the quran and modern science - muslim-library.com · holy quran and modren science edited by...
TRANSCRIPT
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm
In the Name of Allah,the Most Gracious,the Most Merciful.
tvGefw&moem;Muifem n§mwmawmfrlaom?tvGefw&moem;Muifem n§mwmawmfrlaom?tvGefw&moem;Muifem n§mwmawmfrlaom?tvGefw&moem;Muifem n§mwmawmfrlaom?tvGefw&moem;Muifem n§mwmawmfrlaom?
txl;oem;awmfrlaom?txl;oem;awmfrlaom?txl;oem;awmfrlaom?txl;oem;awmfrlaom?txl;oem;awmfrlaom?
tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\emrawmfjzifhtpjyKygtHh/tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\emrawmfjzifhtpjyKygtHh/tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\emrawmfjzifhtpjyKygtHh/tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\emrawmfjzifhtpjyKygtHh/tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf\emrawmfjzifhtpjyKygtHh/
1
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;
6
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef
ESifh
rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm
pDpOfwnf;jzwfol
armfv0Drk[r®'f,mpD;efAifefA'D;vftGvf[lpdkifef
usrf;jyKol
urÇmausmfokawoDBuD;a'gufwmarm&pfpfAkukdifvf
bmomjyefqdkol
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;
B.A(Geo;), B. Ed, M.Ed, Ph.D (Edn)(Tsukuba University, Janpan),
Diploma in Daiyah (Al-Azahar)
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm
3
Holy Quranand
Modren Science
Edited byMaulawi Muhammad Yasinn Bin Badi-ul-Huseinn
AuthorDr. Maurice Bucaille
Translated by
Dr. Hla Hla WinB.A(Geo;), B.Ed, MEd, Ph.D (Edn)
(Tsukuba University, Japan),Diploma in Daiyah (Al-Azahar, Yangon)
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;
rmwdum
taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
á rmwdum----------------------------------------------- 4
ápum;csD;------------------------------------------------- 5
á usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm------- 6
á usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk em;vnf&efvdktyfaom
pG,fpkHusrf;qdkif&mtodynm--------------------------- 9
á pMu0Vmtm; zefqif;jcif;------------------------------- 13
á tmumoodyÜHynm
tvif;a&mifESifh a½GUvsm;jcif;-------------------------- 17
á urÇmN*dKvf ---------------------------------------------- 20
á vlom;tm;zefqif;jcif; --------------------------------- 25
á uk&ftmefusrf;ESifhor®musrf; ---------------------------- 29
á 0[Dusjcif;jzpfpOfudk rD;armif;xdk;jyjcif; ------------------ 36
á touf[lonf ----------------------------------------- 36
á vlom;rsKd;EG,f ------------------------------------------ 36
á xm0&bk&m;ocifuay;xm;aom vrf;ñTefrl---------- 37
á usrf;pmxkwfjyefydkYcsjcif; --------------------------------- 37
á aemufqkH;usrf;pmusa&mufjcif; ------------------------- 38
á rSefuefaMumif; prf;ppfEdkifonfh pHEIef;rsm;----------------- 39
á usKd;aMumif; qifjcifrIESifh jynfhpkHaom oifMum;jcif;------ 39
á NyD;jynfhpkHjcif;---------------------------------------------- 39
á '@m&DykHjyifvnf;r[kwf
bmoma&;t,lonfhrlrsm;vnf;r[kwf----------------- 39
á odyÜHenf;usus prf;ppfEdkifjcif;------------------------------ 40
á BudKwifa[mudef;xkwfjcif; ------------------------------ 40
á vlom;\ ,SOfNydKifEdkifjcif;rS
uif;vGwfjcif; ------------------------------------------ 40
4
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm
5
5
pum;csD;
a'gufwm arm&pfpfAkukdifvfonf xif&Sm;ausmfMum;aom jyifopfvlrsKd;
cGJpdwfukq&m0efwpfOD;jzpfovdk odyÜHynm&SifwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif THE
BIBLE, THE QURAN AND SCIENCE (bdkifb,fvf? uk&ftmefESifh odyÜHynm)
[laom *sL;ESifh c&pf,mef0g'rsm;ESifhywfoufaom bk&m;ocif\ xkwfjyefcsufrsm;
qdkif&m okawoe awGU&Sdcsufrsm;yg0ifonfhpmtkyfudk a&;om;jyKpkcJhaom pmay
ynm&SifwpfOD;vnf; jzpfayonf/ þpmwrf;onf bmoma&;ESifh odyÜHynm
e,fy,ftwGuf tao;pdwfavhvmNyD; tusdK;jyKEkdifpGrf;&Sdaom wpfckwnf;aom
pmwrf; jzpfonf/ olonf xif&Sm;í xl;cRefajymifajrmufonfh odyÜHynm&SifwpfOD;
jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm zm½dkbk&ifwpfyg;jzpfonfh Merneptah \½kyftavmif;aumif
udk avhvmprf;ppf okawoejyK&ef a&G;cs,fjcif; cHcJh&ygonf/ ol aqmf'Dtma&
AD;,m;EdkifiHodkY oGm;a&mufvnfywfcJhpOfumvtwGif; usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\
tcsdKUaom tm,ofawmfrsm;udk jyoay;aomaMumifh Munfh&IavhvmcGifh &cJh
onf/ xdktm,ofawmfrsm;wGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfu zm½dkbk&if\ ½kyf
tavmif;aumifudk aemifvmaemufom;rsm;twGuf oufaovu©Pmtjzpf
rysufrpD; xdef;odrf;xm;rnf[k twdtvif; ajymqdkxm;NyD;jzpfonfudkvnf;
awGY½SdcJh&onf/
c&pf,mefbmom0ifvnf;jzpf? bufrvdkufwwfaom odyÜHynm&Sifvnf;jzpfaom
a'gufwmAkukdif;vftwGuf or®musrf;pmtwGif; wrefawmfrlpm (Moses)
\aemufodkY vkdufvH&if; yifv,feDtwGif; a&jrKyfaoqHk;cJh&onfh zm½dkbk&if
\ZmwfaMumif;udk aumif;pGm uRrf;usifwwfajrmufxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ rMum
ao;cifumvtxdyif urÇmu rodao;aom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefrS wrefawmf
rlpmvufxuf xdkzm½dkbk&if (Merneptah) \ ½kyftavmif;udk rysufrpD;atmif
xdef;odrf;xm;rnf[laom wdusonfh BudKwifa[mudef;xkwfxm;aom
taMumif;udk auseyf tHhMopGmESifh odvdkuf&ayonf/
þtaMumif;t&m tjzpftysufonfum; a'gufwmAkukdvftm; tm&AD
bmompum;udk oif,lNyD;aemuf uk&ftmefusrf;jrwfudk aphpyfaocsmpGm
avhvmapaom taMumif;w&m;yifjzpfonf/ ol\ uk&ftmefusrf;jrwfESifh
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;
6
or®musrf;wdkYukd EdIif;,SOfavhvmrIrS aemufqHk;aumufcsufrSm - usrf;jrwf
uk&ftmefrS odyÜHqkdif&m taMumif;csif;&mrsm; ESifhywfoufaom zGifh[ajymqdkcsuf
rsm;onf acwfrDodyÜH ynm&yfrsm;ESifh jynfh0pGmudkufnDNyD; or®musrf;rS zGifh[
ajymqdkcsufrsm;onfum; odyÜHenf;us vHk;0 vufcHEkdifbG,fr&Sd[laomtcsuf
yifwnf;/
,ck pm½Iolzwfaeaom þpmtkyfi,frSm vef'efEd kifiH&S d "eo[m,
wuúodkvfwGif a'gufwmAkukdif;vfudk,fwkdifu usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarmuf
acwfodyÜH[laom bmom&yftwGuf ay;cJhaom a[majymydkYcsrI rSwfpkjzpfNyD;
¤if;pmtkyfi,frS tpövmrfwnf;[laom xm0&opömw&m;udk vrf;ñTefjyoay;
ygvdrfhrnf/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifhrsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm
1976 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv (9)&ufaeYwGif jyifopfaq;odyÜH[laomae&mü olrwl
wrlxl;jcm;vSaom a[majymydkYcsrIwpfck jyKvkyfcJhayonf/ þa[majymydkYcsrI
pmwrf;\acgif;pOfrSm ]] usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif yg&Sdaom ZD0ur®ESifh oaEom;
aA'qdkif&m tcsuftvuftaMumif;csif;&mrsm; }} [líjzpfonf/ uREfkyf taeESifh
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ ZD0ur®aA'ESifh rsdK;yGm;jcif;qdkif&m aocsmaom azmfjycsuf
rsm;ESifhywfoufí avhvmawGU&Sdcsufrsm;udk wifjyvdkygonf/ ,ckuJodkU
wifjy&onfh &nf&G,fcsufum; txufazmfjyyg ynm&yfrsm;ESifhywfoufaom
,aeY uREkfyfwdkY\ todynm? A[kokwrsm; wpfenf;qdkaomf (usrf;jrwf
uk&ftmefudk xkwfjyefydkYcscJhaom tcsdefumvrSmuwnf;u ,ck rsufarmufacwf
umvrSmrS &SmazGawGU&SdEkdifhonfh tcsuftvufrsm;? tawG;tac: t,ltq
rsm;onf xdk ]uk&ftmef}usrf;pmtkyfwGif yg0ifaeaMumif;udk xkwfazmfwifjy
vdkonfhtwGufaMumifh jzpfygonf/
trSefyif uk&ftmefusrf;ay:aygufpOfacwfumvu vlom;rsm;odaeonhf
todxuf a&SUodkY ydkwdk;wufaeaom ynma&;tajctaersm; ,cifh,cif
acwfumvrsm;u ra&;cJh? rvkyfEkdifcJhbl;qdkwmudk vuf&SdtodynmawGU&Sdcsuf
rsm;ESifh usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefukd wdkufqdkif ppfaq;MunfhrSom odem;vnfEdkifrnf
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm
7
jzpfonf/
xdkYtjyif or®musrf; ("r®a[mif;usrf;? "r®opfusrf;)twGif; yg0ifaom qifwlonfh
tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh uk&ftmefusrf;udk EdIif;,SOfavhvmrIonfvnf; auseyfzG,f
jzpfayonf/ þonfrSm wpfqlwnf;aombk&m;udk udk;uG,fjcif;qdkif&m
jrifhjrwfaom usrf;pmtoD;oD;&Sd tcsdKUaom pmydk'frsm;ESifh acwfopftodynm
rsm;\ xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifrIrsm;udk prf;ppfavhvmrIqdkif&m vkyfief;pOfudk jzpfay:
apaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ þonfwdkY\ tusdK;quf &vm'frSmum; " The
Bible, the Quran and Science " [laom pmtkyfwpftkyf a&;om;xkwfa0Edkif
cJhjcif;yifjzpfygonf/ þpmtkyf\ yxrqHk;jyifopfbmomESifh a&;om;
xkwfa0rIonf 1976 ckESpf? arvtwGif; xGufay:cJhygonf/ (Seglers, Paris)/
t*FvdyfbmomESifh t&ADbmomjyefrsm;udkvnf; ,cktcg a&;om;xkwfa0NyD;
jzpfonf/
tpövmrfu tNrJwap vufcHxm;ouJhodkY bmomw&m; ESifh odyÜHynmonf
trTmnDtpfr jzpfonf [laomtcsufonf txufygpmtkyfxGufay:
vmaomtcg xl;qef;tHhMobG,f&m r[kwfawmhay/ ,aeY rsufarSmufumv
odyÜHynm\ BuD;rm;tHhMobG,f wkd;wufaom ajcvSrf;rsm;vSrf;aeaomtcsdefwGif
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ azmfjycsufrsm;udk ydkrdkem;vnfoabmaygufEdkif&ef
wdusaocsmaom odyÜHqdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;tm; toHk;jyKí usrf;jrwf
uk&ftmef\ azmfjycsufrsm;ukd wGJzuf avhvm&ef ydkí ydkí vkdtyfaMumif;udk
twdtvif; azmfñTef;aeayonf/ xyfíajym&vQif &mpkESpfwpfpktwGif;
rsm;jym;vSpGmaom odyÜHynmqdkif&m awGU&Sdcsufrsm;onf bmoma&; ,HkMunfcsuf
rsm;udk tqHk;oyf apcJhaomfvnf; tpövmrfbmomqdkif&m xkwfazmfcsufrsm;\
"r®"d|mefusaom prf;ppfa0zefrIrsm;u 0[Dusjcif; (usrf;pmusa&mufjcif;)\
tcsdKUaomu@&yfrsm;wGif obm0vGef t&nftaoG;rsm; yg&SdaeaMumif;udk
rD;armif;xdk;jycJhjcif;yif jzpfonf/
tm;vHk;aom okawoersm;jyKvkyfNyD; vltrsm;em;vnfatmif a,bk,sjyK
rSwfcsufcs&rnfqdkaomf odyÜHqkdif&m &SmazGawGU&Sdcsufrsm;tm;vHk;onf (tEIdif;rJh
ukd;uG,f&mt&Sif) wnf&Sdaejcif;[laomtcsufudk qifjcifoHk;oyf&ef jrifhrm;pGm
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;8
tusdK;jzpfxGef;aponf[laomtcsufyif jzpfonf/
,aeY rsufarSmufacwfumv\ tcsdKUaom ynmA[kokwrsm;ESifhywfoufí
bufrvkdufaom tmCmwuif;aomenf;vrf;ESifh obm0vGeft&mrsm;
avhvmawGU&Sdcsufrsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYbmom prf;ppfonfESifh wNydKifeuf (Oyrm -
touf&Sifjcif; jyóemESifhywfoufí tvGefw&m ao;i,fvSaom uREfkyfwdkY\
todynmonfyifvQif) usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ vrf;aMumif;twkdif; awG;ac:
pOf;pm; qifjcifjcif;onf trSefwu,fvdkonf[laom taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk
&SmazGawGU&Sdvmayrnf/
vlom;\ arG;zGm;jcif;? ¤if;\ touf&Sifoefjcif;ESifh b0udkxdef;odrf;
apmifha&Smufxm;onfh xl;jcm;aom tpkta0;BuD;wpf&yftaMumif; uREfkyfwdkY
awG;awmqifjcifMuaomtcg? wpfenf;qdkaomf þbmom&yfe,fy,fESifh
ywfoufaom uREfkyfwdkY\ todynm A[kokwrsm; us,fjyefYvmonfESifhtrQ
vlom;\b0 toufonf tvdktavsmuf jzpfvmonf[laom ,lqcsuf\
aocsmrIyrmPonf enf;onfxuf enf;vmonf[laom tcsufyifjzpfonf/
þudpöESifhywfoufí tcsdKUaom todonmrsm;\ vufcHEdkifbG,fr&Sdonfh
'D*&DrSm wjznf;jznf; jrifhwufvmaejcif;yifjzpfonf/ Oyrm - jyifopfvlrsdK;
aq;ynmqkdif&m Edkb,fqk&Sif\ a&SUwef;wif t,ltqjzpfonfh ouf&Sd
ypönf;rsm;onf rdrdbmom zefwD;jzpfay:aomt&mjzpfNyD; ¤if;onf ¤if;\
rlv"mwfobm0ypönf;udktajccHNyD; jyifyrS oufa&mufaom wpfpHkw&maom
MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIaMumifh rawmfwq wdkufqdkif jzpfay:vmonf[laom todonm
rsm;jzpfonf/ þ,lqcsufrS ckdifrmpGm ajymqdkEdkifaomtcsufrSm txufazmfjyyg
tajctaerS ouf&Sd ½kyfobm0ypönf; (Living Organism) rsm; jzpfay:vmNyD;
xkdrSwpfqifh xl;jcm;½IwfaxG;onfh vl[laom ½kyfowå0gtjzpfodkY jzpfay:
a&muf&Sdvmonf[laom ,lqcsufyifjzpfonf/ uREfkyftwGufrlum; odyÜHynm
qdkif&m zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm;u (tvGef tHhtm;oifhbG,faumif;aom? ½IwfaxG;
vSonfh tqifhjrifhowå0gBuD; rsm;ESifhywfoufaom) em;vnfoabmaygufrI
jzpfaponfhtjyif qefYusifbuf oDtdk&D oabmw&m;udk jyif;xefpGm
jiif;cHkaprIudkvnf; jzpfay:apcJhonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifhqkd&aomf ouf&Sdrsm;\
xl;jcm;aom tjzpftysufrsm;ü omrefxufvGefuJvSaom tzGJUtpnf;BuD;
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm
9
wpf&yf wnf&Sdaejcif;yifjzpfonf/
(uk&ftmefusrf;) pmtkyf\ rsm;vSpGmaomu@rsm;wGif ½dk;&Sif;aoma0g[m&
rsm;jzifh txufyguJhodkYaom a,bk,stm;jzifh tav;teuf pOf;pm;zG,f&m
rsm;udk vrf;ñTefaeayonf/ odkYaomf ¤if;wGif ,aeY rsufarmufurÇm\ odyÜH
ynm&SmazGawGU&Sdcsufrsm;ESifh wdkuf½dkufqufEG,faeaom tuefYtowfrJh
ydkíwdusonfh tcsuftvufrsm;yg&Sdaeayonf/ þodkYaom tcsuftvuf
rsm;aMumifh ,aeY acwfodyÜHynm&yfay:wGif usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ qGJaqmifrI
onf oHvkdufuJhokdY tm;aumif;vSayonf/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk em;vnf&ef vdktyfaom
pG,fpHkusrf;qdkif&m todynmA[kokwrsm;
rsm;jym;vSaom &mpkESpfrsm;twGuf vlom;wGif vHkavmufaom
odyÜHynmqdkif&m enf;vrf;rsm; rod&Sdao;aomaMumifh uk&ftmefusrf;jrwf
twGif;yg&Sdaom pG,fpHkusrf;qdkif&m todynmrsm;udk avhvm pl;prf;EdkifcJhjcif;
r&SdcJhay/ ,aeYacwfumvusrSomvQif usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ ajrmufjrm;
vSpGmaom tm,ofawmfrsm;rSm obm0w&m;\ taMumif;csif;&mrsm;ESifh
ywfoufaeaMumif;udk jynfh0pGm oabmaygufem;vnfEdkifcJhMuonf/
uREfkyftaeESifh rdrdem;vnfoavmuf ajymEdkifwmuawmh tcef;u@tvdkuf
todynmrsm; aeYpOf ESifhtrQ wpf&Sdefxdk; wkd;wufaewJh 'D (20)&mpkESpftwGif;rSm
omrefodyÜHynm&SifwpfOD;taeESifh txl;jyK okawoe vkyfxm;wJh t&if;tjrpf
awGr&SdbJESifh usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefxJrSm 'Du@awG ynm&yfawG ESifhywfoufwJh
azmfjycsufawGudk zwfMunfh½HkrQESifh em;vnfbkdYqdkwm tvGef rvG,fulbl;qdkwJh
tcsufygbJ/ 'Dqkdvdkcsufuawmh wpfpHk wpfa,muftaeESifh pG,fpHkusrf;uJhodkYaom
A[kokw&SdrSomvQif usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef \ ynm&yfqdkif&m tm,ofawmfrsm;udk
em;vnfEdkifrSmjzpfNyD; xdkA[kokwonfvnf; rsm;ajrmifvSaom ynm&yfe,fy,f
rsm;udk vTrf;NcHK qkyfudkifEdkifonfh pG,fpHkusrf;uJhodkYaom A[kokwrsdK; jzpfoifh
ygonf/
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;10
uREfkyftaeESifh ]]odyÜHynm}}qdkwJhpum;vHk;udk ckdifrmpGmxlaxmifxm;NyD;jzpfwJh
ynm&yf e,fy,frsm;twGufom toHk;jyKrSm jzpfygw,f/ xdkYaMumifh uREfkyfu
&nfñTef;vdkaom ]]odyÜHynm}}wGifum; tcsdefumvwpfcktwGuf tjzpftysuf
taMumif;csif;&mrsm;? taMumif;csif;&mtwGJrsm;udkom &Sif;vif;jyEkdifNyD; aemifwGif
jzpfEkdifacs&Sdaom odyÜHqkdif&m wdk;wufrIrsm;aMumifh xyfrH&Sif;vif;csufrsm;
ay:xGufvmí pGefYy,fvdkuf&aomoDtkd&Drsm; ryg0ifay/ tajccHtm;jzifh
uREfkyfjyKvkyfr,fh EdIif;,SOf avhvmcsufrSm uk&ftmefusrf;\ zGifh[ajymqdk
aMujimcsufrsm;ESifh aemufxyf aqG;aEG;jiif;cHkbG,f r&Sdawmhaom A[kokw?
ynm&yfe,fy,frsm;twGufom qdkvdkygw,f/ uREfkyf taeESifh odyÜHynm&yfqdkif&m
taMumif;tcsufwpfckudk xkwfazmfygu ¤if;tcsufonf 100% raocsmao;?
twnfrjyK&ao;vQifawmifrS uREfkyfu þtcsufudk &Sif;vif;atmif wifjy
oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif azmfjyxm;aom zGifh[a&;om;csufrsm;teuf ,aeYacwf
odyÜHynmESifh aocsmrI &Sd ? r&Sd wdkufqdkifppfaq;rI? twnfjyKrIrjyK&ao;aom
Oyrmrsm;rSm tvGef&Sm;yg;vSygw,f/ uREfkyf&nfñTef;csifwmuawmh þ
wifjyrIrsm;udk ckdifrmaom taxmuftxm;rsm;ESifh ñTef;qkdjyrnf jzpfaomaMumifh
¤if;wdkY\ xif&Sm;aom oufao om"ursm;tm; odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;taeESifh
tvGefjzpfEdkifaom taxmuftxm;rsm;[k qifjcifoifhygw,f/ Oyrmwpfck
jyK&rnfqdkvQif usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif touf\rlvtponf a&jzpfonf
[laomtcsufESifh tjcm;wpfcsufrSm pMu0VmBuD;xJwGif uREfkyfwdkY urÇmESifh
qifwlaom N*dK[frsm; tjcm;wpfae&m&mwGif &Sdonf[laom tcsufrsm;
yg0ifaejcif;yifjzpfonf/
rnfodkYqkdapumrl odyÜHqkdif&m xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;rIrsm;twGuf uk&ftmefudk
&nfñTef;Edkifaomfvnf; ,if;onf bmoma&;qdkif&m taumif;qHk; usrf;pmtkyf
tjzpf wnf&SdaeaMumif;ESifh ¤if;pmtkyftm; odyÜHynmqdkif&mpmtkyf tjzpf
rarQmfvifhoifhay/ vlom;taeESifh xm0&bk&m;ocif\ zefwD;jcif; (0g)
zefqif;jcif; ESifhywfoufí tav;teuf pOf;pm;bdkY awmif;qdkjcif;cH&wJhtcgrSm
olYtaeESifh avhvmpl;prf;EdkifwJh obm0taMumif;csif;&mrsm; trsm;BuD; &Sdaeyg
w,f/ txl;ojzifh xm0&bk&m;ocif&JU bkef;awmfteEÅ&Sdjcif;ESifhywfoufNyD;
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm 11
tav;teufxm; wifjyEkdifbkdYrSm txufyg obm0&JU xl;jcm;wJh jzpfpOfjzpf&yf
awGudk xm0&bk&m;ocifu olY&JUbkef;awmfteEÅwefcdk;awmfudk odap&eftvdkYiSm
xif&Sm;wJh &nf&G,fcsufESifh jyKvkyfxm;w,fqdkwJhtcsuf jzpfygw,f/
þodkY obm0w&m;&JU taMumif;csif;&mawGay:rSm pOf;pm;a0zefjcif;tm;jzifh
uREfkyfwdkYtaejzifh odyÜHynmqdkif&m A[kokw todynmawG[m xm0&
bk&m;ocif&JU tjcm;aomyHkpHESifhay;xm;wJh vufaqmifrGefawGjzpfaMumif;
oG,f0dkufazmfjyaew,fqdkwmudk qifjcifrdrSm trSefyifjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'Dvdk
qifjcif oHk;oyfrIuae &vmwJh wefbdk;uawmh ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m bk&m;rJh0g'Drsm;u
xm0&bk&m;ocifudk ,HkMunfjcif; tay:rSm y,fzsufNyD; (jiif;y,fNyD;) odyÜH
qdkif&m tcsuftvufawGudkom ,HkMunfw,fqdkwJh oabmxufrsm;pGm
omvGefawmufy0if;vif;aewmudk awGU&SdEkdifr,fjzpfw,f/
uREfkyftaeESifh uREfkyf\ okawoevkyfief;pOfwavQmuf rdrdukd,fudkrdrd tpOftNrJ
bufrvdkufaom "r®"d|mefusaomoljzpfatmif BudK;pm;cJhygw,f/ uREfkyftae
ESifh usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefudk avhvm&mrSmvnf; q&m0efwpfa,mufu vlem
wpfa,muf&JU vlemrSwfwrf;zdkifudkzGifhNyD; awGU&wJhvu©PmawGudkMunfhNyD;rS
a&m*gtrnfwyfouJhod k Y wduswJh rSefuefwJh enf;pepfESif h csOf;uyf
avhvmcJhw,fvdkY udk,fhudk,fudk ,Hkygw,f/ uREfkyftaeESifh 0efcH&r,fhtcsuf
uawmh yxrqHk;uk&ftmefudkavhvmjcif;[m tpövmrftay:rSm ,HkMunfjcif;
qdkwJh ,HkMunfcsufaMumifhr[kwfbJ trSefw&m;udk &SmazGvdkwJhtwGuf ½dk;pif;
aomokawoe vkyfMunfhjcif;bJ jzpfw,fqdkwJhtcsuf jzpfygw,f/ uREkfyf&Sm
aewJh trSefw&m;ukd ,aeY uREkfyfjrif&ygNyD/ uREfkyf\ avhvmprf;ppfrI
NyD;qkH;oGm;wJhtcsdefrSm awGU&SdodjrifoGm;wJh uREkfyf\ todynmtm;vkH;uae
uREkfyftm; vrf;ñTefwJhtcsufuawmh ]uk&ftmefonf wrefawmf (0g)
ya&mfzufrk[r®'fxHokd Y xkwfjyef csrSwfjcif;cH&aom? 0[Dvrf;ñTefom
jzpfonf[laom tcsufyifjzpfygonf/
uREkfyfwkd YtaeESihf uk&ftmefusrf;\ xkwfjyef zGihf[aMujimcsufrsm;rSm
,aeYodyÜHqkdif&m trSefw&m;ukd ppfaq;azmfxkwfay;aom rSwfwrf;om
jzpfonf[k ,lqoihfNyD;? a&S;,cifvlom;rsm;taeESihf xkdacwfxkdtcgu &SdcJh
aom vlom;tqifhESihftnD em;vnfEkdifaom odomxif&Sm;onfh Oyrm
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;12
aqmifaom tajctaerSmom &SdcJhaMumif; em;vnfxm;oifhygw,f/ þudpö&yf
rsm;ESihf ywfoufí b,fvkdtajctaeESihf pdwful;pdwfoef;rsm;jzifh ykHazmfMunfh
EkdifygovJ/ usrf;awmf\ rl&if;pmom;rsm;wGif aemifwGifjzpfay:vmaom
ajymif;vJrI wpkHw&m&Sdaeygovm;/ usrf;pmwGif rxifr&Sm;jyKjyif ajymif;vJrI
rsm;onf vlom;rsm; pdwfBuKduf BuKd;qGJ&mvkdufí jyKjyifzefwD;rIrsm;rS vGwfajrmuf
Ekdifyg ovm;/
tenf;i,frQaom pmom;\ ajymif;vJrIrsm;onf ¤if;wkdY\ xif&Sm;aom
a&SUaemufnDjcif;ESihf t&nftcsif;rsm; tvkdtavsmufysufpD;apEkdifNyD;?
uREkfyfwkd Ytm; acwfodyÜHESih f ukdufnDaom ¤if;pmom;rsm;\ qkdvkd&if;
t"dyÜg,frsm;ukd em;vnfEkdifrIrS [efYwm;ayrnf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif
ysHUusJwnf&Sdaeaom zGifh[azmfjycsufrsm;onf bufvkdufjcif;r&Sdaom avhvm
prf;ppfolwpfOD;tm; ¤if;prf;ppfrIrsm;\ rSefuefrIukd rSwfausmufwifay;onfh
xif&Sm;aom oufaotrSwftom;tjzpf &Sdaeygonf/
uk&ftmef\ a[mMum;csufrsm;rSm tESpf (20)ywf0ef;usif umvtwGif;
vlom;tm; xkwfjyefykdYcsay;aom 0[Dvrf;ñTefusrf;jzpfygw,f/ ,if;uJhokdY
xkwfjyefykdYcs&mwGif [pf*s&D ckESpf\ wpfzufpDwGif wlnDaom twkdif;twm&Sd
tcsdefumvukd Mumanmif;apcJhygw,f/ þtcsufukdMunfhjcif;tm;jzifh?
þusrf;wpfckvkH;wGif odyÜHqkdif&mtjrifawG? ½IaxmifhawGusJjyefYusa&mufcJhw,f
qkdwJhtcsufukd pOf;pm;a0zefMunfhvQif obm0usw,fqkdwm od&SdEkdifygw,f/
uREkfyfavhvmcJhaom qnf;yl;rIwGif uREkfyfwkdYtaeESihf uk&ftmefusrf;awmfwGif
yg0ifaom pl&m[f (u@)rsm;tvkduf pkpnf;í bmom&yftvkduf? acgif;pOfrsm;
tvkduf tkyfpkrsm;jyefcGJNyD; avhvm&ef vkdtyfayonf/
þokd Yaom bmom&yfrsm;? tpkta0;rsmukd rnfokd YcG J jcm;Murnfenf;/
uk&ftmefusrf;awmfwGifum; þu@rsm;ESihfywfoufí oD;oefYcGJjcm;&ef
xl;jcm;aom ñTefMu;csufrsm; rawGU&Sd&yg/ xkdYaMumifh uREkfyftaeESihf uk&ftmef\
zGifh[ajymMum;csufrsm;ukd bmom&yftvkduf uREkfyfukd,fykdif t,ltqt&
cGJjcrf;xm;aom bmom&yf acgif;pOfrsm;tjzpf wifjyvkdygw,f/
yxrOD;qkH; uREkfyfwifjyoifhwJh acgif;pOfuawmh "The Creation " ac:
]xm0&bk&m;ocif\ zefqif;jcif;} taMumif;ygbJ/ þtaMumif;t&mESifh
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm
13
ywfoufí pMu0Vmukd zefqif;jcif;[laomudpö&yfESihf oufqkdifaom ,aeY
trsm;vufcHxm;onfh t,ltqrsm;ukd usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ usrf;ykd'fawmf
rsm;ESihf EIdif;,SOf ppfaq;avhvmEkdifonf/ xkdYaemuf usrf;ykd'fawmfrsm;ukd
atmufazmfjyyg a,bk,sacgif;pOfrsm;ESihf cGJjcm; avhvmEkdifonf/ tmumo
odyÜH (0g) eu©wåaA'ynm? urÇmN*dK[f? wd&pämefavmuESihf opfyifyef;reffavmu?
vlom;ESihf vlom;\ rsKd;yGm;jcif; ponfwkdY jzpfonf/ vlom;\ rsKd;yGm;jcif; (0g)
rsKd;qufjzefYjcif;[laom bmom&yfrSm usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefrS txl;ta&;ygaom
oD;jcm;csrSwfxm;onfh u@vnf; jzpfayonf/ azmfjyyg bmom&yfrsm;\
acgif;pOfrsm;wGif aemufxyfacgif;pOf cGJrsm; acgif;pOfi,frsm; rsm;pGmxyfrHcGJjcm;
Ekdifygao;w,f/
a&SUqufí wifjy&rnfqkdaomf uk&ftmefusrf;ESihf or®musrf;rsm;wGif zGifhqkdrIrsm;ukd
acwfrSDynm&yf rsm;ESihf ½IjrifokH;oyfEIdif;,SOfavhvmrIonf tvGefta&;ygaom
tokH;0ifaom udpö&yfjzpfayonf/ þokdY EIdif;,SOf avhvmokH;oyfcsufrsm;ukd
]zefqif;jcif;? a&vTrf;rkd;jcif; ESihf vlrsm; odef;çoef;csDí ajymif;a&TU aexkdifjcif;}
tp&Sdaom acgif;pOfrsm;twGuf EIdif;,SOfavhvmNyD;jzpfonf/
pMu0Vmtm; zefqif;jcif;
yxrOD;qkH;taeESihf uk&ftmefrSmazmfjyxm;wJh ]zefqif;jcif;} taMumif;ukd
avhvmprf;ppfMunfhMuygpkdY/
zefqif;jcif;qkdif&m tvGefY tvGefta&;BuD;vSaom a,bk,s tawG;tac:
t,ltqwpf&yfrSm or®musrf;pm\ zGifhqdkcsufESifh rwlnDbJ xGufay:
vmcJhygonf/ þt,ltqrSm taemufwdkif; ynm&Sifrsm;u rSm;,Gif;pGm
aumuf,lNyD; usrf; (2)ckMum; qufEG,frIudkaxmufjy&ef BudK;pm;Muaomf
vnf; þqifwlaom tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;rSm trSefyif qefYusifaeMu
onf/
tjcm;aom bmom&yftaMumif;t&mrsm;xuf " Creation " ac:
zefqif;jcif;ESifhywfoufí taemufwdkif;om;rsm;taeESihf jyif;xefaom
udkif;ñTwfpdwf"gwf&SdaeonfrSm ]]rk[r®'f(�) onf or®musrf;pm\ a,bk,s
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;
tESpfcsKyf}} udk ul;,l udk;um;xm;onf[laomtcsufjzpfonf/ trSefyif
þ,lqcsufudk axmufcHay;onfrSm or®musrf;pm wGif xm0&bk&m;ocifonf
(6)&ufMumrQ zefqif;jcif;trIudkjyKtNyD; aemufwpf&ufwGif tem;,lawmf
rlonf[laomtcsufjzpfí ¤if;usrf;awmf\ zGifhqdkcsufudk MuiSef;rsm;u@?
usrf;ydk'f (54) wGif atmufygtwdkif; zGifhqdkxm;onf/
������� ���� �� ��������� ������������ ������ ������ !"#��� !$%&�'�� �(�)
]]toifwkd Y\ tqifhqifhjyKpkysKd;axmifawmfrlaom t&Sifonf
tv’m[f jzpf\/ xkdt&Sifjrwfonf rkd;aumif;uifrsm;ESihf urÇm
ajrjyifudk (6)&uftwGif; zefqif;awmfrlcJhonf/}} (7;54)
þae&mwGif uREfkyfwdkYtaeESifh acwfopfa0zefa&;orm;rsm;\ ������- ]tkdif,grf}
[laompum;&yfESifh ywfoufaom tav;teuf wifjycsufudk tajzmifh
twdkif; wifjyvdkygonf/ ]������-}[laompum;\wpfckaom t"dyÜg,f? bmomjyef
qkdcsufrSm ]]&ufrsm;}} jzpfouJhodk Y tjcm;t"dyÜm,frsm;rSm ]]tcsdefumv
tydkif;tjcm;&SnfBuD;}} (0g) ]]acwfumvrsm;}}[lí t"dyÜg,f&SdNyD; ¤if;rSm
(24)em&Dom&Sdaom aeYtydkif; tjcm;wpfckwnf;udk rqdkvdkyg/
uREfkyftwGuf tajccHtusqHk;ESifh ta&;BuD;qHk;tcsufuawmh or®musrf;pm\
zGifhqdkcsufudk qefYusifí uk&ftmefusrf;awmfwGif urÇmajrESifh rkd;aumif;uifrsm;
zefqif;jcif;[laom uGif;qufoabm? a&SUaemuf tpDtpOfoabmudk azmfjy
rxm;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ ¤if;\ ñTef;qdkcsufwGif urÇmN*dK[frwdkifrD rkd;aumif;uifrsm;
[lívnf;aumif;? rkd;aumif;uifrsm; rzefqif;rD urÇmN*dK[f [lívnf;aumif;?
azmfjyjcif;r&SdbJ zefqif;jcif;udk a,bk,stm;jzifhom ñTefjyaeNyD; þtcsufudk
oGm[mu@? usrf;ydk'f (4)wGif atmufygtwdkif; wifjyxm;ayonf/
�������� ��� �������� ��������� ������ ������ ������
]](uk&ftmefusrf;jrwfonf) urÇmN*Kd[f ESihf jrihfrm;vSpGmaom rkd;aumif;uif
pMu0Vmrsm;ukd zefqif;awmfrlcJhaom t&SifjrwfxHawmfrS xkwfjyefykdYcscsuf
wpf&yfjzpfayonf/}} (20;4)
14
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm 15
trSefwu,frSm uk&ftmefusrf;rS qif;oufvmaomt,ltqrSm aumif;uifESifh
ywfoufaom qifhuJ ajymif;vJjzpfay:jcif;ESifh urÇmajrBuD;ESifh ywfoufaom
qifhuJ ajymif;vJjzpfay:jcif;rsm;onf twlwljzpfay:vmonf[laom
t,ltqyifjzpfonf/ þt,ltqESifhywfoufí vHk;0OóHk tajccHusaom
rSefuefonfh tcsuftvufrsm;vnf; &SmazGawGU&SdNyD;jzpfonf/ ¤if;rSm –%aK-D<]'kcgef;}ac: rlvtp"gwfaiGUxkBuD; wpfckwnf&SdcJhjcif;? ¤if;"gwfaiGUxkBuD;rSm
tjcm;t&mrsm;ESifh a&m,SufrIr&SdbJ oD;jcm;&Sdaejcif;? ¤if;wGif zGJUpnf;aeaom
t&mrsm;onf tpyxru ÷TR ]&ofuf}ac: a&maESmaeaom tajctae
ü&SdcJhjcif;? aemufwGif qifhuJajymif;vJrIjzpfpOft& ÷tF- ]zofuf}ac: uGJxGuf
ysHUESHUoGm;jcif; ponfwdkYjzpfonf/ azmfjyyg jzpfpOfESihf oabmw&m;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd
cGJjcm;azmfjyxm;aomu@? usrf;ydk'f (11) wGif atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;onf/
������� ���� ��� ���� ���� �������� ����
]]xdkYaemuf xkd (tv’m[f)t&Sifjrwfonf rdk;aumif;uifbufodkY vSnfhawmfrl\/
xdktcsdefwGif ,if; rdk;aumif;uifonf tckd;taiGUwpf&yfomjzpf\/}} (41;11)
þwlnDaom oabmw&m;udkeADwrefawmfrsm;u@? usrf;ydk'f (30) wGifvnf;
atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;onf/
]]trSefw&m;ukd r,HkMunfolrsm; rjrifMuavoavmh/ rkd;aumif;uif pMu0Vm
rsm;ESifh urÇmN*Kd[fonf wpfckwnf;yl;uyfvQuf&SdcJhMu&m igt&Sifjrwfonf
4if;wdkYudk cGJjcrf;awmfrlcJh\}} (21;30)
uGJxGufjcif;jzpfpOfaMumifh urÇmrsm;pGm(avmursm;pGm) jzpfay:vm&jcif;udk
azmfjyyg uk&ftmef\ tqdkudk axmufcHvsuf&Sdaeayonf/ þavhvmawGU&Sdcsuf
rsm;u acwfodyÜHtcsuftvufrsm;ESifh uk&ftmef\ tqdkrsm;? tcsuftvufrsm;
rsm;pGmwGif udkufnDaMumif; jyoaeMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh uREkfyfwdkYtaeESifh
or®musrf;pmwGif azmfjyxm;aom ]] zefqif;jcif; }}ESifhywfoufonfh urÇmESifh
rk d;aumif;uifrsm; qufwdkufjzpfvmonf[laom pum;pkrsm;rSm vkH;0
vufcHEkdifzG,fr&SdaomaMumifh or®musrf;ESihf tvSrf;a0;vmcJh&onf/ txl;ojzifh
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;
uk&ftmefusrf;awmfwGif 'gZifaygif;rsm;pGm azmfjyxm;NyD; yxrOD;qHk; u@
jzpfaom tzGifhu@? usrf;ydk'f (2)wGif atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;avonf/
���������� ��� ������ �������
]]csD;rGrf;axmyPmjcif;taygif;wkdYonf avmucyfodrf;wkdYukd tqifhqifhjyKpk
ysKd;axmifawmfrlaom tv’m[ft&SifjrwftwGufom jzpfawmfrl\/}} (1;2)
txufazmfjyyg pMu0|mESifh urÇmN*dK[fudkzefqif;jcif;[laomjzpfpOfESifh ywf
oufí acwfopft,ltqrsm;u jynfhpHkpGm axmufcHoabmwlxm;NyD;
jzpfonf/ acwfopft,ltqrsm;wGif rlvtqifhwGif 'nebula' ac: "gwfaiGUxkBuD;
wnf&Sdjcif;? 'kwd,qifhtajctaewGif rl&if;"gwfaiGUxkBuD;twGif;&Sd t&m0w¬Krsm;
wpfenf;qkdaomf j'yfpifrsm; aygufuGJvGifhpifcGJxGufjcif;[laom t,ltqukd
ckdifrmpGm vufcHxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ þokdY uGJxGufjcif;jzpfpOfrSm galaxies ac:
]]e*g;aiGUwef;rsm;}} (Mu,ftpkta0;)ukd jzpfay:apjcif;? xkdYaemufwzef ¤if;
]]*vufqD}} rsm;rS cGJxGufNyD; ]]Mu,f}}rsm;ukd vnf;aumif;? ¤if; ]Mu,f} rsm;rS
]N*Kd[f}rsm; cGJxGufjzpfay:vmavonf/
þt,ltqESihf ywfoufí usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif rkd;aumif;uifrsm;
ESihfurÇmN*Kd[fMum;wGif ]Mum;cH jzpfaom zefqif;rI} [lí pl&[f Al Furqan (25 :
59) wGif atmufygtwkdif; wifjyxm;ayonf/
���������� ���� ��� ������� ������������ ������ ������ ]]xkd(tv’m[f)t&Sifjrwf onf rkd;aumif;uifrsm;ESihf? urÇmN*Kd[fukdvnf;aumif;?
,if;ESpfckMum;&Sd t&mrsm;ukd vnf;aumif; zefqif;awmfrlaomt&Sif
jzpfayonf/}} (25;59)
þtcsufukdvnf; acwfopf&SmazG avhvmawGU&Sdcsufrsm;u axmufcHvsuf&Sd
ayonf/ acwfopf odyÜHynm pl;prf;avhvmcsuft& pepfwus zGJUpnf;xm;aom
eu©wåqdkif&mpepfrsm;\jyifywGif wHwm;BuD;rsm;uJhodk Y wGJqufaeaom
t&mrsm; awGU&Sd&onf[laomtcsufonf Mum;vTmzefqif;jcif;[laom txuf
16
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm
17
odNyD;om;tcsufwpfckjzpfonfh uREfkyfwdkYaexdkif&m urÇmN*dK[fonf ¤if;\ udk,fydkif
Mu,fwpfvHk;rS aygufzGm;vmonf[laomtcsufudk od&Sd&aomtcsdefwGif
or®musrf;pm\ wwd,ajrmufaeYwGif urÇmN*dK[fudk zefqif;NyD; pwkw¬aeYwGif
rkd;aumif;uifrsm;udk zefqif;cJhonf[laomtqdkrSm vHk;0 vufcHEkdifzG,f
r&Sdawmhacs/
þodkYaom tajctaersdK;wGif vlwpfa,muf txl;ojzifh ol\ pdwful;
pdwfoef;rsm;udk or®musrf;pmrS&,lNyD; ]]pMu0Vm zGJUpnf;jzpfay:jcif;}} ESifhywf
oufaom a,bk,s todonmwpfckudk rdrdoabmESifh rdrd jyifqifNyD;
uk&ftmefusrf;udk a&;om;cJhonf[laomtcsufudk uREkfyfwdkY rnfodkYrQ pdwful;NyD;
em;vnfEkdifrnf r[kwfay/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf txufyg ]] pMu0Vm
ay:xGef;jcif; }} [laom todonmrSm xkdpma&;q&m (wrefawmfrk[r®'f(�))\
uG,fvGefaoqHk;NyD; &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtxd vlom;rsm; od&Sdem;vnfEdkifpGrf;
r&Sdao;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/
tmumoodyÜHynm - tvif;a&mifESifh a½GYvsm;jcif;
uREfkyfwdkYtaeESifh ,cktcsdefrSpNyD; tmumoodyÜHynmtaMumif;udk
aqG;aEG;MuygpdkY/
uk&ftmefusrf;wGif yg0ifaom tmumoodyÜHynmESifh ywfoufonfh
tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm;udk zGifh[ a&;om;azmfjywdkif; taemufwdkif;om;
rsm;u 'g[m bmrSrqef;ygbl;vdkY jyefrajymoifhygbl;/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf
tm&yfvlrsdK;rsm;taeESifh þynm&yfe,fy,fESifhywfoufí ta&;ygaom &SmazG
pl;prf;rIrsm;udk Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;rwdkifrD a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u
&SmazGavhvmrIjyKvkyfcJhNyD; jzpfMuavonf/
þodkYaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk em;vnfrI? todtrSwfrjyKjcif;rSm
txl;ojzifh ordkif;udk em;rvnfjcif;rS arG;zGm;vmonfh rSm;,Gif;aom,lqcsuf
rsm;omjzpfawmhonf/ yxrOD;qHk;taeESifhajym&vQif odyÜHynmonf tm&yf
EkdifiHrsm;wGif zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufcJhNyD; xdktcsdefumvrSm uk&ftmefusrf;jrwfudk
xkwfjyefcsrSwfNyD; rMumcifumv jzpfcJhygonf/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm tpövmrfh
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;18
,Ofaus;rI txGwftxdyfa&mufaom xdktcsdef umvrsdK;wGif&S daom
odyÜHynmqkdif&m todA[kokwrSm xdkacwf xdktcgu vlom;wpfa,muf
taeESifh rkd;aumif;uifESifhywfoufaom zGifhqdka&;om;csufrsm;udk usrf;jrwf
uk&ftmefwGif azmfjya&;om;xm;ouJhodkY EdIif;,SOfavmufatmif a&;om;Edkifonfh
tajctae (todynm A[kokw) r&SdEkdifao;acs/
'Dae&mrSm uREfkyfxyfajymcsifwmuawmh 'Dbmom&yf[m tvGef us,f0ef;vSwJh
twGufaMumifh ¤if;ESifhywfoufaom twdkcsKyfudkom azmfjyay;Ekdifygr,f/
or®musrf;pmwGif aeESifhvudk t&G,ftpm;tm;jzifh uGJjym;aom tvif;a&mif
pwifjzpfxGef;&mae&m ESpfck[k zGifhqkd wifjyxm;aomfvnf; uk&ftmefwGif
¤if;wdkYESpfcktm; txl;toHk;tEIef;udkoHk;NyD; cGJjcm;jyxm;ygw,f/
R%oN< ]El;&f}[laompum;vHk;udk ]v} twGufoHk;NyD; ‡Ar-yS_ ]pD&m*sf}[laom
pum;vHk;ud k aetwGuf oHk;xm;ygonf/ ]El;&f}[laom pum;vHk;u
azmfñTef;vdkaom tvif;a&mifrSm tvif;udk jyefvTwfaom rvIyf&Sm;aom
(avmifuRrf;rI r&Sdaom) taqmufttHk[kqdkvdkNyD; ]pD&m*sf} [laompum;rS
ñTef;qdkaom ]] tvif;a&mif }}rSomvQif ]] tvif;ESifh tyl&Sdef\ t&if;tjrpfjzpfNyD;
aumif;uifESifhywfoufaom zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufrI&SdNyD; xm0&aygufuGJ
avmifuRrf;aeaom tajctae&Sdonfht&m }} [lí qdkvdkjcif;jzpfygonf/
ù%j^N- ]e*srf} [laompum;vHk;\ tjcm;aom t&nftaoG;udk azmfjy
onfhpum;vHk;rSm qmudAf [laom pum;vHk;jzpfí ¤if;\ t"dyÜg,frSm olY
zmomavmifNrdKufNyD; ntcg tmumotwGif; avmifuRrf; aysmufuG,fonf
[kt"dyÜg,f&onf/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tjcm;oH k;EIef;xm;aom pum;vHk;rSm è^|-o^| -]aumif0fuAf}[laompum;vHk;jzpfNyD; ¤if;\ t"dyÜg,frSm ]]tmumowGif
jzpfay:aomt&m}} jzpfNyD; aeuJhodkY udk,fydkiftvif;a&mifudk xkwfvTwfEkdifjcif;
r&Sday/ ,if;\ oabmrSm acwfodyÜH tac:ta0:t& ]] N*dK[f }} [laom
pum;vHk;ESifh t"dyÜg,fwlayonf/
,aeY acwfodyÜH\ avhvmawGU&Sdcsufrsm;t& rkd;aumif;uifpMu0Vm\
zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufyH konf Mu,frsm;u wduspGm owfrSwfxm;aom
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm
19
ywfvrf;aMumif;rsm;twGif; a&GUvsm;vsuf&SdNyD; ¤if;wdkY\ j'yfxkESifh a&GUvsm;rI
tjrefEIef;rsm;t& jzpfay:aom qGJiiftm;rsm;ESifh tjyeftvSef qGJiifjcif;tm;jzifh
pMu0Vm wpfckvHk;udk csdefom;nDatmif (balance) zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufxm;onf/
,aeYacwftcsdefumvwGif uREkfyfwdkYvlom;rsm; wwfodem;vnfoabm
aygufEdkifaom oabmw&m;udk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ eADwrefawmfrsm;u@?
usrf;ydk'f (33) wGif atmufygtwkdif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
]]xkd (tv’m[f)t&SifjrwfonfyifvQif n ESihf aeYukdvnf;aumif;? ae ESihf
vukdvnf;aumif;? zefqif;awmfrlcJh\/ ,if; (N*Kd[feu©wf) toD;oD;onf
ukd,fykdifywfvrf;ü a&GUvsm;vSnfhywfvsuf&SdMu\}} (21;33)
usrf;pm\pmom;wGif tm&ADpum;vHk; –-o^h<b-s^Y# - onf a&GUvsm;aom
t&m0w¬Krsm;\ vIyf&Sm;rI[laom t,ltqudk zGifh[ajymqdkNyD; wpfpHk
wpfa,mufu rdrdajcaxmufjzifh ajrjyifwGif vSnfhywf ajy;vTm;onf (0g)
a&xJwGif ul;cwfjcif;uJhodkYaom t"dyÜg,frsm;yg0ifonf/ aumif;uifESifh
oufqk di faom t&m0w¬Krsm;twGufrlum; ,if;pum;vH k;ud k rl&if;
t"dyÜg,fjzpfonfh rdrdukd,fydkif vIyf&Sm;rIjzifh vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmjcif;}} [lí t"dyÜg,f
jyefoifhonf/
nESifh aeYjzpfay:jcif;\ uGif;qufoabmw&m;ESifhywfoufí ,aeY vlwdkif;
odaeNyD;aom oabmw&m;rSm usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif txl;xif&Sm;pGm
azmfjyxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf tm&ADpum;vHk; ]aumifa&}
[lonf toif;tzGJYrsm;u@? usrf;ydk'f (5) wGif " winds " or "coils" ta0ht0dkuf
(0g) 0dkif;aom yHkpH&Sdonf tjym;ozG,f aeYESifhn wvSnfhpDjzpfay:aeyHkudk
rl&if;t"dyÜg,fjzpfonfh OD;acgif;wGif &pfywfxm;aom ]]acgif;aygif;}} ESifh
Oyrmaqmifazmfjyxm;ayonf/ þEdIif;,SOfazmfjycsufonf uk&ftmefukd
xkwfjyefcsrSwfay;aom tcsdefwGif tmumoodyÜHqkdif&m tcsuftvufrSm
rod&Sdao;aomumvjzpfí aumufcsufcs&efrvkdaom vkH;0 oifhawmf
ckdifrmaom EIdif;,SOfwifjycsufjzpfonf/
rkd;aumif;uif\ qifhuJajymif;vJjzpfay:jcif;ESihf? ae\ wnf&Sd&mae&mESihf
ywfoufaom t,ltqukdvnf; azmfjyxm;ayonf/ xkdazmfjycsufrsm;onf
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;20
,ckacwf t,ltqrsm;ESihf jrifhrm;pGm ukdufnDaeayonf/ uk&ftmefusrf;onf
pMu0VmcsJUum;xGufaejcif;[laom oabmw&m;ukd oG,f0kdufwifjyxm;
ayonf/ xkdYjyif tmumo[if;vif;jyif\ ysufokOf;usqkH;aejcif;ukdvnf;
azmfjyxm;ayonf/ þtcsufukdvnf; xl;jcm;aom enf;ynmzGHYNzKd;wkd;wufrI
aus;Zl;aMumifh? vlom;\ vurÇmokdYc&D;rSwpfqifh azmfxkwf awGU&SdEkdifcJhonf/
okdYaomf txufazmfjyyg pMum0VmcsJUum;jcif;? usKHU0ifjcif;oabmw&m;rSm
uREkfyfwkdY teEÅ*½kPmawmf&Sifu@? usrf;ydk'f (33)wGif em;vnfcHpm;Ekdifonf/
]] tkd*sifefESihf vlom;taygif;wkdY toifwkdYtaeESihf rkd;aumif;uif pMum0Vmrsm;ESihf
urÇmN*Kd[fukd xkd;azmufEkdifpGrf;&SdMuvQif xkd;azmufíoGm;Muavmh/ toifwkdY
taeESihf xkd;azmufEkdifpGrf;&Sdrnf r[kwfay/ okdYaomf pGrf;tm;&SdvQif um;
(xkd;azmufEkdifayrnf/)}} (55;33)
þpGrf;tm;onf tvGeftiftm;BuD;aom teEÅwefckd;&Sif tv’m[ft&SifxHrS
jzpfNyD; teEÅ*½kPmawmf&Sifu@wpfckvkH;\ taMumif;t&monf xm0&
bk&m;ocif (tv’mt&Sif)\ vlom;tay:xm;&Sdonfh r[m*½kPmawmfukd
azmfñTef;aeygonf/
urÇmN*Kd[f
,ckwpfcg uREkfyfwkdY urÇmN*Kd[f (0g) urÇmajrBuD; zefqif;jcif;ukd
avhvmMuygpkd Y/ Oyrm wpf&yftaeESihf toif;tzGJ Yrsm;u@ twGif;rS
atmufygusrf;ydk'f (21) ukd avhvmprf;ppf MunfhMuygpkdY/
]]toifwkdYrjrifMuavoavm/ xkdtv’m[f t&Sifjrwfonf a&ukd rkd;aumif;uifrS
csay;awmfrlcJhNyD; ajrvTmatmufwGif 0ifa&mufapNyD; a&rsm;\ t&if;tjrpf
jzpfaponf r[kwfygavm/ xkdYaemuf xkdt&SifonfyifvQif ,if;(a&)jzifh
trsKd;rsKd;aom ta&miftqif;rsm;&Sdonfh oD;ESHrsm;ukd jzpfxGef;xGufay:
apawmfrl\/}} (39;21)
,aeYacwftcgor,wGif þt,ltqonf uREkfyfwkdYtwGuf twefobm0
usaom em;vnfrI &Sdaponfh t,ltqwpf&yfjzpfaomfvnf;? vGefcJhaom
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm 21
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu þoabmw&m;rsm;ukd vlom;rsm; vufcHem;vnfEkdifrI
r&Sdao;[laom tcsufukdum; rarhoifhyg/ (16) &mpkESpfrsm;rwkdifrD bm;e'f
ygvpD\ &SmazGawGU&Sdcsuft& a&oHo&mvnfjcif;\ aMumif;usKd;qDavsmfaom
wifjycsufrwkdifciftxd a&oHo&mvnfjcif;ukd rnfolrQ em;vnfoduRrf;rI
r&Sdao;yg/ þwifjycsufrwkdifrD tvsifu vlom;wkdYonf yifv,fork'´&mrS
a&rsm;u avwkdufcwfrIaMumifh jyif;xefaom t&Sdeft[kefjzifh pD;qif;vmNyD;
wkdufBuD;rsm;\ twGif;ykdif;okdY a&muf&SdoGm;onf[laom t,ltq oDtkd&D
oabmukd ajymqkdcJhMuavonf/ xkdYaemuf wkdufBuD;rsm;twGif; pD;0ifa&muf&Sd
aeMuaom a&rsm;onf acsmufurÇm;BuD;rsm;rSwqifh yifv,fork'´&mrsm;okdY
jyefvnfpD;xGufukefMuonf[laom oDtkd&Doabmukd yavwkd (Plato)\
acwfrSpí Tartarus [k ac:wGifcJhaMumif;od&onf/ (17) &mpkwGif ay:ayguf
cJhaom tawG;tac:ynm&Sif 'Dpfumhwf (Descartes) onfyifvQif txufyg
oDtkd&Dukd ,kHMunfvufcHcJhonf/ (19) &mpkESpfa&mufaom tcsdefumv
wGifawmifrS t&pöwkdw,f (Aristotle) \ oDtkd&Djzpfaom a&rsm;onf at;jraom
awmifwef;BuD;rsm;ESihf vIdif*lBuD;rsm;xJwGif odyfonf;pGmat;cJ oGm;NyD;aemuf
ajratmufa&tkdifrsm;tjzpf wpfjzpfvJajymif;vJNyD; wpfzef ajrjyifokdY prf;acsmif;
rsm;? a&pD;aMumif;rsm;tjzpf ay:xGufvmonf[laom t,ltqukd ,kHMunf
vufcHaeMuolrsm;&SdcJhonf/ ,aeYacwftcgor,wGifrl ajratmufa&[lonf
rkd;a&rsm;? urÇmh ajrvTmtwGif; pdrfh0ifckdatmif;&mrS jzpfay:vmonfukd uREkfyfwkdY
em;vnfxm;NyD;jzpfonf/
tu,fí wpfpkHwpfa,muftaeESihf rsufarSmufacwf a&taMumif;ukd
avhvmqnf;yl;ygu azmfjyyg a&oHo&mvnfjcif;ESifh ywfoufíacwfodyÜHynm
avhvmawGU&S dcsufrsm;ESi h f uk&ftmefusrf; jrwfwGif azmf jyxm;aom
ajrmufjrm;vSpGmaom tm,ofawmfrsm;\ ukdufnDrIukd EIdif;,SOf avhvm od&Sd
Ekdifrnfomru? acwfopf odyÜHynmawGU&Sdcsufrsm;ESihf usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef
wkdYtMum;&Sd xl;jcm;aom ukdufnDrItwkdif;twm jrihfrm;ykHukd owdjyKrd
Ekdifrnfjzpfonf/
blrdaA'ynm&yfwGif rMumao;rDumvtwGif;urS &SmazGawGU&Sdxm;aom
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;
22
taMumif;csif;&mwpf&yf rSm awmifwef;BuD;rsm;ukd jzpfay:apaom vTmwGefYjcif;
(0g) ajrvTmwGefYacgufjcif; jzpfpOfjzpfonf/ xyfrH awGU&Sdaom rSefuefonfh
tcsufrSm urÇmhtcGHvTm (0g) urÇmhtay:,HvTmonf uREkfyfwkdYaexkdifEkdifaom
tcGHrmykdif;jzpfNyD;? eufeJaom tvTmrsm;onf ylí t&nfaysmfaeaomaMumifh
ouf&Sdrsm; touf&Sifoef aexkdif&ef rjzpfEkdif[laom tcsufyifjzpfonf/ xkdYjyif
awmifrsm;\ wnfNidrfrIonf vTmwGefYjcif; (0g) wGefYacgufjcif;\ tcsif;t&mESihf
qufEG,fvsuf&SdNyD;? xkdokdY urÇmhtay:,HvTm\ wGefYacgufrIrsm;u urÇmh
ajrrsufESmjyif tajctaeukd jzpfay:apaom tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm;jzpfNyD;? ¤if;
wkdYuyif awmifrsm;ukd jzpfay:aponf[laom tcsufrSmvnf; ,cktcg vlom;
rsm; od&Sdem;vnfNyD;aomtcsufjzpfonf/
þtaMumif;t&mESifhywfoufí acwfopfodyÜH&SmazGawGU&Sdcsufrsm;ESih f
uk&ftmefwGif azmfjyxm;onfh ajrmufjrm;vSpGmaom tm,ofawmfrsm;teufrS
tm,ofwpfckESihf EIdif;,SOfavhvmMunfhMuygpkdY/ þtcsufukd xl;uJaom
owif;u@? usrf;ydk'f (6-7)wGif atmufygtwkdif; azmfjyxm;ayonf/
�������� ��� ��� ������� �������������� ������������
]]igt&SifjrwfonfyifvQif urÇmajrBuD;ukd BuD;rm;us,fjyefYapNyD; awmifrsm;ukd
ikwfrsm;tjzpf (jyKvkyfzefqif;awmfrlcJhonfh r[kwfavm/)}} (78;7-8)
DaT-OA- [laom tm&ADpum;vkH;\ t"dyÜg,frSm "tent" ac: &GufzsifwJrsm;
aqmufaomtcg ajrBuD;twGif; ½kdufcsxm;&aom ikwfrsm; (0g) oyfrsm;[lí
t"dyÜg,faqmifNyD;? txufyg tm,ofawmfwGifrlum; blrdaA'qkdif&m
wGefYacgufrIBuD;rsm;twGuf euf½Idif;aom tajc? tkwfjrpfrsm;[k t"dyÜg,faqmif
onf/
tjcm;aom acgif;pOf (taMumif;t&m) rsm;ESihf ywfoufívnf; "r®"dXmefusus
avhvmolwpfOD; twGufvnf; acwfodyÜH&SmazGawGU&Sdcsufrsm;onf uk&ftmef\
zGifhqkdcsufrsm;ESihf a&SUaemufrnD? vGJacsmfrIrsm; r&SdaMumif; owdjyKrdrnfrSm
trSefyifjzpfonf/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm 23
tjcm;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;xuf uREkfyfukd tHYtm;oihfapaom taMumif;
t&mwpfckrSm ouf&Sd rsm;ESihf ywfoufí (tyifavmu? ½kyfavmu ESpfrsKd;pvkH;)
txl;ojzifh? ¤if;wkdY\ rsKd;yGm;jcif;ESihf oufqkdifaom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ zGifhqkd
azmfjycsufrsm;jzpfayonf/ þae&mwGif uREkfyftaeESihf xyfrHí tav;teuf
ajymvkdonfhtcsufrSm ,aeYrsm; rMumao;rD tcsdefumvwGif;rS jzpfay:
wkd;wufcJhonfh odyÜHynm&yfqkdif&m wkd;wufrIrsm;aMumifh? þuJhokdYaom
tm,ofawmfrsm;wGif yg0ifaom taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd uREkfyfwkd Yyk dí
em;vnfoabmayguf vmcJh&onf [laomtcsufyifjzpfonf/ xkdYjyif txufyg
tm,ofawmfrsm;xufykdí em;vnfvG,faom tm,ofawmfrsm; &Sdae
ao;aMumif;ESihf xkdtm,ofawmfrsm;u tvGef odomxif&Sm;onfh ZD0aA'
qkdif&m teuft"dyÜg,frsm;ukd zkH;uG,fxm;ao;aMumif;ukdvnf; today;vkdyg
onf/ þtcsufuk d ,ci fwp f Bu dr f &nfñTe f ;xm; Ny D ;aom
eADwrefawmfrsm;u@\ usrf;ydk'f wpfckukd ukd;um;í wifjyvkdygonf/
��������� ���� �� ���� ������ ���� ������� ���� ��������!�"
]]4if;aemuf igt&Sifjrwfonf ouf&Sdt&mrsm;tm;vkH;ukd a&rS jzpfapawmfrl\/
okdYygvQuf 4if;wkd Y (umzd&f - r,kHMunfolrsm;)onf ouf0if,kHMunfjcif;
r&SdMuavoavm/}} (21;30)
þtm,ofawmfonf acwfopft,ltqjzpfaom touf\tponf a&ESihf
ywfoufonf[laom tcsufukd axmufcHtwnfjyKay;onf/
rk[r®'f(�)\ vufxufwGif ZD0aA'ynm&yf\ zGHYNzKd;wkd;wufrI tajctaeonf
rnfonfhwkdif; EkdifiHwGifrS vkHavmufaom wkd;wufrItqifhtwef;r&SdcJhacs/
xkdYaMumifhyif tyifrsm;wGif tzkdESihftr tpdwftykdif; ESpfckpvkH; yg0ifonf[laom
tcsufukd Oya'wpf&yftaeESihf xkwfazmfEkdifjcif; r&SdcJhay/ xkdokdYr[kwfbJ
uREkfyfwkdYtaeESifh uk&ftmefusrf;awmf\ oGm[mu@? usrf;ydk'f (53) ukd zwfMunfh
ygu atmufygtwkdif; awGU&SdEkdifrnf/
����� ����� �� ���������� ���� ������������� ��� �����!"� ��� �#�$����
]]xkdtv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf rkd;aumif;uifrS a&ukdcsay; oem;awmfrlcJh\/
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;24
xkdrSwzef xkdt&Sifonf ,if;jzifhaumufyJoD;ESHtpkHtpkHwkdYukd wpfckrS tjcm;wpfckukd
oD;jcm;cGJxGufapjcif;jzifh ay:xGuf aygufa&mufapawmfrlcJhonf/}} (20;53)
,aeYacwfumvwGif opfoD;rsm;onf opfyifrS jzpfay:vmaMumif; tyifrsm;wGif
vdifrIqkdif&m t&nftcsif;rsm;&SdaMumif; uREkfyfwkdY od&Sdvm&NyD;jzpfonf/ (Oyrm
- iSufaysmyifuJhokdYaom rsKd;ratmifonfh yef;yGihfrsm;rSvmaom tyifjzpfvQif
awmifrS toD;jzpfxGef;Ekdifonf)usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? rdk;csKH;oHu@? usrf;ydk'f
(3)wGifvnf; uREkfyfwkdY zwf½Iod&SdEkdifonfrSm -
�������� ��������� ����� ����� ��������� ���� �����
]]¤if;aemuf tvkH;pkHaom tyifrsm;rS opfoD;rsm;ukd xkdt&Sifjrwfu
tpkHtpkHjzpfapawmfrlcJhonf/}} (13;3)
wd&pämefavmu\ rsKd;yGm;jcif;ESihf ywfoufí tav;teuf pOf;pm;Munfh
vQifvnf;? ¤if;oabmw&m;onf vlom;rsm;\ rsKd;yGm;jcif;jzpfpOfESihf qufEG,f
vsuf &SdaeaMumif; od&SdEkdifonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtaeESihf xkdtcsufukd ,ckprf;ppfa0zef
MunfMuygpkdY/
ZD0ur®aA'bmom&yfESihf ywfoufí uREkfyftwGuf tvGeftrif; xif&Sm;aom
usrf;ykd'fwpfck vm&Sdygonf/ aoG;vSnfhywfykHESihf ywfoufí &SmazGawGU&SdrI
r&Sdao;aom ESpfaygif;wpfaxmifrwkdifrDumv (tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifh 13
&mpkrwkdifrDumvcefY) wGif tpmacspkwf,ljcif;[laom jzpfpOfaMumifh vl\
tltwGif; jzpfysufrIESihf twGif;t*Fg tpdwftykdif;rsm;\ t[m&"gwf&&SdrIrsm;ESihf
ywfoufí uk&ftmefusrf;awmfwGif EkdY&nfwGif yg0ifzGJUpnf;xm;aomt&mrsm;\
t&if;tjrpftjzpf azmfjyxm;NyD; txufyg,lqcsufrsm;ESihf ukdufnDaeayonf/
þusrf;pmykd'fukd em;vnf&efrSm tltwGif;jzpfay:aom "gwkaA'qkdif&m wkefYjyefrI
oabmukd od&Sd em;vnfxm;&ef vkdtyfygonf/ tltwGif; "gwfwkefYjyefrIrS
wpfqifh tpmrsm;rS xkwf,lxm;aom tm[m&"gwf t&nfrsm;onf
aoG;aMumtwGif; a&muf&SdoGm;NyD; tvGef½IwfaxG;aom jzpfpOfrSwqifh ¤if;wkdY\
"gwfobm0ay:rlwnfí tonf;rSwpfqifh twGif;t*Fgrsm;okdY tm[m&
jznfhwif;ay;onf[laomtcsufjzpfonf/ aoG;onf xkdt[m&"gwfrsm;ukd
o,faqmifNyD; vlYcE¨mt*Fgtpdwftykdif;rsm;tm;vkH;okdY ykd YaqmifaMumif;?
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm 25
¤if;t*Fgrsm;teuf EkdY&nfxGufaom *vif;rsm;vnf; yg0ifaMumif; jzpfonf/
þjzpfpOf\ tao;tpdwftcsuftvufokdY roGm;rD? tajccHoabmw&m;
jzpfaom ]]tltwGif;yg0if aeaom oD;oefYtm[m&ypönf;rsm;? tleH&HrSm&Sdaom
aoG;>yefrsm;okdY a&muf&SdvmykH? xkdYaemuf þt[m& ypönf;rsm;ukd aoG;aMumrsm;rS
wpfqifh o,f,lykdYaqmifykH}} ukd &Sif;vif;wifjycGihfay;yg/
tu,fí uREkfyfwkdYtaeESihf atmufazmfjyyg uk&ftmef\ ysm;ydwkef;aumifu@?
usrf;ydk'f (66)ukd em;vnfEkdifrnfqkdvQif? txufyg todonmukd aumif;pGm
todtrSwfjyK em;vnfEkdifrnfjzpfonf/
]]trSefyif? uRJEGm;wd&pämefpaom ajcav;acsmif;owå0grsm;wGif toifwkdYtzkdY
(vlom;rsm;twGuf) oifcef;pm &Sdayonf/ igt&Sifjrwfonf toifwkdYtm;
4if;wkdY\ 0rf;AkduftwGif;&Sd tpma[mif;tdrf (tl)ESihf aoG;\ tMum;rS oefYpifí
aomufokH;olwkdYtwGuf ESpfNcKdufzG,ft&om&Sdaom EkdY&nfukd ay;awmfrl\/}}
(16;66)
vlom;tm;zefqif;jcif; (0g) tqifhqifhjyKpkysKd;axmifjcif;
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef&Sd vlom;rsm; rsKd;yGm;jcif;ESihf ywfoufaom taMumif;
t&mwGif rsm;jym;vSpGmaom zGihfqkd&Sif;vif;csufrsm;u oaEom;avhvmaom
odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;twGuf pdefac:rIwpf&yfukd OD;wnfvsuf zGJUpnf;jzpfay:apNyD;
vlom;rsm;ukd ¤if;tqkdrsm;ESih f ywfoufaom &Sif;vif;zGih fqkdrIrsm;ukd
&SmazGapygonf/ þokdYzGihfqkd&Sif;vif;EkdifrIrSm ZD0aA'ynmukd tusKd;jyKaponf/
tajccHodyÜHynm&yfrsm; ay:aygufvmNyD;onfh aemufykdif; txl;ojzifh
tPkMunfhrSefajymif; (Microscope) ukd wDxGifNyD;aom umvaemufykdif;rSom
vlom;rsm;taeESihf txufazmfjyyg tqkdrsm;ukd em;vnfEkdifpGrf;&SdvmMuonf/
7 &mpktapmykdif;rSm &SdcJhaom vlom;wpfa,muftwGuf þuJhokdYaom
tawG;tac: t,ltqrsKd; zGihf[ajymqkd&efrSmrjzpfEkdifyg/
xkdtcsdefumvu ta&SUtv,fykdif;a'owGif aexkdifaom tm&AfvlrsKd;
wpfa,mufu Oa&my&Sd vlom; (okdYr[kwf) tjcm;urÇmh rnfonfhtpdwf
tykdif;a'orsKd;wGifrqkd aexkdifaom vlwpfa,mufxufrqkd oaE¨om;
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;26
taMumif;ESihf ywfoufNyD;ykdí odEkdifonf[laom ñTef;qkdEkdifonfh taxmuf
txm; wpfpkHwpf&m r&Sdyg/
,aeYacwfumvwGifrl uk&ftmefESihf obm0odyÜHqkdif&m aphpyfaocsmaom
todynmA[kokwrsm; &SdMuonfh rGwfpvifrfrsm; rsm;pGm&SdMuNyD; xkdolrsm;taeESihf
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif yg0ifaom rsKd;yGm;rIqkdif&m tm,ofawmfrsm;ukd xif&Sm;
&Sif;vif;pGm odjrifvmMuNyD;? ,aeYacwf vlom;wkdY\ todynmrsm;ESihf EIdif;,SOf
xif[yf zGihf[ &Sif;vif;EkdifpGrf;vnf; &SdvmMuayonf/ uREkfyftaeESihf tNrJ
owd&aewJh tcsufuawmh? aqmf'Dtma&AD;,m;EkdifiHrSm BuD;jyif;vmcJhwJh
18ESpfom;t&G,f vli,fuav;wpfa,mufu rsKd;yGm;jcif;ESihfqkdifwJh ar;cGef;ukd
uk&ftmefrSm azmfjyxm;csufrsm;ESihf tukd;tum;jy ajzqkdoGm;wJh tcsufbJ
jzpfygw,f/ uk&ftmefusrf;pmtkyfukd ñTefjyNyD;vQif xkdvli,fav;u þokdY
ajymcJhygw,f/ 'Dpmtkyfu rsKd;yGm;jcif;ESihfqkdifwJh ta&;BuD;wJh owif; tcsufvuf
rsm;ukd rsm;pGmay;ygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdY i,fpOf ausmif;aepOfwkef;u q&mrsm;u
uk&ftmefpmtkyfukd tokH;jyKNyD; uav;rsm; rnfokdYarG;zGm;w,fqkdwmukd
&Sif;jycJhygw,f/ cifAsm;ajymwJh ]]vdifynma&; ESihfqkdifwJh pmtkyfawG[m
urÇmhjrifuGif;rSm tawmfav; acwfaemufusaeygNyD}} wJhcifAsm/
txl;ojzifh þudpö&yfESifhywfoufí usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefusa&mufaom
tcsdefrSm&Sdaom vlom;rsm;\ ,HkMunfcsufrsm;rSm t,loD;rIrsm; '@m&Drsm;ESifh
jynfhESufvsuf&SdNyD; usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGifyg0ifaom taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh
acwfopf tcsuftvufrsm;\ EdIif;,SOfavhvmrIrsm;u uREfkyfwdkYtm; tHhMo
avmufatmif udkufnDrIrsm;ay;ayonf/ xdkacwf xkdtcsdeftcgu trsm;
vufcHxm;onfh rSm;,Gif;aeaom t,ltqrsm; wpfpHkwpf&m usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef
wGif &Sdraejcif;rSm acwfopfavhvmawGU&Sdcsufrsm;u uk&ftmef\ zGifhqkdcsuf
rsm;udk tHhtm;oifhp&maumif;avmufatmif axmufcHtm;ay;oufaojy
aejcif;yif jzpfygonf/
vlom;\ rsdK;yGm;jcif;ESifhywfoufí azmfjyxm;aom tm,ofawmfrsm;xJrS
½IwfaxG;vSaom rsdK;atmifaponfh t&nfESifh rsdK;atmif&eftwGuf tvGef
enf;yg;vSaomyrmPonfomvQif xdkrsdK;atmifjcif;jzpfpOf\ tppftrSef
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm
27
vdktyfcsuf tESpfom&jzpfaMumif;udk zGifhqdkonfh t&ADbmompum; "Sulala"
ESifhywfoufaom wdusonfh t,ltqrsm;udkom oD;oefYavhvm prf;ppf
MunfhygpdkY/
trsdK;orD;\ rrsdK;yGm;t*FgwGif rrsdK;Orsm; cdkifNrJpGm wG,fuyfaejcif;taMumif;udk
rsm;vSpGmaom tm,ofawmfrsm;wGif ÷^l-I- ]tvwfuf}[laompum;vHk;jzifh
NyD;jynfhpHkpGm azmfjyxm;onf/ xkYdjyif aoG;pdkifaoG;cJu@? usrf;ydk'f (2)wGif
atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;ayonf/
������ �� ���� ����� ������
]]xkdtv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf vlom;udk wG,fuyfonfht&mwpfckrS zefqif;
ykHazmfawmfrl\/}} (96;2)
uREfkyftaeESSifh "Alaq" ÷l-I[laom pum;vHk;ESifhywfoufí ¤if;\ rl&if;t"dyÜg,f?
oabmw&m;rS uif;vGwfNyD; oifhavsmfaom bmomjyefqdk &Sif;vif;rIrsdK; r&SdEkdif
[k,lqygonf/
rdcif\ om;tdrftwGif; oaE¨om;\ tqifhqifh ajymif;vJrIESifhywfoufí
tESpfcsKyfazmfjyxm;NyD; wifjy a&;om;azmfjycsufrSmvnf; tvGef &Sif;vif;
wdusvSonf/ taMumif;rl oHk;EIef;aompum;vHk;rsm;rSm ½dk;&Sif;onfomrubJ
oaE¨om;zGHUNzdK;BuD;xGm;vmaom ta&;BuD;aom tqifhrsm;udk wdwdusus
azmfñTef;xm;ayonf/
þjzpfpOfudk ouf0if,kHMunfolrsm;u@? usrf;ydk'f (14) wGif atmufygtwdkif;
zwf½IodEkdifonf/
]]xkdYaemufigt&Sifjrwfonf umvva&Munf\ tenf;i,faom yrmPrS
wG,fuyfaom t&mwpfcktjzpf zefqif;awmfrlcJh\/ wpfzef ,if;wG,fuyf
aeaomt&mudk 0g;xm;aom tom;wkH;tjzpfzefqif; yHkazmfvdkufonf/ xddkYaemuf
tom;wHk;rS t½dk;rsm;tjzpf zefqif; yHkazmfawmfrl\/ xdkYaemuf xdkt½dk;rsm;udk
tom;rsm;jzifh wefqmqifjref;ay;awmfrlcJh\/ xdkYaemuf igt&Sifjrwfonf
4if;t&mrS tjcm;aom zefqif;cHt&mwpfckudk wdk;wufzGHUNzdK; apawmfrl\/
xdkYaMumifh tv’m[ft&SifjrwfomvQif aumif;csD;ay;xdkufaomtoQifjzpfouJhodkY
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;
28
taumif;qHk; aom zefqif;&Sifvnf; jzpfawmfrlayonf/}} (23;14)
]+g-v^M< ]rk'G fC[f}[laompum;vHk; (0g;xm;aomtom;wHk;)onf
oaEom;\ toGiftjyif yHkyef;o@mef ESifh wdwdususudkufnDonfhtjyif ¤if;\
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufaom wdusaocsmaom tajctaetqifhudk yHkazmfay;Ekdifonf/
t½dk;rsm;onf xkxnf&Sdaomtom;rQifrsm;twGif; wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;NyD;
xkdt½dk;rsm;udk rmq,fvfac: <uufom; rsm;u zHk;tkyfxm;onf[laomtcsufrSm
od&Sdxm;NyD; tcsuftvufrsm;jzpfonf/ þawGU&Sdcsuf rsm;u "intact flesh" (Lahm)
[laompum;vHk;\ t"dyÜg,fudk azmfaqmifaeayonf/
oaE¨om;onf tcsdKUtqifhrSm tcsdK;tpm;usNyD; tcsdKUtqifhrSm
tcs d K;tpm;rusaom tqif hwpfckud k ausmf jzwfí aemuftcgwGif
vlom;wpfOD;pDudk jzpfay:aponf/ þtcsufudk [*sfjyKjcif;u@? usrf;ydk'f (5)\
atmufygtm,ofawmftwGif; t"dyÜg,fazmfaqmifjyaeavonf/
]]igt&Sifjrwfonf toifvlom;wkdYtm; ajrBuD;rSvnf;aumif;? xkdYaemuf
wG,fuyfaomt&m okwfaoG;rSvnf;aumif; zefqif; awmfrlonf/ xdkYaemuf
igt&Sifjrwfonf olYtm; tom;wHk;i,f twGif; wG,fuyfaeaomt&mjzifh yHkazmf
jyKvkyfawmfrl\/ 4if;tom;wHk;onfum; wpfpdwfwpfa'o yH kpHusNyD;
wpfpdwfwpfa'o tcsdK;tpm; usejcif;r&Sday/}} (22;5)
aemufwpfcktaeESifh uREfkyfwdkY ysyf0yfOD;csjcif;u@? usrf;ydk'f (9) wGif
azmfjyxm;aom tm½HkcHpm;rIrsm;ESifh twGif;t*Fg tpdwftydkif;rsm;taMumif;ESifh
ywfoufaom taxmuftxm; udk;um;rIrsm;udk avhvm MunfhMuygpdkY/
������������� � ���������� ������� ����� �������� ]]4if;jyif xkdtv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf toifwkdYtwGuf Mum;jcif;? jrifjcif;ESifh
cHpm;rIrsm;udk oD;jcm;zefqif;awmfrlcJhonf/}} (32;9)
xyfrH tus,f&Sif;&aomf uk&ftmefusrf;usa&mufcJhaom tcsdefumvu
&SdcJhonfh rSm;,Gif;aomt,ltq wpfpHkwpf&mrQ uk&ftmefodkY vHk;0 0ifrvmcJhay/
txufazmfjyyg usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ zGifhqkd &Sif;vif;csufrsm;rSmvnf; ,aeYacwf
avhvmawGU&Sdcsufrsm;ESifh a&SUaemufrnDñGwfrI? jcm;em;rI wpHkw&m r&Sdyg/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm 29
uk&ftmefusrf; ESifh or®musrf;
uREfkyfwdkYtaeESifh ,aeY aqG;aEG;wifjyrI&JU aemufqHk;u@jzpfwJh
uk&ftmefusrf;ESifh or®musrf;pmrsm; taMumif; EdIif;,SOfavhvmrIudk wifjy
vdkygw,f/ acwfopf odyÜHynm &SmazGawGU&Sdcsufrsm;ESifh uk&ftmefusrf;jrwf
pmydk'frsm; xdyfwkduf &ifqdkifawGU&rIudk or®musrf;pmESifhvnf; &nfñTef;udk;um;
wifjyyghr,f/
uREfkyfwdkYtaeESifh zefqif;jcif;ESifhywfoufí ajymqdk aqG;aEG;Muaom
tcgwdkif;rSm tNrJwef;vdkvdk jyóemwpf&yfudk jzwfueJ jrif&ygw,f/ tapmydkif;u
uREfkyf&JU aqG;aEG;csufawGrSm acwfopfavhvmawGU&SdrIrsm;ESifh uk&ftmef
usrf;jrwf\ pmydk'frsm;tMum;&Sd jynfhpHkaom udkufnDrIudk tav;ay;wifjyNyD;
jzpfygw,f/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSm or®musrf;pmtwGif; zGifhqdka&;om;xm;aom
zGifh[aMujimcsufrsm;wGif odyÜHenf;usus vufcHEkdifbG,fr&Sdaom a&;om;rIrsm;
yg0ifaeaMumif;udkvnf; axmufjyxm;NyD;jzpfygw,f/ or®musrf;wGifyg0ifaom
]]zefqif;jcif;}} ESifh ywfoufonfh BuD;rm;vSpGmaom zGifhqkda&;om;csufonf "
Sacerdotal narration " vdkYac:wJh (bkef;BuD;ajymaompum;&yfrsm;) a&;om;csufrSm
bDpD (6)&mpktwGif;rSm bkef;awmfBuD;rsm; vuf&mjzpfaMumif; od&Sdvdkuf&aom
tcsdefwGif xkdusrf;\ zGihfqkd&Sif;vif;csufrsm;rSm tHhtm;oifhp&m r&SdaMumif;
em;vnfcJhygonf/ þodkYaom jzpf&yf\ t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;
w&m;a[mjcif;\ t"du&nf&G,fcsufonf vltrsm;udk OykofoDwif;
aqmufwnf&ef wdkufwGef;EdI;aqmfcJhjcif; jzpfaMumif; odjrifvmcJh&ygonf/
or®musrf;pm\ zGifhqdka&;om;csufonf bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;\ wdusaom
&nf&G,fcsuf oabmxm;ay:rlwnfxm;ayonf/ bkef;awmfBuD; abmhpf (Vaux)
onf a*s½kpvif&Sd or®musrf;pmausmif;\ ausmif;wdkif q&mawmfcsKyf
a[mif;jzpfcJhNyD; ¤if;u txufyg&nf&G,fcsufudk yifudk,ft&if;cHtm;jzifh
ta&;ygaom bmoma&;qdkif&m usifhoHk;rItjzpf owfrSwfcJhygonf/
or®musrf;pmwGif ]] zefqif;jcif; }}ESifhywfoufí ]] &[l'Drsm;\ t,ltq
}}[kac:wGifEdkifonfh ydkí wkdawmif;í a&S;usaom zGifhqkdjcif;vnf; yg0ifayonf/
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;30
þzGifhqdkrIwGif zefqif;jcif;[laom taMumif;t&mESifh ywfoufí vHk;0OóHk
rwlnDaom ½IaxmifhrS csOf;uyfwifjyxm;ayonf/
txufyg csOf;uyfwifjyrI ESpfckpvHk;udk Genesis (urÇmOD;usrf;)rS
xkwf,lxm;NyD; xdkusrf;pmonf Pentatouch odkYr[kwf Taurah aomif&[fusrf;\
yxrqHk;usrf;pmtkyfjzpfonf/ aomif&m[fusrf; a&;om;olrSm wrefawmf rlpm
(Moses) jzpfonf[k rSwf,lxm;NyD;jzpfNyD; ,aeY awGUae&aom usrf;pmrSm
ajymif;vJrIrsm;pGm vkyfaqmifjcif;cH&aMumif; od&ygonf/
Genesis ur®musrf;ESifhywfoufaom bkef;BuD;rsm;a&;om;zGifhqdkrIrsm;onf
¤if;wdkY\ pdwful;,Ofqefaom vufawGUrusaom rsdK;½dk;pOfqufwnfaqmufyHk
Z,m;udk tm'rfociftxd a&;qJGjyjcif;jzifh emrnfausmfMum;NyD; þudpöESifh
ywfoufí rnfolurQ tav;teufxm;í ,HkMunfjcif;r&SdcJhay/ rnfodkY
qkdapumrl Gospel ac: "r®opfusrf; (or®musrf;pm)udk a&;om;jyKpkcJhaom
Matthew (rufol;)ESifh Luke (vkcf)wdkYonf vnf; a,½Ic&pf (wrefawmf tDpm)
ocif\ rsdK;½dk;pOfqufZ,m;udk tenf;ESifhtrsm;qdkovdk Sacerdoral narration
\ zGifhqdka&;om;rIrsm;udk xyfwl xyfrQ jyefvnfxkwfvkyfxm;onfudk
awGUEdkifonf/
Gospel vkdYac:wJh "r®mopfusrf;ukd a&;om;jyKpkwJh Mathew u
wrefawmfrsm;&JU rsKd;½kd;pOfquforkdif;ukd wrefawmftDA&m[iftxd aemufjyefqGJ
a&;om;cJhNyD;? Luke uawmh wrefawmftm'rfvufxuftxd a&;om;cJhygw,f/
þa&;om;csufrsm;tm;vkH;rSm odyÜHenf;usus pOf;pm;qifjcifokH;oyfygu vkH;0
vufcHEkdifbG,f&mr&Sday/ taMumif;rlum;? usrf;ukda&;om;olrsm;u urÇm\
oufwrf;ESihf urÇmN*Kd[fay:wGif vlom;aexkdifcJhonfh oufwrf;twGuf
udef;*Pef;wpfck owfrSwfcJhNyD;? ,if;owfrSwfcsufrSm ,ckacwf ckdifrmpGm
oufaojyxm;csufrsm;ESifh vkH;0qefYusifaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ tjcm;
wpfzufwGif uk&ftmef usrf;jrwfwGifrlum; þuJhokdYaom tcsuftvufrsKd;rS
uif;vGwfayonf/
pMu0Vmjzpfay:jcif;ESihf ywfoufí a,bk,soabmw&m;ESihf acwfopf
t,ltqrsm;onf uk&ftmefusrf;jrwfwGif azmfjyxm;csufrsm;ESihf rnfrQ
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm
31
NyD;jynfhpkHpGm ukdufnDaMumif;ukd tapmykdif;u wifjyxm;cJhNyD; jzpfonf/ wpfcsdef
wnf;rSmyif or®musrf;\ zGihf[a&;om;csufrsm;onf txufazmfjyygtcsuf
rsm;ESihf aoGznf qefYusifaeMuayonf/ yxrqkH;ay:aygufvmaom ork'&m
a&jyifBuD;taMumif;onf trSefwu,f r[kwfay/ tvif;a&mifukd xkwfvTwf
onfhMu,frsm;ukd rzefqif;rD yxrqkH;aeYwGif tvif;a&mifukd zefqif;jcif;
onf¤if;? urÇmN*Kd[fukd rzefqif;rD eHeufESihf naecif;ukd zefqif;jcif;onf¤if;?
aeukd pwkw¬aeYü zefqif;jcif;onf¤if;? aeukd rzefqif;rD wwd,aeYwGif
urÇmN*Kd[fukd zefqif;jcif;onf¤if;? yOöraeYü avxJwGif iSufrsm;ay:aygufapjcif;?
,if;okdYiSufrsm; ray:cif om;&Jwd&pämefrsm;ukd q|raeYwGif urÇmajrjyifwGif
ay:aygufapjcif;onf¤if; tm;vkH;aom zGihfqkdwifjycsufrsm;onf xkdtcsdef
umvu vltrsm; vufcHxm;aom t,ltqrsm;ukd a&;om;xm;aompmom;
rsm;rSvGJí tjcm;xl;jcm;aom t"dyÜg,fr&Sday/
or®musrf;wGifyg0ifaom eADwrefawmfrsm;\ rsK d;½k d ;pOfquf
wnfaqmufrI Z,m;ESihf ywfoufívnf; *sL;vlrsKd;rsm;\ jyu©'defay:rlwnfí
jzpfay:apcJhaomaMumifh? ]1976} ckESpfwGif urÇm\ oufwrf;onf ]5738} ESpf&SdNyD
[lí tckdiftrmtwdtus azmfjyxm;rIaMumifhvnf; vufcHEkdif&ef tvGef
cJ,Of;aom wifjycsuf jzpfaeygw,f/ uREkfyfwkdY urÇmN*Kd[fyg0ifaewJh Sloar System
ac: aepMu0VmtzGJUtpnf;BuD;\ oufwrf;rSm ESpfoef;aygif; 4500 ausmfcefY&SdNyD;?
urÇmN*Kd[fay:wGif ,aeYuRefawmfwkdYodwJh vlom;rsm;ay:aygufvmonfh
oufwrf;rSmvnf; rykd&ifawmifrS ESpfaygif;aomif;csD í &SdaeNyD;jzpfonf/
xkdYaMumifh uk&ftmefusrf;ESihfywfoufí vkH;0ta&;BuD;wJhtcsufrSm
uk&ftmefusrf;jrwfwGif &ufpGJESihf ywfoufaom ñTef;qkdrI wpfpkHwpfckyg0ifrI
r&Sdjcif;ESihf txufyg tcsdefumv? &ufpGJ owfrSwfcsufrsm;rSm or®musrf;pm
rSmomvQif txift&Sm;ñTef;qkd yg0ifcJhw,fqkdwJh tcsufyif jzpfygonf/
uk&ftmefusrf;awmfESih f or®musrf;pmtMum;rSm 'kwd,ajrmuf
tvGefxif&Sm;wJh taMumif;t&muawmh a&vTrf;rkd;rIBuD; taMumif;jzpfygw,f/
trSefpifppf? or®musrf;pmwGif a&vTrf;rkd;rIESihf ywfoufaom zGihf[azmfjy
xm;csufrSm oD;jcm;jzpfysufcJhwJh taMumif;t&mESpfckukdqufpyfNyD; a&marT
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;32
wifjyxm;wJh a&;om; wifjycsufrsm;omjzpfygw,f/ or®musrf;pmwGif tm;vkH;ESihf
qkdifaom a&vTrf;rk d;rIBuD;taMumif; azmfjyxm;NyD;? xkda&vTrf;rk d;rIBuD;
jzpfay:cJhaom tcsdefumvukdvnf; wrefawmf tDA&m[ifvufxufrwkdifrD
ESpf300cefY umv[k twdtusazmfjyxm;ygw,f/ uREkfyfwkdY odxm;wJh wrefawmf
tDA&m[ifvufxufu jzpfysufcJhwJh vlom;tm;vkH;ESihfqkdifaom BuD;rm;
vQifjrefjyif;xefwJh tajymif;tvJBuD;qkdwm[m c&pfawmf ray:rD bDpD (21)
&mpk ? (22) &mpk umvjzpfcJhaMumif;ukd oG,f0kdufNyD; ajymqkdaeygw,f/ xkdYaMumifh
or®musrf;pmrSm ajymxm;wJh a&vTrf;rkd;rIBuD;[m orkdif;qkdif&m tcsuftvuf
rsm;ESihf csdefxkd;MunfhvQif vufawGUrjzpfEkdifwJh jzpf&yfBuD;bJ jzpfaeygw,f/
tm;vkH; ESihf qkdifwJhBuD;rm;vQifjrefjyif;xefvSaom tajymif;tvJBuD;
aMumifh bDpD (21)&mpk? (22) &mpk twGif;rSm urÇmajrjyifay:wGif ay:xGef;aecJhwJh
tm;vkH;aom vlY,Ofaus;rIBuD;rsm;[m vkH;0aysmufuG,f oGm;&w,fqkdwJh
t,ltqukd uREk fyfwkd Yrnfokd Y vufcHEk difrSmvJ/ þokd YvufrcHEk dif&wJh
taMumif;&if;rsm;xJu Oyrm wpfckuawmh? xkdtcsdefumvtvsifvmaom
tD*spfEkdifiH\ tv,facwfrif;rsm; tkyfcsKyfwJh umv jzpfNyD;? tMurf;tm;jzifh
yxrqkH;Mum; umv&JU tcsdef[m tD*spfbk&if&JU (11) qufajrmufrif;quf
tkyfcsKyfcJhwJh tcsdefumvjzpfcJhw,f qkdwmukd odvkduf&wJhtwGufaMumifh
jzpfygw,f/
xkdYaMumifh txufrSmazmfjycJhwJh rnfonfhtaMumif;&mrQ acwfopf
odyÜHtjrifESihf ,SOfMunfhvQif vufcHEkdif bG,f&m r&Sdbl;qkdwm xif&Sm;aeygw,f/
xkdYaMumifh 'D½IaxmifhuaeNyD; uk&ftmefusrf;awmfurS cGJjcm;xGufaewJh
or®musrf;pmESihf BuD;rm;vSpGm aom uGm[csufBuD;ukd wkdif;wmEkdifygw,f/
or®musrf;pmESihf qefYusifbuftm;jzifh uk&ftmefrSm azmfjyxm;wJh
BuD;rm;vQifjrefjyif;xefaom tajymif;tvJBuD;uawmh wrefawmf El;[fESihf
ol&JUaemufvkdufaemufygrsm;twGufom uefYowfazmfjyxm;aMumif; awGU&
ygw,f/ ukd;uG,f&mt&Sif\ trdefYremcHMuaom tjcm;aomvlom;rsm;uJhokdYyif
xkdwrefawmfEl;[f\ vufxufu vlom;rsm;onf ¤if;wkdY\ tukokdvf
'kp½kdufrsm;aMumifh tjypf'gPfcH&aMumif;ukd azmfjyxm;jcif;omjzpfonf/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm
33
uk&ftmefwGif BuD;rm;vsifjrefjyif;xefaom ajymif;vJrIBuD;jzpfcJhonfh tcsdef
umvukd twdtus azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sday/ xkdYaMumifh uk&ftmef\azmfjycsuf
rsm;ESihf ywfoufí orkdif;qkdif&m? a&S;a[mif; okawoeqkdif&m qefYusifrI?
uefYuGufrIrsm; vkH;0r&SdcJhay/
wwd,ajrmuf tvGeftrif; xif&Sm;onfh EIdif;,SOfcsufwGifum;
tD*spfEkdifiH zm½kdbk&ifxHrS [D;A½l; vlrsKd;uRefjyK cH&aom aus;uRefrsm;
tajrmuftjrm;xGufajy;vGwfajrmufapcJhaom Moses (wrefawmfrlqm) \
Zmwfvrf;ESihf ywfoufí jzpfygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm uREkfyftaeESihf uREkfyfpmtkyfxJrSm
a&;om;xm;wJh taMumif;t&m[m tvGeftrif; twkdcsKHUxm;wmukdbJ
wifjyygr,f/ uREkfyftaeESihf or®musrf;pmESihf uk&ftmefusrf;wkdY&JU zGifhqkdcsufrsm;
ukdufnDaom ae&mrsm;? rukdufnDaom tcsufrsm;ukd rSwfom;xm;ygw,f/
xkdYjyif tcsKdUaom tao;pdwfavhvmcsufrsm;rS usrf;ESpfapmif\ pmom;rsm;[m
wpfckESihfwpfck tjyeftvSef NyD;jynfhpkHatmif? tvGeftokH;0ifaomenf;ESihf
jznfhpGufay;aeaom tcsuf tvufrsm;ukdvnf; awGU&SdcJhyg w,f/
zm½kdbk&ifrsm;vufxuf orkdif;wGif ay:aygufcJhaom vlrsm;tpkvkduf
tNyKHvkduf ajymif;a&TUjcif;[m b,fvkd taetxm;rSm &SdcJhw,fqdkwJh tajctae
ESihfywfoufaom tEkrmP,lqcsufrsm; tajrmuftjrm;&Sdaomfjim;vnf;
uREkfyftaeESihf aumufcsufqGJvkdwJh tcsufuawmh xkdjzpf&yfukd jzpfapcJhaom
zm½k dbk&ifrSm Ramses II ukd xD;eef;qufcHcJ hol Merneptah [laom
zm½kdbk&ifjzpfw,fqkdwJh t,ltq[m tjzpfEkdifqkH;oDtkd&D wpf&yfjzpf
w,fqkdwJhtcsufygbJ/
c&pf,mefusrf;pmrsm;xJrSm yg0ifwJh tcsuftvufrsm;ESihf a&S;a[mif;
okawoeqkdif&m taxmuftxm;rsm;&JU xdyfwkduf&ifqkdifawGUqkHrIrsm;[m
txufyg,lqcsuf rSefuefaMumif; ckdifckdifrmrm axmufcH aeygw,f/
uREkfyftaeESihf auseyfESpfoufpGmESihf ajymcsifwmuawmh or®musrf;pm\
zGihf[ajymqkdcsufrsm;u Moses (wrefawmfrlpm) ukd zm½kdbk&ifrsm;&JU orkdif;rSm
ae&mcsay;ap&ef av;eufaom oufaoom"ujzpf uREkfyfwkdYtm; vrf;ñTef
onfomru Moses tm; Ramses II \ tkyfcsKyfpkd;rkd;aomumvwGif arG;zGm;
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;
34
cJhaMumif; oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh tusKd;jyKEkdifcJhwJh tcsufjzpfygw,f/
xkdYaMumifh Moses (wrefawmfrlpm) \ jzpfpOfESihf ywfoufí or®musrf;pmyg
tcsuftvufrsm;[m vkHavmufaom orkdif;wefbkd;rsm; ay;aqmifEkdifcJhw,fvkdY
qkdEkdifygw,f/
zm½kdbk&if (Merneptah) \ ½kyftavmif;aumifukd aq;ynmqkdif&m
avhvmpl;prf;rIjyKjcif;rSaeí xkdzm½kd bk&ifaoqkH;cJhaMumif;? ta&;ygaom
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESihf? ¤if;\ aojcif;ukd jzpfay:apEkdifaom taMumif;
t&if;rsm;ukdvnf; &&SdapcJhygonf/
twdtusazmfjy&aomf? 1898ckESpfwGif &SmazGawGU&SdcJhaom zm½kdbk&if\
½kyftavmif;aumifESihf xkdtavmif;rS avhvmawGU&Sdcsufrsm;rS &&Sdvmaom
,aeYuREkfyfwkdY ykdifqkdifxm;onfh? tcsuftvufrsm;rSm tjrifhrm;qkH;aom
ta&;ygonfh t&mwpfckjzpfayonf/ or®musrf;pmwGif zm½kdbk&ifonf
yifv,fa&wGif; epfjrKyf apjcif;cHcJh&onf[k azmfjyxm;aomfvnf;? aemufykdif;wGif?
xkdbk&if\ ½kyftavmif;rnfokd Y jzpfrnfukd qufvufí tao;pdwf
&Sif;vif;jyxm;jcif;r&Sday/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef\ wrefawmf,lEGwfpfu@? usrf;ydk'f
(92)wGif zm½kdbk&if\ cEmukd,f ½kyftavmif;onf i&JcH&jcif;taMumif;ESihf a&xJrS
jyefvnfu,fwifxm;jcif; cH&rnfjzpfaMumif; atmufygtwkdif; azmfjy
xm;ayonf/
]] 'DaeYtcgrSm igt&Sif (tv’m[f) onf oif\ ½kyftavmif;aumifukd
u,fwifxm;ayrnf/ oifonf aemifvm aemifom;rsm;twGuf xif&Sm;aom
oufaovu©Pmwpf&yfjzpfap&eftwGuf jzpfrnf/ rkcs{uefajrmufjrm;pGmaom
vlom;rsm;onf igt&Sif\ oufaovu©Pmrsm;uk d rodusK d;uRef
jyKaeMuayonf/}} (10;92)
xkdzm½kdbk&if\ ½kyftavmif;aumiftm; aq;ynmqkdif&m pl;prf;
avhvmppfaq;rIrsm;t&? aemufxyfod&SdvmonfrSm ½kyftavmif;aumifonf
a&xJwGif Mum&SnfpGm epfjrKyfcJhjcif; r&SdaMumif;yifjzpfonf/ tb,faMumifh
qk daomf? ½kyftavmif;wGif umvMum&Snf a&wGifepfjrKyfjcif;aMumifh
jzpfay:Ekdifonfh ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;jcif; vu©Pm wpfpkHwpf&m&Sdraejcif;aMumifhyif
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm 35
jzpfonf/
þae&mwGifvnf; uk&ftmefusrf;\ zGihf[a&;om;azmfxkwfrIrsm;ESihf
acwfodyÜHqkdif&m avhvmawGU&Sdcsufrsm;rSm xdyfwkduf&ifqkdif&aomfvnf;
odyÜHynm½IaxmifhrSaeí uk&ftmef\ zGihfqkda&;om;csufrsm;ukd uefYuGufrI? uGJvGJrI?
qefYusifrItenf;i,frQ ray:aygufapcJhyg/
or®musrf;"r®a[mif; (The Old Testament) taeESifh tMurf;zsif;&mpkESpf
(9) ck (ESpfaygif; 900)twGif; a&;om;xm;wJh pmayvuf&mrsm;ukd pkpnf;NyD;
zGJUpnf;a&;om;xm;wJh usrf;pmjzpfwJhtwGuf xkdumvwpfavQmufvkH; rsm;jym;
vSpGmaom jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;cH&ygw,f/ usrf;awmf&JU
tppftrSef a&;om;oDukH;wJhu@rSm vlom;rsm;\ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;u
tawmfrsm;jym;aeygw,f/
uk&ftmef\ 0[Dusjcif;rSm orkdif;aMumif;t& or®musrf;pmESihf
tvGeftrif;uGJjym;jcm;em;aeygonf/ uk&ftmefusrf;usaomtcsdefwGif
yxrOD;qkH; xm0&bk&m;ocifxHrS vlom;(wrefawmf rk[r®'f)xHokdY qufoG,frI
a&muf&SdvmNyD; ¤if;csrSwfay;aom 0[Dvrf;ñTefcsufukd tvGwfusufrSwfapNyD;?
wrefawmf rk[r®'f(�) oufawmf&SdpOfumvtwGif; a&;om;rSwfwrf;wif
xm;cJhaom usrf;awmfjzpfygw,f/ xkdtaMumif;aMumifh uk&ftmefusrf;wGif
ppfrSefrIESihf ywfoufaom jyóemwpfpkHwpf&mrS tjiif;yGm;bG,fr&Sdyg/
tBudrftcgrsm;pGm rSwfwrf;jyKNyD;ouJhokd Yyif acwfopfodyÜHynm
½Iaxmifht& vkH;0"r®"d|mefusaom prf;ppfavhvmrIrsm;jyK&mwGif þavhvm
awGU&SdrIrsm;u xkdESpfckMum;&Sd ukdufnDrIukd em;vnf? todtrSwfjyK apatmif
OD;aqmifcJhygw,f/ þokdYEIdif;,SOfavhvmprf;ppfrIrsm;rS uREkfyfwkdYtm; rSwf,lapwJh
tcsufuawmh rk[r®'f (�)tcsdefumv wkef;u vlom;wpfa,muftaeESihf
xkdacwf xkdtcsdefumv\ tqifhtwef;t&? usrf;awmf\ tqkdrsm;ukd
a&;om;jyKpkEk difaom pma&;q&mrjzpfEk dif[laom tcsufyifjzpfonf/
þuJhokdYaom tav;teufpOf;pm;rIrsm;[m usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef xkwfjyef
csrSwfay;jcif;onf oD;jcm;jzpfaomt&m jzpfaMumif;xif&Sm;aponf/ xkdYjyif
bufrvkdufwwfaom odyÜ Hynm&Sifrsm;tm; ¤if;wkd Y\ ½kyfyk dif;qkdif&m
q&mrBuD;a'gufwmvSvS0if;36
awG;ac:rIrsm;ESihf &Sif;vif;wifjyEkdifpGrf; r&SdaMumif;ukd 0efcHap&efzdtm;ay;ouJhokdY
jzpfayonf/
0[Dusjcif;jzpfpOfukd rD;armif;xkd;jyjcif;
ed'gef;
touf[lonf-----
vlom;rsm; þurÇmay:wGif wnf&Sdjcif;ESihf þpMum0VmwpfckvkH;ukd
zefqif;jcif;wkdYonf obm0\ uHtaMumif;wkdufqkdifí jzpfay:vmaom
&vm'fr[kwfay/ þpMu0VmESihf ¤if;\ tPkjrLrIefav; wpfckcsif;onf¤if;?
arwåmw&m;xm;aom r[m*½kPmawmf&Sif? t&m&mukd Ekdifeif;vTrf;rkd;
awmfrlaom teEÅpGrf;tm;&Sif zefqif;&Sif&SdaeaMumif;ukd aMujimaeayonf?
ñTefjyaeayonf/ zefqif;&Sifr&Sdygu? rnfonfht&mrQ jzpfay: wnf&SdEkdifrnf
r[kwfay/ 0dÓOf&Sdaom yk*¾Kdvfwkdif; ol\wnf&Sdaejcif;ESihf ¤if;wnf&SdaerIonf
zefqif;&Siftay: rlwnfaeaMumif;? zefqif;&Sifr&SdbJESihf olYukd,fol zefwD;Ekdifjcif;
r&SdaMumif; aocsmpGm odayonf/ xkdYaMumifh vlom;onf ol\ t&Sifocif
]xm0&bk&m;ocif (0g)? zefqif;&Sif}ukd odatmifBuKd;pm;bkdYwm0efonf ol\
wm0efjzpfonf/
vlom;rsKd;EG,f
vlom;onf tjcm;rnfonfht&mESihfrQrwlaom oD;jcm;t&nftcsif;rsm;
ykdifqkdifonfh zefqif;cH jzpfonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocif(tv’m[f)onf ol\
ukd,fpm;vS,f (0g) vufaxmuftjzpf vlom;tm; þurÇm ajray:wGif&Sdaom
tjcm;aom zefqif;cHrsm;ukd vTrf;rkd;tkyfpkd;bkdY&ef tckdiftrmvkyfaqmifay;onf/
xkd Yjyifvlom;tm; usKd;aMumif;qifjcifjcif; jyKEkdifaom qifjcifÓPfukd
,kHrSwftyfESHxm;ayonf/ xkdqifjcifÓPfaMumifhyif vlom;onf tjcm;aom
wd&pämeftaygif;ESihf rwl? wrluGJjym;jcm;em;ae jcif;jzpfonf/ ya&mzuf
(rk[r®'f(�) rS rdefYawmfrlonfrSm -
]]xm0&bk&m;ocif (tv’m[f) onf usKd;aMumif;qifjcifjcif;xuf ykdí
aumif;aom ? yk díjynf hpk Haom yk dívSyaom rnfonfht&mukdrQ
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh rsufarSmufacwfodyÜHynm
37
zefqif;jcif;rjyKyg/}}
þpOf;pm;qifjcifwwfaom qifjcifÓPfESih ftwl vlom;onf
cGJjcm;Ekdifaom odjrifvmapEkdifaom pGrf;tm;&&Sdvmonf/ xkdYjyifvlom;tm;
vGwfvyfcGifh (vGwfvyfaomqE´)ukd ol\ vlaerIb0 wnfaqmufrItwGuf
olYbmomol a&G;cs,fcGih fuk dvnf;ay;xm;onf/ þa&G;cs,fcGih f (0g)
vGwfvyfcGihftm;jzifh vlom;tm; xm0&bk&m;ocif\ ukd,fpm;vS,fawmf
[laom taetxm;ESihftnD jyKrlEkdifol (0g) tedrfhwumh tedrfhqkH; zefqif;cH?
wd&pämefrsm;tm;vkH; xufykdedrfhusaomb0okdY usqif;EkdifoltjzpfokdYvnf;
usa&mufapEkdifonf/ vlom;onf arG;zGm;pOfu ta&mtaESmr&Sd? oefYpifaom
tjypfuif;aom tajctaeü&Sdonf/ okdYaomf xkdvlom;tm; rSefuefaom
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; vkyfaqmifol (0g) 'kp½kdufrIrsm;ukd pdwftvkdvkdufí
vkyfwwfoltjzpfa&mufatmif vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fEkdifaom pdwfqEukdvnf;
ay;xm;onf/
xm0&bk&m;ocifuay;xm;aom vrf;ñTefrI
xm0&bk&m;ocif (tv’m[f)onf ol\ vlom;tay:wGif xm;&Sdaom
rsm;jym;vSpGmaom cspfcifjcif;ESihf oem;MuifemrIwkdYaMumifh uREkfyfwkdY vlom;
rsm;tm; tarSmifxkxJwGif ypfrxm;yg/ vlom;rsm;tm; prf;oyf vkyfaqmifNyD;
trSm;rsm;awGUapjcif;[laom enf;vrf;jzifhom rSefuefaom vrf;aMumif;ukd &SmazG
awGU&Sdapawmfrlonf/ vlom;\ ÓPfynmqkdif&m pGrf;aqmifEkdifrI? usKd;aMumif;
qifjcifrIwkdYESihftwl? xm0&bk&m;ocifonf uREkfyfwkdY vlom;rsm;tm; ]xm0&
bk&m;ocifuay;aom vrf;ñTefrI}ukd ay;avonf/ þvrf;ñTefrIu vuf&Sd
avmu ESihf aemifwrvGefb0rsm;wGif uREkfyfwkdYvlom;rsm; wnf&Sdaejcif;\
trSefw&m;? trSefw&m;ukd qkH;jzwfEkdifonfh pHEIef;ESihf todynm? A[kokwrsm;ukd
twkdcsKyf vrf;ñTefay; ayonf/
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taeESifh Email: [email protected] vdyfpmjzifhpma&;om; ay;ydkY
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av;pm;pGmjzifh BudKqdkvQuf&Sdygonf/
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2/ uk&ftmeftvif;jyusrf; tvf[m*sfarmifvmemrkzwfpfp&f&kuk&ftmef CmZD
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3/ q&m,k'óef?xm0&bk&m;\or®musrf;pm
or®musrf;pmtoif;?&efukef?1965/
4. Toynbee,Arnold '' The Observer ,1954, Oct "
5. A S Hornby Oxford Advanced Leaner's Dictionary , New for 2000, Sixth
Edition
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3/ tpövmrfESifhacwfopfb0 2006
4/ tpövmrfhvlaerIpepftwGif;rS
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5/ tpövmrfrSjyqdkaomtrsKd;orD;tcGifhta&; 2008
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