the progressive era chapter 9. chapter overview: the progressive era in the first two decades of the...
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The Progressive The Progressive EraEra
Chapter 9
Chapter Overview: The Chapter Overview: The Progressive EraProgressive EraIn the first two decades of the 1900’s, Americansembrace the progressive movement and many of itsreforms.
pro⋅gres⋅sive –adjective 1. favoring or advocating progress, change, improvement, or reform, as opposed to wishing to maintain things as they are, esp. in political matters
CHANGE
Section 1: The Origins of Section 1: The Origins of ProgressivismProgressivism
Four Goals of Progressivism◦Protecting social welfare◦Promoting moral improvement◦Creating economic reform◦Fostering efficiency
Protecting Social WelfareProtecting Social WelfareSoften conditions of industrialization◦Like what?
Social Gospel MovementSettlement House MovementYoung Men’s Christian Association
(YMCA)Salvation Army
Protecting Social WelfareProtecting Social Welfare
Florence Kelley◦Advocate for improving lives of women &
children
◦Illinois Factory Act (1893)—prohibited child labor & limited women’s working hours
Promoting Moral ImprovementPromoting Moral Improvement
Morality was the key to improving the lives of the poor
Prohibition—banning of alcoholic beverages◦Alcohol was undermining American morals
◦Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) Led the crusade against alcohol
Economic ReformEconomic ReformBig business gained too much power, hurting the free market
Muckrakers—journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public lifeIda M. Tarbell: Rockefeller’s unfair
competitionUpton Sinclair: Gross conditions in
meatpacking
Efficiency in the WorkplaceEfficiency in the WorkplaceLong working hours=less efficientScientific Management
◦Frederick Winslow Taylor—breaking tasks down into smaller parts
Assembly line◦Henry Ford paid $5 per day for 8 hour
days◦What’s the outcome?
Reform in State GovernmentReform in State GovernmentStates used power to regulate
railroads and other businesses1904, National Child Labor Committee
◦Keating-Owen Act (1916)—prohibited transportation across state lines of goods produced with child labor
◦Ruled unconstitutionalWorker’s compensation, limited hours,
banned child labor
Reform in State GovernmentReform in State GovernmentReforming election
Secret ballot Initiative—bill originated by the people, not lawmakers
Referendum—voters accepted/rejected bills
Recall—voters can remove public officials by demanding another election
17th Amendment—Direct election of senators (elected by popular vote instead of appointed by state)
Think about it…
Look back at your warm-up, or the cards on
the board… What was the Progressive
solution, or the proposed solution, to
the problem you listed?
(If we haven’t talked about it yet, pick aproblem & solution we have talkedabout)
Section two: Women in Public Section two: Women in Public LifeLifeWomen in the workforce -1 in 5 held jobs◦Farm Women
What kind of work did they do?
◦Women in Industry 25% of working women held manufacturing jobs
Least skilled position, paid half as much as men…Why?
Also held jobs in offices, classrooms, stores
Section two: Women in Public Section two: Women in Public LifeLife
◦Domestic Women Work for other families Many former slaves or unmarried immigrants
In the mid-1800’s the majority of women who worked held jobs as domestic servants
Section two: Women in Public Section two: Women in Public LifeLifeWomen lead reform
◦Unsafe conditions & low wages led to reform
◦Growth in Women’s colleges Most schools would not admit women;
often opened women’s colleges
◦Marriage was no longer the only option
Section two: Women in Public Section two: Women in Public LifeLifeNational Association of Colored Women
◦Mission: “The moral education of the race with which we are identified”
National American Women Suffrage Association◦Originally founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
Fought for women’s right to vote19th Amendment, 1919
Section two: Women in Public Section two: Women in Public LifeLife3 part strategy:
◦1) Convince state legislatures to grant women the right to vote
◦2) pursued court cases to test the 14th Amendment—Aren’t women citizens too? Supreme court said that women are citizens but being a citizen does not grant the right to vote
◦3) Pushed for national constitution amendment
SuffrageSuffrage
Section three: Teddy Roosevelt’s Section three: Teddy Roosevelt’s Square DealSquare Deal
Upton Sinclair—began a novel about human condition in the stockyards in Chicago
“System that exploits the labor of men & women for profits”
The JungleReal story was the sickening
conditions of the meatpacking industry
Section three: Teddy Section three: Teddy Roosevelt’s Roosevelt’s
Square DealSquare DealWilliam McKinley's VPNY Governor; Political boss tried to get
him out of cityYoungest President ever=42SQUARE DEAL—progressive reforms
sponsored by RooseveltTrustbusting—worked to get rid of
illegal trusts (bodies created to hold stock in many companies…Standard Oil Company)
Section three: Teddy Roosevelt’s Section three: Teddy Roosevelt’s Square DealSquare Deal
Revised the Interstate Commerce Act◦Elkins Act (1903)—Illegal to give/receive rebates for using a particular railroad & couldn’t change rates without notifying the public
◦Hepburn Act—limited the distribution of free railroad passes (bribery)
Section three: Teddy Section three: Teddy Roosevelt’s Roosevelt’s
Square DealSquare DealMeat Inspection Act◦dictated cleanliness requirements for
meatpackers◦Created program for federal meat
inspectionPure Food & Drug Act
◦Truth in labeling◦Given accurate info, people can choose
wisely
Section three: Teddy Roosevelt’s Section three: Teddy Roosevelt’s Square DealSquare Deal
Conservationists—protect America’s natural resources
Roosevelt said that some areas would be preserved while others would be developed for common good
National Reclamation Act of 1902◦$ from sale of public lands in the west
funded large scale irrigation projects◦Roosevelt’s Dam (AZ), Shoshone Dam
(WY)
Section four: Section four: Progressivism Under Progressivism Under
TaftTaftWilliam Howard Taft—hand picked by T.R.Wins election of 1908Rather than expanding T.R.’s reforms, he
consolidates them
“When I am addressed as ‘Mr. President’ I turn to see whether you are not at my elbow”
Section four: Progressivism Section four: Progressivism Under TaftUnder Taft
Angered Progressives…Payne-Aldrich Tariff
◦Compromise of the Payne Bill (House) and the Aldrich Bill (Senate); only moderated the high rates of Aldrich Bill
Angered Conservationists…- Appointed Richard A. Ballinger Secretary of Interior; removed 1 million acres of forest & mining land from reserve into public domain
Section four: Progressivism Section four: Progressivism
Under TaftUnder TaftSplit the Republican Party for the election of 1912
*Conservatives *ProgressivesProgressive Party nominates RooseveltRepublicans nominate TaftWoodrow Wilson runs as Democrat
Wilson wins easily, because of split in party
Section five: Wilson’s Section five: Wilson’s New FreedomNew Freedom
Wilson’s Resume:◦Progressive◦Lawyer, President of Princeton
University, & Governor of New Jersey◦Attacks Trusts, Tariffs, & high Finance
— “New Freedom”
Section five: Wilson’s Section five: Wilson’s New FreedomNew Freedom
Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)◦Strengthen Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)◦Prohibited corporations from acquiring stock of another company to create a monopoly
◦Labor unions & farm organizations were legal
Federal Trade Commission (1914)◦Watchdog agency given the power to stop
unfair business practices
Section five: Wilson’s Section five: Wilson’s New FreedomNew Freedom
16th Amendment(1913)—legalized graduated federal income tax◦Because tariffs were cut (Underwood Act), the
government had to replace lost revenue◦Government had more money than it did with
tariffsFederal Reserve Act (1913)
◦Reformed how American banks were organized◦Divided nation into 12 districts, established a
regional central bank (“banker’s bank”) in each district
◦Creating security and accountability in banking19th Amendment (1919)