the reformation
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World HistoryTRANSCRIPT
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The Reformations
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The Protestant Reformation
• What was it?
– Split in the Christian Church which gave us
Protestantism.
• Key figure: Martin Luther
– Was a German monk.
– 1505…
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Martin Luther
• Had a problem with his
salvation. Confessed for
hours on end.
• Came up with
Justification by faith
– Belief that people became
saved by God’s mercy and
grace
– Instead of doing good
works
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Pope Leo X
• Raising money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica.
• Authorized the sale of Indulgences – Certificate issued by the Church to reduce or even
cancel punishment for a person’s sins
– Ensured place in heaven.
• John Tetzel-Church’s agent for selling in Northern Germany – Even promised forgiveness for future sins
– Encouraged indulgences for dead relatives
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• “By the authority of all the saints, and in mercy towards you, I
absolve you from all sins and misdeeds and remit all punishments
for ten days."
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What do you think Luther did?
• Martin Luther became furious
• October 31, 1517- nailed to the door of a church the 95 Theses. – Statements criticizing indulgences and other church
policies.
• Eventually copies spread throughout Germany.
• Luther published 100’s of essays advocating justification by faith and attacking church abuses.
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What did Pope do?
• Was discouraged in the lack of money
coming in.
• Sent people to Germany to try and talk
Luther out of causing all the problems.
• 1520-Pope banned Luther’s works and
condemned him
• 1521-excommunicated from church
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• The Diet of Worms- council of German Princes met to discuss a possible return of Luther.
– Council said Luther should take back teachings.
– What do you think he said?
• NO WAY!!!
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• Luther was condemned as a heretic,
snuck out of Worms and hid in a castle in
Wartburg by Prince Frederick of Saxony.
• In seclusion…
– Translated the Bible in German
– Made the Bible available to “normal” people
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Lutheranism
• Started what would become Lutheranism
– Emphasized salvation by faith alone and the
Bible was the only source of the TRUTH.
– (Catholics believed salvation came from
works and faith.)
– Focused on Bible teachings-using vernacular
– Church was community of believers
– All jobs were vocations
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Lutheranism
• Brought new Life to Germany but also caused social problems.
– Peasant revolts…
• Became a more conservative religion
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Section 4
• Sects began to develop over differences in doctrines and other teachings and rituals.
• Switzerland- church split from Rome
• Led by Huldrych Zwingli – Also stressed faith alone
– Denounced Catholic beliefs and practices • Purgatory and indulgences
– Wanted to break COMPLETELY away form Catholic Church (opposite of Luther)
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• Zwingli wanted to make Zurich a
Theocracy
– Church run state
• 1525-it worked
• 1531-Catholics beat him in war
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John Calvin
• Mid 1500’s-set up a
Theocracy in Geneva
• Calvin studied
theology, law,
humanism
• Created his own
Protestant theology
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Calvin
• 1536- The Institutes of the Christian
Religion published his theology
– Inspired reforms in Europe and North America
• Predestination- God knows all and
controls fate of all people
– Said God was all powerful and all knowing
– God chose “elect” few to be saved
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Calvin
• Visitors of Geneva helped spread Calvinism
– Easy to set up because it was localized and not like C.C.
– Netherlands and Scotland
– Scotland-John Knox used Calvin's teachings to lead followers in
revolts against “ungodly” rulers.
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Radicals
• Anabaptists- only allowed adult members
– Only those who could make a free and informed choice to become Christian should be allowed to do so.
• Catholics and Protestants baptized infants.
• Did not allow local governments to run their lives
Were peaceful but held fanatical beliefs
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Anabaptists
• 1534- Munster- seized town
– Defeated by Lutherans and Catholics
• Baptists, Mennonites, Amish came from
Anabaptists.
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England
• King Henry VIII and Pope had a falling out. – Had 6 children with Catherine of Aragon
• All died but one daughter (Mary)
• Henry wanted to marry Anne Boleyn and asked Pope for divorce
• Catherine’s nephew was Charles V – Charles wanted to stay as Queen so he had the Pope say NO!!!
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England
• Henry had the Parliament create a series of laws to separate the English Church from the Pope. (Called the Reformation Parliament) – The Act of Supremacy 1534- made Henry head of
the English Church instead of the Pope.
• The new Church was not Protestant – Worshiped and acted the same
– Devout Catholics did not like King’s rule • Thomas More was beheaded for Treason 1535
– 1536-1540-he closed monasteries, convents, took land and gave to nobles and high officials
• Gained support in future policy making
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England
• Henry married Anne-had a daughter
• Married four more times
– Finally had a son
• 1547-Edward took throne
– Would introduce Protestant doctrines into
Church of England.
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England
• Edward VI died mother took over
• “Bloody” Mary – Tried to restore Catholicism by burning 100’s of
Protestants at stake
• 1559- Elizabeth I became Queen – Made England Protestant with Catholic features
– Puritans wanted no Catholic traditions • Started split that would cause them to move…