايةةش

ة,ش ,ةةة وعيةةش .بينةةا اةةشرا ال)راسةةة ا هنةةشض تفبةةف ااةةو ةةو اةة مةةن العوامةة اليي

ةةو اةةين ا C°39 الميايش ,ةة الةةال مةة) ال)راسةةة اذ ةةاا درمةةة اةةرار ال ةةوان الة

ترا اةةا يياةةة دالةةة الحشم ةةية ºC( 28.8-9.1)درمةةة اةةرار الاةةشن ترا اةةا بةةين

ms/cm (1.1-3.8) (0.3-2.1) (8.6-7.3),الاوةياية الم ربشرية الااواةة العمةور

ppt FTU (3.6-83.6) منس مةن اليار,ةش مةن العينةش 21ا الاوالو . تم عة اع )

الاأالوذ من الايشت و الاواير الثالث .ااثر ا ةوا اليار,ةة الاعة لةة الةال مة) ال)راسةة

اش ةةا اليار,ةةش النشيقةةة يةة) سةةج اةة مةةن اةةش و ا اذار العةة)د ا ااةةر لال ةةوا

يناش اي ع)د لايار,ش سج و اش و الثةش و ( عةلة ار,ة ب120اليار,ة الاعة لة هو ا

( عةلةة ار,ةةة ةو الةةثالث موايةر الةةال مة) ال)راسةةة تةم تحايةة اةشرا تةةشثير الاغيةةرا 92ا

اليية,ش ,ة الميايش ,ة عا توام) اليار,ش الاعة لة الال م) ال)راسة .

the relationship between some of the physicochemical...

Documents