The ReformationThe Reformation

Ch. 17 Sections 3 & 4 Ch. 17 Sections 3 & 4

VI. The ReformationVI. The Reformation

A.A. CausesCauses1.1. Renaissance emphasized secular beliefs Renaissance emphasized secular beliefs

(printing press spread these ideas)(printing press spread these ideas)

2.2. Northern merchants resented paying church Northern merchants resented paying church taxes in Rometaxes in Rome

3.3. Critics claimed leaders were corruptCritics claimed leaders were corrupt(Popes patronized the arts, spent extravagantly on (Popes patronized the arts, spent extravagantly on

personal pleasure, and fought wars)personal pleasure, and fought wars)

Reformation (cont’d)Reformation (cont’d)

B.B. Martin Luther’s roleMartin Luther’s role1.1. The 95 Thesis:The 95 Thesis:

Formal statements attacking the Formal statements attacking the

““pardon-merchants”pardon-merchants”

Oct 31, 1517Oct 31, 1517 Johann Tetzel; sold Johann Tetzel; sold indulgences: a pardonindulgences: a pardon 95 Thesis posted on church door; someone copied it in 95 Thesis posted on church door; someone copied it in

printer and ML became known all over Germanyprinter and ML became known all over Germany

2.2. Reformation:Reformation:

a movement of religious reforma movement of religious reform

Reformation (cont’d)Reformation (cont’d)

C.C. Luther’s TeachingsLuther’s Teachings1.1. People could win salvation only by faith in People could win salvation only by faith in

God’s gift of forgiveness (catholic church God’s gift of forgiveness (catholic church taught faith and “good works”)taught faith and “good works”)

2.2. All Church teachings should be clearly All Church teachings should be clearly based on the bible (Pope and Church were based on the bible (Pope and Church were false authorities)false authorities)

3.3. All people with faith were equal (people All people with faith were equal (people didn’t need priests to interpret the bible for didn’t need priests to interpret the bible for them)them)

Reformation (cont’d)Reformation (cont’d)

D.D. Response to LutherResponse to Luther1.1. Pope excommunicated LutherPope excommunicated Luther

2.2. Emperor declared Luther an outlaw and Emperor declared Luther an outlaw and ordered his books bannedordered his books banned Luther returned to Germany and found his ideas Luther returned to Germany and found his ideas

in practice… in practice… Lutherans:Lutherans: separate religious group separate religious group that followed Lutherthat followed Luther

3.3. Peasant’s RevoltPeasant’s Revolt Peasants demanded end to serfdom, pillaged Peasants demanded end to serfdom, pillaged

monasteries, Luther objectedmonasteries, Luther objected

VII. Protestants FormVII. Protestants Form

A.A. German WarGerman War Some support Luther, some remained loyal to the Some support Luther, some remained loyal to the

pope. War eruptspope. War erupts ProtestantsProtestants form: Christians who belong to non- form: Christians who belong to non-

Catholic churchesCatholic churches Peace of Augsburg:Peace of Augsburg:

religious settlement religious settlement

allowing German princes allowing German princes

to decide religion of eachto decide religion of each

provinceprovince

Protestants Form (cont’d)Protestants Form (cont’d)

B.B. England becomes England becomes protestantprotestant

1.1. Henry VIII wants son, Henry VIII wants son, divorce/divorce/annulmentannulment (set (set aside); Henry denied.aside); Henry denied.

2.2. 1529 called Reformation 1529 called Reformation Parliament: ends Pope’s Parliament: ends Pope’s power in Englandpower in England

3.3. Act of Supremacy, 1534: Act of Supremacy, 1534: Henry, Henry, not popenot pope, is head , is head of England and churchof England and church

4.4. 1559: 1559: Anglican ChurchAnglican Church (Church of England) (Church of England) formed by Elizabethformed by Elizabeth

Henry VIII timeline Henry VIII timeline

1.1. 1509 Henry VIII becomes king of 1509 Henry VIII becomes king of England; marries Catherine of ArgonEngland; marries Catherine of Argon

2.2. 1516 daughter Mary is born1516 daughter Mary is born3.3. 1527 Henry asks the pope to 1527 Henry asks the pope to

end his first marriage; pope refusesend his first marriage; pope refuses

4.4. 1529 Henry summons Reformation 1529 Henry summons Reformation Parliament Parliament

5.5. 1531 parliament recognizes Henry 1531 parliament recognizes Henry as head of Churchas head of Church

Henry VIII timeline (cont’d)Henry VIII timeline (cont’d)

6.6. 1534 Act of Supremacy1534 Act of Supremacy

7.7. 1533 Henry divorces Catherine, marries 1533 Henry divorces Catherine, marries Anne Boleyn; daughter Elizabeth is bornAnne Boleyn; daughter Elizabeth is born

8.8. 1536 Anne Boleyn is beheaded1536 Anne Boleyn is beheaded

9.9. 1537 Henry marries Jane Seymour, son 1537 Henry marries Jane Seymour, son Edward is born, Jane dies of Edward is born, Jane dies of complicationscomplications

10.10. 1540-1542 Henry divorces new wife Anne 1540-1542 Henry divorces new wife Anne of Cleves, executes his 5of Cleves, executes his 5thth wife: Catherine wife: Catherine HowardHoward

Henry VIII timeline (cont’d)Henry VIII timeline (cont’d)

11.11. 1547 Henry dies; 61547 Henry dies; 6thth wife Catherine wife Catherine Parr outlives him; Edward VI begins Parr outlives him; Edward VI begins 6 yr rule; Protestants strong6 yr rule; Protestants strong

12.12. 1553 Mary I (bloody Mary) 1553 Mary I (bloody Mary) begins rule and restoresbegins rule and restores the Catholic Churchthe Catholic Church

13.13. 1558 Elizabeth I begins rule; 1558 Elizabeth I begins rule; restores Protestant church restores Protestant church (Anglican Church)(Anglican Church)

Protestants Form (cont’d)Protestants Form (cont’d)

C.C. Religious TurmoilReligious Turmoil1.1. Edward VI reigns; Edward VI reigns;

advisors run things and advisors run things and make England very make England very ProtestantProtestant

2.2. Mary I reigns; forces Mary I reigns; forces England to be Catholic, England to be Catholic, kills those who oppose kills those who oppose (bloody Mary)(bloody Mary)

3.3. Elizabeth I reigns; returns Elizabeth I reigns; returns Protestantism; sets up Protestantism; sets up Anglican churchAnglican church (Church (Church of England)—only legal of England)—only legal church in Englandchurch in England

Protestants Form (cont’d)Protestants Form (cont’d)

To Please Protestants:To Please Protestants: Priests allowed to Priests allowed to

marrymarry Sermons in English Sermons in English

(not Latin)(not Latin)

This brought religious This brought religious peace to Englandpeace to England

To Please Catholics:To Please Catholics: Kept some trappings Kept some trappings

of the Catholic service of the Catholic service like rich robeslike rich robes

Services revised to be Services revised to be more acceptablemore acceptable

Protestants Form (cont’d)Protestants Form (cont’d)

D.D. Elizabeth’s difficultiesElizabeth’s difficulties1.1. Some protestants wanted more reformSome protestants wanted more reform

2.2. Some Catholics want Mary Queen of Scots Some Catholics want Mary Queen of Scots to take over (she’s devout Catholic!)to take over (she’s devout Catholic!)

3.3. England needs money and wants to form England needs money and wants to form colonies in America as new income—leads colonies in America as new income—leads to conflict between monarch and Parliamentto conflict between monarch and Parliament

VIII. Calvinism EmergesVIII. Calvinism Emerges

Religion based on John Calvin’s Religion based on John Calvin’s teachingsteachings

A.A. Calvin tweaks Luther’s ideasCalvin tweaks Luther’s ideas1.1. Believed that men and women sinful by Believed that men and women sinful by

naturenature

2.2. PredestinationPredestination: God knows beforehand : God knows beforehand which people will be savedwhich people will be saved

(remember that Luther said humans can (remember that Luther said humans can earn salvation)earn salvation)

Calvinism Emerges (cont’d)Calvinism Emerges (cont’d)

B.B. Calvin leads reformation in SwitzerlandCalvin leads reformation in Switzerland1.1. TheocracyTheocracy: gov’t controlled by religious : gov’t controlled by religious

leaders (he thought this was the perfect leaders (he thought this was the perfect gov’t)gov’t)

2.2. Est. Geneva, Switzerland as theocracy; Est. Geneva, Switzerland as theocracy; becomes example city; has very strict rules becomes example city; has very strict rules (ie-no bright clothes or card games)(ie-no bright clothes or card games)

Calvinism Emerges (cont’d)Calvinism Emerges (cont’d)

C.C. Calvinism spreadsCalvinism spreads1.1. John Knox takes ideas to John Knox takes ideas to

ScotlandScotland1.1. PresbyteriansPresbyterians: followers of Knox: followers of Knox

Becomes Scotland’s official religionBecomes Scotland’s official religion Get rid of Mary Queen of Scots, lets son James Get rid of Mary Queen of Scots, lets son James

rulerule Swiss, Dutch, and French reformers adopt Swiss, Dutch, and French reformers adopt

Calvinist organization and today trace roots to Calvinist organization and today trace roots to CalvinCalvin

IX. Other Protestant ReformsIX. Other Protestant Reforms

A.A. The The AnabaptistsAnabaptists “baptize again” “baptize again”1.1. Only baptized people who were old enough Only baptized people who were old enough

to decide for themselves to be Christianto decide for themselves to be Christian2.2. Said church and state should be separate; Said church and state should be separate;

refused to fight warsrefused to fight wars3.3. Persecuted by both Catholics and Persecuted by both Catholics and

Protestants as radicalsProtestants as radicals4.4. Became Mennonites and Amish; influenced Became Mennonites and Amish; influenced

Quakers and Baptists who split from Quakers and Baptists who split from Anglican churchAnglican church

Other Protestant Reforms (cont’d)Other Protestant Reforms (cont’d)

B.B. Women’s roleWomen’s role Played prominent roles (protected Played prominent roles (protected

reformers, supported men)reformers, supported men)

Splits in the Christian ChurchSplits in the Christian Church

X. Catholic ReformsX. Catholic Reforms

A.A. Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation

(counter reformation)(counter reformation) Efforts to reform and renew Catholic church Efforts to reform and renew Catholic church

from withinfrom within Millions remained loyal to Catholicism; Millions remained loyal to Catholicism;

reform from withinreform from within

Catholic Reforms (cont’d)Catholic Reforms (cont’d)

B.B. Jesuits CreatedJesuits Created Followers of Ignatius of Loyola; Society of JesusFollowers of Ignatius of Loyola; Society of Jesus 3 main activities:3 main activities:

Founded schoolsFounded schools Convert non-Christians to CatholicismConvert non-Christians to Catholicism Stop spread of Protestantism (worked well in Stop spread of Protestantism (worked well in

Southern Germany and Poland)Southern Germany and Poland)

Catholic Reforms (cont’d)Catholic Reforms (cont’d)

C.C. Reforming PopesReforming Popes Council of TrentCouncil of Trent: most important reform: most important reform

Meeting of Catholic leaders to rule on doctrines criticized Meeting of Catholic leaders to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformersby the Protestant reformers Church’s interpretation of bible final; anyone with own Church’s interpretation of bible final; anyone with own

interpretation was hereticinterpretation was heretic Need faith and good works for salvationNeed faith and good works for salvation Bible and Church tradition equally powerful authoritiesBible and Church tradition equally powerful authorities Indulgences were valid expressions of faith; false selling of Indulgences were valid expressions of faith; false selling of

indulgences bannedindulgences banned Next pope carried out council’s decrees and made Next pope carried out council’s decrees and made

list of dangerous books (Index of Forbidden Books) list of dangerous books (Index of Forbidden Books) Bishops ordered to burn these books; included Bishops ordered to burn these books; included Protestant biblesProtestant bibles

Legacy of ReformationLegacy of Reformation**Ended religious unity in Europe*Ended religious unity in Europe*

Religious and Social Religious and Social EffectsEffects

Protestant churches Protestant churches flourishedflourished

Catholic church more Catholic church more unified (Council of unified (Council of Trent)Trent)

Led to schools and Led to schools and collegescolleges

Political EffectsPolitical Effects Monarchs gained Monarchs gained

powerpower Laid groundwork for Laid groundwork for

EnlightenmentEnlightenment