the protestant reformation. causes of the reformation? church corruption anger of holy roman...
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TheProtestant
Reformation
TheProtestant
Reformation
Causes of the Reformation? Church corruption
Anger of Holy Roman Empire towards Church
Efforts of reformers, like Martin Luther & John Calvin
Secular leaders’ greed for Church land
Church Corruption
• Was all church corruption equal?– What was worse?
• Priests marrying?
• Simony (purchase of church offices)?
• Indulgences (“buying” salvation)?
– They were ALL bad……!
Why did the Reformation Start in the Holy Roman Empire?
• No centralized state (390+ separate entities)
• Church controlled a lot of land in HRE
• Church took advantage of HRE lands and rulers– Weak, generally small
states– Church taxed them
• Most residents of HRE were angry at church abuses
Martin Luther• Luther’s background
– Priest and professor, at U of Wittenberg (HRE)
• Offended by indulgences and John Tetzel, commissioner of Pope– Basis of indulgences: faith +
good works = salvation– Tetzel: "As soon as the coin in
the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."
• Wrote 95 Theses (arguments) against indulgences & Tetzel– Example: #86– Challenged Tetzel to debate
(ignored)– Luther used printing press
to spread his side of argument
Luther’s Excommunication• Luther began pamphlet
campaign, spreading his ideas
• Distance from HRE to Rome a factor– 1517: Luther’s letter to
Archbishop of Mainz– Late 1518 = initial
response to Luther’s 95 Theses
– What was Luther doing during this time?
• 1521: Diet of Worms– Luther ordered to appear
for trial and execution– Luther attended, then…
disappeared!
• Luther abducted by Electors who wanted
to “convert” to new religion (why?)
• TO TAKE CHURCH LAND! • 100+ years of religious wars a
result
Spread of Lutheranism
Activity
• Read the following Primary Source documents and answer the corresponding questions.
• Then answer the following essay question in 2 paragraphs: “How did the protestant reformation change Europe?”
• Due at the end of class.
Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijjbtcAEOnY
• What just happened?• Why is this event important?
John Calvin (1509-1564)• John Calvin was a French lawyer• Left Catholic Church around
1530• Fled France to Switzerland due
to anti-Protestant violence in 1536
• Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion (His statement of belief)– Predestination
• All events have been willed by God• Humans have no free will
– The “Elect”• God has chosen a small group of
people for salvation, the Elect• No one knows who the Elect are• Elect naturally live life according
to Biblical teachings, demonstrating their fitness for salvation
The Reformation in England• Henry VIII had a
problem…..– Wanted a divorce– Pope refused
• Henry’s response (1534)– Henry confiscated all
Church land in England• 20%+ of English lands• Distributed to loyal
noblemen– Started his own
church = Anglican Church
– King was head of church
– Divorce was allowed
Divorced
Executed
Di
ed
Divorced
Executed
ReformationEurope
(Late 16c)
ReformationEurope
(Late 16c)
Effects of the Reformation
• Increase in Nationalism – identity to a nation of people vs. “Christendom”
• Bible translated into vernacular (English, German, etc)
• Catholic “Counter Reformation”
• Religious Wars
Activity
• Read the following Primary Source documents and answer the corresponding questions.
• Then answer the following essay question in 2 paragraphs: “What were the effects of the Protestant Reformation? Do you think the Reformation was successful? Why or why not?”
• Due at the end of class.