the raw materials of biotechnology chapter 2. 2.1 organisms and their components organisms are...
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The Raw Materials of Biotechnology
Chapter 2
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2.1 Organisms and Their Components
Organisms are “raw materials” of biotechUnderstanding of life and structures that compose organismHigh importance …at least
Basic biochemistry…chemistry of living thingsCytology…….cell biologyAnatomy…….structurePhysiology…..function
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2.2 Structure of Cells
Animal Cell Plant Cell
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2.2 Structure of Cells
CellsDifferent in different organs and organismsDepends on structure and functionGreater or fewer numbers of some structuresEx:
Muscle cell more ribosome and mitochondriaB/c of increased protein and energy production
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2.2 Structure of Cells
Plasma membraneComposed of lipids and proteinsTransport moleculesMaintain cell shapeIdentify and recognize molecules
Insulin binds to receptor protein which transports phosphate groups from ATP to other proteins within the cellResult is increase in glucose transport from outside (blood) to inside (muscle or fat cells)
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2.2 Structure of Cells
NucleusLocated in the middleChromosomes contain DNADNA holds instruction for protein synthesis within cell
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Protein synthesis: “ Central Dogma”
Genetic code of A, C, G,T are within DNACells that make protein transcribe (copy) segment (gene) of DNA into new version, mRNA (ribonucleic acid molec)mRNA transcript (A, C, G, U) and spells amino acids (a.a.)a.a. arranged into proteinsmRNA moves from nucleus to cytoplasm at structure called ribosome
Where mRNA code is translated into proteins
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2.2 Cells Used in Biotechnology
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)
Vero cells (African green monkey kidney epithelial cells )
HeLa cells (human epithelial cells)
E. Coli
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2.3 Molecules of Cells
Engineered molec. are basis of many biotech productsSmall molec., CO2, O2, NaCl and H2O(75% of cell mass)Large molec. (macromolecules)
Composed of repeating units (monomers)Monomers linked together to form polymers
Poly = many
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2.3 Molecules of Cells
Macromecules:CarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic acids
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Carbohydrates
Compounds with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in (1:2:1 ratio)Monosaccharides (simple crabs)
GlucoseFructose
DisaccharidesSucroseLactose
Polysaccharides (many glucose monomers)CelluloseAmylopectin
Form of plant starch
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Polysaccharides
Energy storage moleculesB/c long polymer structure
Plant starch---amylose or amylopectinAnimal starch---glycogen
Structural moleculesCellulose—plant cell wallsChitin –fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons
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Monosaccharides
Single sugars “simple”5 or 6 carbon sugarsGlucose (6 C)
Produced during photosynthesis
Energy molecule (cells break bonds in glucose to release E)…cell respiration
Stored as polymers
Fructose (6 C)Galactose (6 C)…part of lactose molec, found in milkDeoxyribose (5 C)…found in DNARibose (5 C)…found in RNA
Glucose
Deoxyribose
Ribose
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Disaccharides
Formed when enzymes form bond btw. 2 monosaccharide
Sucrose…table sugarPlant store glucose in that form Formed when fructose and glucose combine
Maltose…malt sugarLactose…milk sugar
One method mammals store EFormed when galactose and glucose combine
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LipidsMade of C and HInsoluble in water (hydrophobic)3 groups
TriglyceridesInclude animal fats and plant oilsE storage molec.
PhospholipidsFound in cell membranesSimilar in structure to triglycerides except have phosphate group…so, water-soluble on one side2 fatty acid chains attached to glycerol molec.
SteroidsAct as hormones, venoms, pigmentsEx. cholesterol
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Proteins
Make >75% of cell mass9 categories depending on functionTypical cell produce 2000Structure determined by a.a sequence
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Proteinsa.a. are the monomers of proteinsBind together to form polypeptides20 different a.a.
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Nucleic Acids
Information-carrying molec.Direct synthesis of other cellular molec.Long, complex molec.Composed of 4 monomer units (nucleotides)
Deoxyribonucleic acidDNA
Ribonucleic acidRNA
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Nucleic AcidsDNA
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2.4 The “New” Biotechnology
Plant and animal cell manipulationsMove pieces of DNA within and btw. OrganismsEnzyme that cuts DNA into fragmentsFragments separated and pasted in diff. orders…called recombinant DNA (rDNA)Insulin 1st genetically engineered to get to market
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2.4 The “New” BiotechnologyrDNA
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Homework 2 Due Tuesday 9/04/07
Page 42Questions 2, 3, 4
Page 471, 2, 3, 4
Page 571, 3, 4
Page 611, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10
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