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KICSMUNXIV 2019

THE PURSUIT OF

FREEDOM, PEACE AND

JUSTICE

Human Rights Council

Protection of Political Rights and Freedom

Background Paper

KICSMUN XIV The Pursuit of Freedom, Peace and Justice

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INTRODUCTION

The protection of political rights and freedoms is a multifaceted topic, which can be

divided into numerous sub-topics. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

(UHDR) defines our council’s mandate, and this particular topic covers many

articles, however, the council will direct its full attention to Articles 9, 19 and 20.

These are, respectively, the right to freedom from arbitrary arrest and exile, the right

to freedom of opinion and expression and the right to freedom of peaceful assembly

and association.

Perhaps the strongest voice the citizens can have would be through its journalists.

On 12 November 1997, UNESCO's General Conference, at its 29th session, adopted

the Resolution 29 "Condemnation of Violence against Journalists" inviting the

Director-General to condemn assassination or any physical violence against

journalists as a crime against society, since this limits freedom of expression and,

as a consequence, the other rights and freedoms set forth by international human

rights instruments. Additionally, they also urged that the competent authorities

perform their duty of preventing, investigating and punishing such crimes and

remedying their consequences. Per the report requested by the Intergovernmental

Council of the International Programme for Development and Communication

(IPDC), the total number of journalists killed while practicing their job is in the

thousands (per 2016 report), an all-time high.

Both oppression of journalists and arbitrary murder and arrest of peaceful

protestants is happening at this very moment. The main case studies that will be

explored will be the protection of the rights of peaceful protesters in Venezuela and

Sudan. The governments of both these states have violated the rights mentioned

above by arbitrarily detaining protestors and subjecting them to harmful treatment.

As signatories to both the UDHR and the International Covenant on Civil and

Political Rights (ICCPR), they are both in violation of these treaties through their

treatment of peaceful protesters and therefore, the council should find ways to


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ensure that these human rights are protected. In the case of the protection of the

rights of freedom of expression and information, the council will specifically be

looking at the recent murder of Saudi Washington Post journalist, Jamal Khashoggi

as well as the recent arrest of investigative journalist and founder of WikiLeaks,

Julian Assange. Both are very controversial topics, as how they are dealt with will

set a precedent on the Freedom of Expression and Information Article in the UDHR.

KEY TERMS

Civil and Political Rights: A specific kind of rights that protect individual’s

freedoms and ensure their participation in civil and political life without

discrimination. Civil rights focus on protecting people physically and mentally and

protection from discrimination on the grounds of race, gender, religion, political

affiliation, age, disability and sexual orientation. On the other hand, political rights

refer to rights such as the right to a fair trial, and fair process. Additionally, it

addresses the right to participate in civil society and politics, through the rights to

assembly and association, and the right to vote (BBC).

Martial Law: Martial law is usually put in effect as a result of national emergencies

and crises. It transfers authority over to the military, in situations where the civil

government is not able to maintain order and security (Merriam-Webster).

Civil Disobedience: According to political pioneer, Henry David Thoreau, civil

disobedience is placing one’s consciousness over the rule of law. It is the refusal to

comply with certain laws as a form of protest when the government is acting in an

unjust manner.

The Espionage Act (1917): This World War I era US law to protect the publication

or release of government secrets, was specifically targeted to deter spying. Recently,

it has become a way to try informants such as WikiLeaks source Chelsea Manning,

for disclosing information to journalists. The Julian Assange case is the first time


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the US government has brought charges against the publication of the information

itself. The US Justice Department has stated that Julian Assange is not a journalist,

and therefore implied that his charges will not infringe on reporting or free

journalism.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

TIANANMEN SQUARE

The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests act as good examples of infringement on

political rights. In these protests, students in China were calling for democracy, free

speech and press in China. They were based in Tiananmen Square in Central

Beijing, and quickly came to an end by the Tiananmen Square Massacre conducted

by the Chinese government on the 4th and 5th of June (History.com). The protests

began in April 1989 as a result of the death of Hu Yaobang, the leader of the liberal

Communist Party, who worked to introduce democratic reform to China. By the

12th of May, hundreds of the protests went on a hunger strike and one million people

joined the protests at the Square (Amnesty.org.uk). As a reaction, the Chinese

government declared martial law, increasing the number of protesters in Tiananmen

Square and the rest of China dramatically. In the night between the 3rd and 4th of

June, the government sent thousands of troops, under martial law, to restore order

back into the capital and clear the streets of protesters by force. The troops opened

fire on the protesters, killing many and detaining even more. The Tiananmen Square

Massacres death toll is still unknown, 30 years later, as it remains a topic that is

banned from discussion in China. However, it is known that it was a grave violation

of several Human Rights. The international community should not allow for

something similar to happen again through suggesting ways to hold countries

accountable (Timothy L. Ericson).

BIRMINGHAM CAMPAIGN

The Birmingham campaign was not only considered to be one of the most degrading

protests to the protestants but also one of the most impactful. In the early 1960s,


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Birmingham was one of the most racially divided cities in the United States, both

by law and cultural. Black citizens faced legal and economic differences, and violent

retribution when they attempted to draw attention to their problems. Led by Martin

Luther King Jr., James Bevel, Fred Shuttlesworth and others, the campaign of

nonviolent direct action culminated in widely publicized confrontations between

young black students and white civic authorities, and eventually led the civil

government to change the city's discrimination laws. The highlight of this incident

however, was the violent police brutality in the most demeaning forms. The

allegedly racist Birmingham Police Department decided to use police dogs and

high-pressure water hoses to silence the voice of its very own citizens. Our council

vows to never allow such acts in our modernized society (BBC).

2017-2019 ROMANIAN PROTESTS

The Romanian Protests are examples of successful and peaceful demonstrations.

Through peaceful protests, online activism, sit-ins and occupations, the people of

Romania have caused the resignation of the Minister of Justice, Florin Lordache,

along with a few other minor victories for the people. Climaxing at 600,000

protestants, this is a prime example of how the voice of many, when united, will

always beat the power of few. Our council must adopt the methods used by the

Romanians and other examples (March on Washington) to aid the Sudanese,

Venezuelan, Algerian and others and fight for the rightful cause.

THE MURDER OF ANNA POLITKOVSKAYA

Anna Politkovskaya, popular Russian journalist, writer and human rights activist, is

known for her opposition to the Chechnean conflict, and her general critism for the

Russian president, Vladimir Putin. On the 7th of October 2006, she was murdered

by what was believed to be a contract killing, in the elevator of her apartment in

Moscow. She had previously received death threats by government officials, was

threatened with rape, was poisoned in September 2004 in a former Soviet secret

police facility and has experienced a mock execution. The international community


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reacted very strongly to her murder, and now an annual Journalism award is held to

honor her and her work (World Politics Review).

TIMELINE

1948: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is adopted

1976: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is signed by enough

member states and enters into force

1989 JUNE: Tiananmen Square Massacre

2012 JUNE 12TH: Julian Assange enters the Ecuadorian Embassy in London to

ask for political asylum for being wanted for charges of Rape and Molestation. He

remains for 7 years.

2013 JUNE: Assange states he will not leave the embassy even if rape charges are

dropped for fear of being expedited to the US for WikiLeaks (Guardian).

2013 APRIL: President Hugo Chavez dies at age 58 in March after a battle with

cancer. Nicolas Maduro, his chosen successor, is elected president by a narrow

margin. The opposition contests the result.

2014: A brutal crackdown on any form of criticism or opposition in Venezuela

begins. The government is accused of arbitrary detention of political opponents,

many killings and thousands of arrests which sometimes end in torture.

2014 FEBRUARY: Venezuelan Opposition leader Henrique Capriles is arrested,

as a wave of protests in Venezuela begin. At least 28 people die in the suppression

of anti-government protests (BBC).

2016 FEBRUARY: UN states that Assange is being detained arbitrarily

2016 SEPTEMBER: Hundreds of thousands of people take part in a protest in

Caracas, the capital of Venezuela, calling for the removal of President Maduro and

accusing him of responsibility for the economic crisis (Reuters).

2017: Saudi Journalist Jamal Khashoggi goes into a self-imposed exile from Saudi

Arabia, as he fears for his life

2017 APRIL: US Attorney General Jeff Sessions announces Assange’s arrest is a

top priority for the US


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2018 JANUARY: Ecuador confirms it has granted citizenship to Assange in

December (BBC)

2018 MAY: Opposition contests the official victory of President Maduro at

presidential elections (PBS)

2018 August: Sudan’s ruling National Congress Party (NCP) says it would back

Al-Bashir as its candidate in the 2020 presidential election (Foxnews).

2018 August: UN says two million Venezuelans have fled abroad to neighboring

countries since 2014.

2018 OCTOBER 2ND: Khashoggi walks into Saudi consulate in Istanbul. Cengiz,

his fiancée, waits for him outside for 4 hours, but he never comes out, and she is

told by consulate staff that he left out a back door. Cengiz contacts the Turkish

police (Reuters)

2018 OCTOBER 7TH: Saudi government officials deny involvement in

Khashoggi's disappearance after Turkish officials report that he was killed.

2018 OCTOBER 10TH: Trump makes his first comments on Khashoggi's

disappearance, saying he contacted the Saudis and invited Cengiz to the White

House.

2018 OCTOBER 11TH: The Washington Post, which Khashoggi wrote for,

reports the Turkish government told U.S. officials that it had audio and video

recordings proving Khashoggi was killed inside the Saudi Consulate in Istanbul.

2018 OCTOBER 19TH: A Saudi official tells ABC News that Khashoggi was

killed when he was "placed in a chokehold position" to prevent him from calling for

help and leaving the country's consulate in Turkey (BBC).

2018 OCTOBER 20TH: Saudi Arabia claims that after preliminary investigation,

Khashoggi died in a fight after resisting to be returned to Saudi Arabia

2018 OCTOBER 31ST: Turkish prosecutor Irfan Fidan publicly confirms for the

first time that Khashoggi was strangled as soon as he stepped into the Saudi

Consulate in Istanbul and his body was dismembered.

2018 DECEMBER 11TH: Khashoggi named Time magazine Person of the Year

along with persecuted journalists and the Capital Gazette newspaper of Maryland


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which was targeted in a mass shooting. "This is the first time we've ever chosen

someone no longer alive as the Person of the Year," Edward Felsenthal, Time editor-

in-chief. "But it's also very rare that a person's influence grows so immensely in

death." (Al-Araby)

2018 DECEMBER 19TH: Anti-government demonstrations erupt across Sudan,

initially over steep price rises and shortages, but soon shift to calls for al-Bashir to

step down. Security forces respond with a fierce crackdown that kills dozens.

2018 DECEMBER 20TH: Sudanese protests spread to the capital, Khartoum and

other Sudanese cities calling for Freedom, Peace and Justice. There are clashes

between Sudanese Intelligence forces (NISS) and eight protestors are killed

(newswires).

2018 DECEMBER 24TH: Amnesty International announces that 37 protesters

have been killed in Sudanese protests

2019:

2018 JANUARY 1ST: A coalition of opposition groups in Sudan, including the

Sudanese Professionals Association, called the Forces of Freedom and Change

(FFC) release the Declaration of Change- a list of demands including the immediate

resignation of Sudanese President Omar Al-Bashir. (Jazeera)

2018 JANUARY 11TH: Venezuelan protests begin over the controversial second

inauguration of the Second president, Nicholas Maduro. The protests include

counter protests supporting Maduros regime

2018 JANUARY-FEBRUARY: Opposition leader Juan Guaidó declares himself

interim president, appeals to military to oust President Maduro on the grounds that

the 2018 election was rigged (Huffpost).

2018 FEBRUARY 19TH: Al-Bashir declares a state of emergency, bans all

unauthorized gatherings and gives security forces sweeping powers to quash the

protests.

2018 FEBRUARY 24TH: Sudanese Intelligence forces raid Universities and

reportedly tear-gassed and beat students


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2018 APRIL 6TH: A ‘million-man march’ is called in Sudan and protests reach

Army General Command Center in Khartoum, where a sit-in begins. Four people

were killed overnight at the sit-in by NISS. Over the next five days, security forces

kill 22 people in attempts to clear the sit-in.

2018 APRIL 11TH: Assange’s diplomatic Status is revoked and he is arrested from

the embassy in London for violating his bail conditions.

2018 APRIL 12TH: Gen. Abdel-Fattah Burhan replaces the coup leader who is

linked to the bloodshed in Darfur, Awad Mohammed Ibn Ouf, after street rallies

against him.

2018 MAY: Sweden reopens sexual assault investigation and US files 17 new

charges against Mr Assange

2018 JUNE: UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial killings find Saudi Arabia

responsible for the murder of Khashoggi and that the defacto leader, crowned Prince

Mohamed Bin Salman has ties to the murder.

2018 JUNE: Judge rules that Assange will face a US extradition hearing to be tried

in the US under the Espionage Act.

2018 JUNE 3: The sit-in at Army HQ is dispersed in a raid conducted by the Rapid

Security Forces (RSF). There are reports that the RSF shot live bullets at peaceful

protesters, burnt down tents, beat, killed and raped demonstrators who were calling

for a civilian government. Known as “Al-Majzara “, the Arabic term for massacre,

this incident is the deadliest of the Sudanese revolution.


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PARTIES INVOLVED

UNESCO:

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO),

advocates for the protection of journalists, specifically those in non-conflict zones.

UNESCO believes that as journalists fear for their lives, they begin to self-censor,

further depriving society of information (UNESCO). Since the 1990’s, UNESCO

has been condemning the killing of Journalists and pushed for their protection. They

are leading the effort to strengthen the UN’s Plan of Action on the Safety of

Journalists.(UNESCO)

COMMITTEE TO PROTECT JOURNALISTS (CPJ):

An American based NGO that promotes Freedom of the Press internationally. It’s a

network of 40 correspondents globally, with headquarters in New York. When

violations occur to journalists, the relevant correspondents are mobilized and they

take action on their behalf of them (CPJ).

UN SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON EXTRAJUDICIAL, SUMMARY OR

ARBITRARY EXECUTIONS:

The mandates of this office include investigating violations on the right to life in all

countries, even if the state has not ratified the relevant treaties. Currently, the office

is held by Agnes Callemard (OHCHR). It was her investigation that found Saudi

Arabia responsible for the killing of Jamal Khashoggi. She investigated the extent

of responsibility of any actors as well as the effectiveness of their response to the

killing. Her report was presented to the Human Rights Council in their 41st session

in June 2019. Special Rappourteurs serve in their own capacity and do not represent

the UN or any government.


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VENEZUELA:

With the current Presidential Crisis in Venezuela, government forces are brutally

cracking down on not only protestors, but opposition leaders and critics. These

forces have been infringing on the Human Rights of civilians and are not

maintaining their responsibility to protect peaceful protestors. For the past 2 or so

years, the Venezuelan government has been violently reacting to protests including

the use of lethal force.

SUDAN:

Under the Al-Bashir Regime, the Sudanese government, like Venezuela, has also

been violently reacting to anti-government protests. The recent Sudanese revolution

has seen a very dramatic increase in the human rights violations conducted by the

Sudanese government. This also includes the TMC who have also violently attacked

protests asking for a civilian government. The government should be held

accountable for all violations committed. This should set a precedent for the newly

emerging government in Sudan to avoid violations in the country (BBC).

SAUDI ARABIA:

In the case of Jamal Khashoggi, Saudi Arabia has been found responsible for his

murder in the Saudi Consulate in Turkey. Initially, Saudi Arabia denied any

knowledge of his death. MBS told Bloomberg news that Khashoggi left the

consulate after an hour. However, on October 20th, they changed their story and

stated that in a preliminary investigation, Khashoggi had died in a fight after

resisting being returned to Saudi. They then proceeded to claim that 18 people have

been arrested and five senior government officials had been fired. In January a trial

began for 11 for individuals for connections to the killing, however the trial is taking

place behind closed doors and the names of the individuals have not been released.

Saudi Arabia continues to blame ‘rogue officials’ and claim that MBS had no

knowledge of the intent to execute Khashoggi (nytimes).


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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:

After being removed from the Ecuadorian Embassy in London, there is a possibility

that Julian Assange will be deported to the US for trial under a series of charges,

including the 1917 Espionage Act. Under the Obama administration, the US

avoided trying Assange for leaks related to the Iran and Afghan wars, as they knew

the consequences this would have for the free press. The current Trump

administration, however, does not agree that Assange is a journalist, as he hacked

secure serves and also published the names of sources with no regard for their

safety, which are not traditional journalist practices (Reuters).

UNITED KINGDOM:

UN experts state that Assange’s arrest and imprisonment in the UK after being

kicked out of the Ecuadorian Embassy a violation of Assange’s Human Rights.

Assange has been arrested for 50 weeks for violating the terms of his bail in 2012

and not appearing in trial after seeking asylum in the Ecuadorian Embassy. The UN

working group believes that the UK is violating Assange’s right to freedom from

arbitrary detention, as they believe 50 weeks is too much for a minor violation

(Gayle).

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

SUDAN PROTESTS

On 19 December 2018, a series of demonstrations broke out in several Sudanese

cities, due in part to rising costs of living and deterioration of economic conditions

at all socio-economic levels of society. The protests quickly turned from demands

for urgent economic reforms, into demands for President Omar al-Bashir to step

down. Bashir’s response was a mixture of intimidation, persuasion and propaganda.

Dozens of protesters were shot dead, and hundreds were arrested. Officials accepted

the demonstrators’ economic frustrations but sought to blame the peaceful uprising


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on Darfuri rebels, using the well-worn politics of division. On 10 April, soldiers

were seen shielding protesters from NISS ( National Intelligence Security) forces

and on 11 April, the military removed al-Bashir from power in a coup d'état. Ahmed

Awad Ibn Ouf, Sudanese Army General, previous Minister of Defense in Sudan

from 23 August 2015 to 14 April 2019, and the First Vice President of Sudan from

February to April 2019 was been selected to preside over the country, however, as

the population was riled up with passion, they were swift to force him out of his

position. The country is currently under the rule of the TMC (Transitional Military

Council), established on 11 April 2019 as the military governing body, which is

headed by Gen. Abdel-Fattah Burhan as for the time being with its deputy leader

being Lieutenant General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo ("Hemetti"). On the 5th of

July, a deal was agreed verbally between the TMC and the civilian protesters

represented by the Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC), and a written form of the

agreement was signed by the TMC and FFC on 17 July 2019. The TMC and FFC

announced that they would share power to run Sudan via executive and legislative

institutions and a judicial investigation of post-coup events, including the Khartoum

massacre, until elections occur in mid-2022 (BBC).

After beginning in December 2018, the Sudanese Revolution has seen many human

rights violations by the previous government of Sudan, as well as the current ruling

TMC. According to the Sudan Central Doctors Committee reports, 246 people have

been killed and 1353 have been injured by NISS, the RSF (Rapid Support Forces)

and Sudanese Police forces. It is important to note that all protests in Sudan have

been peaceful and have been constantly met with violence by those in power. The

Human Rights violations in Sudan should have a prompt response from the

international community, in addition to condemnation, in order to avoid these

violations in other countries or other revolutions. An international response could

help persuade the Sudanese government to further investigate the violations and

seek punishment for those responsible (Delcan Welsh and Joseph Goldstein)


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VENEZUELAN PROTESTS

Since the 2014 crackdown on opposition in Venezuela, the government has been

accused by the Human Rights Watch of violating many human rights of critics and

opposition leaders. The recent Presidential Crisis in Venezuela has caused a new

wave of protests, beginning in January 2019, which has been met by violence by

the Venezuelan Security forces, included targeted attacks against journalists.

Venezuelan authorities have also removed two international news stations from

television and shut down a big Venezuelan radio station (Human Rights Watch),

violating the right to freedom of speech and information. A close eye should be kept

on Venezuela, to ensure that no more rights are violated and no more journalists

targeted.

OTHER PROTESTS

Protests are very common as people are always seeking to better their lives and

living conditions. Although we will be focusing on these, other current protests and

violations within them should also be looked at. For instance, the protests in Hawaii

over the building of a telescope on Holy Land and the arrest of the protesters in July

2019 has been a very controversial topic lately. Additionally, there are protests in

Hong Kong which began in March 2019 with regards to the bill on Fugitive

Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance on Criminal Matters. There have been over

50 arrests, 70 injuries and four deaths (Reuters).

JAMAL KHASHOGGI

The Jamal Khashoggi case is one that is very important to the freedom of the press.

As a prominent Saudi journalist, he covered major stories, including the Soviet

invasion of Afghanistan and the rise of the late al-Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden,

for various Saudi news organisations. For decades, the 59-year-old was close to the

Saudi royal family and also served as an adviser to the government. However, he

fell out of favour and went into self-imposed exile in the US in 2017. From there,


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he wrote a monthly column in The Washington Post in which he criticised the

policies of Prince Mohammed, who had become the kingdom's de facto ruler.

In his first column for the Post, Khashoggi said he feared being arrested in an

apparent crackdown on dissent overseen by the prince. Jamal Ahmed Khashoggi

was brutally assassinated in the Saudi Arabian Embassy in Turkey, with reports of

dismembering and torture. The international community responded fairly quickly in

the issue, depicting its importance. The UN investigation has found Saudi Arabia

guilty of the crimes but still needs to find a way to hold them accountable. The

council should try to find a way to put policies in place so that this does not happen

again to other critiques of political figures, as it shakes the core values of the UDHR

(The New York Times).

JULIAN ASSANGE

Julian Paul Assange is an Australian editor, publisher and investigative journalist

who founded WikiLeaks in 2006.WikiLeaks is responsible for the majority of

leaked government documents available online now. The case of Julian Assange is

quite a controversial one as he is charged with crimes of Rape and Sexual Assault

in addition to violating the Espionage Act. As the UN has found that he is being

arbitrarily detained, it has become important to ensure that Whistleblowers, like

Assange are not forced to live in Asylum, in order to ensure freedom of speech and

information are being protected. The Espionage Act has been used before to try

informants, but never journalists. His maximum jail time is seen to be around 107

years. If found guilty, Assange would set a precedent, which would be harmful to

journalists everywhere. It prompts the question; is he a journalist or a

criminal? (HuffPost).

PASSED RESOLUTIONS

INTERNATIONAL BILL OF HUMAN RIGHTS


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This bill consists of the UDHR, the International Covenant on Civil and Political

Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural

Rights (ICESCR). The declaration presents general principles and standards that

should be met, while the international covenants provide definitions and limitations,

as well as methods of implementation. They all state the rights that should be

granted to an individual, and all stress the fact that they should be given to all

individuals without discrimination (COE).

GUIDELINES ON FREEDOMS OF PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY

A document created by the Council of Europe which provides the governments and

legislators with guidelines to protect the right to assembly. It emphasizes the

importance of this right, and also goes through the different types of legitimate

restrictions that could be enforced by states (COE).

UN PLAN OF ACTION ON THE SAFETY OF JOURNALISTS AND THE

ISSUE OF IMPUNITY (AUG 2017)

An ongoing effort amongst UN bodies, originally suggested by UNESCO in 2010.

It aims to create a safe environment for journalists to report, in areas both with and

without conflict. It aims to improve cooperation between states and agencies to

ensure the protection of Journalists (OHCHR).

THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE

CONTEXT OF PEACEFUL PROTESTS (UNHRC 38/11) (JULY 2018)

This resolution reinforces the fact that States have a responsibility to protect

protesters and their rights and freedoms of Assembly, Expression and Association.

They should provide protestors with a relevant public space near their target

audiences and provide them protection without discrimination. It asks them to pay

special attention to Women and Children, to specifically protect women from

Gender Based Violence. It also highlights that the use of Lethal force in a crowd is

never acceptable, as per international law. Additionally, it asks states to refrain from


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blocking internet access, as this violates the Right to Information (OHCHR), and it

also affects the ability of protesters to organize and conduct these assemblies

(Article 18).

PROPOSED SOLUTIONS

1. Asks relevant non-governmental organizations in each country to provide

facilities for protestants during peaceful assemblies such as but not limited

to

a) Food and water

b) Shelter

2. Urges upon the creation of the LCT (Local Conviction Tribunal),a tribunal

held by locals in countries troubled with protests to convict violent

protestants disrupting the peaceful assemblies

a) The members of the LCT will be determined by voting of the citizens

b) The violent protestants will be prosecuted fairly bearing no prejudice

not bias

c) The tribunal will therefore encourage peaceful protestants to remain

peaceful

GUIDING QUESTIONS

• How can we as a Human Rights Council call for the freedom and rights of

journalists while preserving a country’s sovereignty?

• How is peaceful protests and journalism directly intertwined and how can they

work together towards a better country?

• Should journalists be allowed to report on events deemed as rumors, if they

claim that it is within their freedom of expression?

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