The Reformations

The Protestant Reformation

• What was it?

– Split in the Christian Church which gave us

Protestantism.

• Key figure: Martin Luther

– Was a German monk.

– 1505…

Martin Luther

• Had a problem with his

salvation. Confessed for

hours on end.

• Came up with

Justification by faith

– Belief that people became

saved by God’s mercy and

grace

– Instead of doing good

works

Pope Leo X

• Raising money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica.

• Authorized the sale of Indulgences – Certificate issued by the Church to reduce or even

cancel punishment for a person’s sins

– Ensured place in heaven.

• John Tetzel-Church’s agent for selling in Northern Germany – Even promised forgiveness for future sins

– Encouraged indulgences for dead relatives

• “By the authority of all the saints, and in mercy towards you, I

absolve you from all sins and misdeeds and remit all punishments

for ten days."

What do you think Luther did?

• Martin Luther became furious

• October 31, 1517- nailed to the door of a church the 95 Theses. – Statements criticizing indulgences and other church

policies.

• Eventually copies spread throughout Germany.

• Luther published 100’s of essays advocating justification by faith and attacking church abuses.

What did Pope do?

• Was discouraged in the lack of money

coming in.

• Sent people to Germany to try and talk

Luther out of causing all the problems.

• 1520-Pope banned Luther’s works and

condemned him

• 1521-excommunicated from church

• The Diet of Worms- council of German Princes met to discuss a possible return of Luther.

– Council said Luther should take back teachings.

– What do you think he said?

• NO WAY!!!

• Luther was condemned as a heretic,

snuck out of Worms and hid in a castle in

Wartburg by Prince Frederick of Saxony.

• In seclusion…

– Translated the Bible in German

– Made the Bible available to “normal” people

Lutheranism

• Started what would become Lutheranism

– Emphasized salvation by faith alone and the

Bible was the only source of the TRUTH.

– (Catholics believed salvation came from

works and faith.)

– Focused on Bible teachings-using vernacular

– Church was community of believers

– All jobs were vocations

Lutheranism

• Brought new Life to Germany but also caused social problems.

– Peasant revolts…

• Became a more conservative religion

Section 4

• Sects began to develop over differences in doctrines and other teachings and rituals.

• Switzerland- church split from Rome

• Led by Huldrych Zwingli – Also stressed faith alone

– Denounced Catholic beliefs and practices • Purgatory and indulgences

– Wanted to break COMPLETELY away form Catholic Church (opposite of Luther)

• Zwingli wanted to make Zurich a

Theocracy

– Church run state

• 1525-it worked

• 1531-Catholics beat him in war

John Calvin

• Mid 1500’s-set up a

Theocracy in Geneva

• Calvin studied

theology, law,

humanism

• Created his own

Protestant theology

Calvin

• 1536- The Institutes of the Christian

Religion published his theology

– Inspired reforms in Europe and North America

• Predestination- God knows all and

controls fate of all people

– Said God was all powerful and all knowing

– God chose “elect” few to be saved

Calvin

• Visitors of Geneva helped spread Calvinism

– Easy to set up because it was localized and not like C.C.

– Netherlands and Scotland

– Scotland-John Knox used Calvin's teachings to lead followers in

revolts against “ungodly” rulers.

Radicals

• Anabaptists- only allowed adult members

– Only those who could make a free and informed choice to become Christian should be allowed to do so.

• Catholics and Protestants baptized infants.

• Did not allow local governments to run their lives

Were peaceful but held fanatical beliefs

Anabaptists

• 1534- Munster- seized town

– Defeated by Lutherans and Catholics

• Baptists, Mennonites, Amish came from

Anabaptists.

England

• King Henry VIII and Pope had a falling out. – Had 6 children with Catherine of Aragon

• All died but one daughter (Mary)

• Henry wanted to marry Anne Boleyn and asked Pope for divorce

• Catherine’s nephew was Charles V – Charles wanted to stay as Queen so he had the Pope say NO!!!

England

• Henry had the Parliament create a series of laws to separate the English Church from the Pope. (Called the Reformation Parliament) – The Act of Supremacy 1534- made Henry head of

the English Church instead of the Pope.

• The new Church was not Protestant – Worshiped and acted the same

– Devout Catholics did not like King’s rule • Thomas More was beheaded for Treason 1535

– 1536-1540-he closed monasteries, convents, took land and gave to nobles and high officials

• Gained support in future policy making

England

• Henry married Anne-had a daughter

• Married four more times

– Finally had a son

• 1547-Edward took throne

– Would introduce Protestant doctrines into

Church of England.

England

• Edward VI died mother took over

• “Bloody” Mary – Tried to restore Catholicism by burning 100’s of

Protestants at stake

• 1559- Elizabeth I became Queen – Made England Protestant with Catholic features

– Puritans wanted no Catholic traditions • Started split that would cause them to move…