The Problem with The Problem with

““CoCo--EvolutionEvolution””

●● SymbiosisSymbiosis

●● BiochemistryBiochemistry

●● BioengineeringBioengineering

●● BioBio--MimicryMimicry

Darwin Recognized Two Major WeaknessesDarwin Recognized Two Major Weaknessesin His Theoryin His Theory……But Discounted Any EvidenceBut Discounted Any Evidence

•• Darwin makes two startling statements in his Darwin makes two startling statements in his book, book, Origin of SpeciesOrigin of Species::

But Are There Such Examples?But Are There Such Examples?——Yes!Yes!((And Darwin Did Not Look Very HardAnd Darwin Did Not Look Very Hard))

“If it could be proved that any part of the structure of one species had been formed for the exclusive good of another species, it would annihilate my theory, for such could not have been produced through natural selection…………Although many statements may be found in works on natural history to this effect, I cannot find even one which seems to me of any weight”

“If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed whichcould not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely breakdown……………But I can find out no such case”

This is referred to asThis is referred to as ““symbiosissymbiosis”” and occurs frequently.and occurs frequently.

The tobacco plant The tobacco plant NicotianaNicotiana attenuataattenuata releases volatile releases volatile

organic compounds after herbivore attack by organic compounds after herbivore attack by ManducaManduca

(tobacco hornworm) caterpillars. These organic compounds (tobacco hornworm) caterpillars. These organic compounds

attract other insect predators that eat the eggs deposited by attract other insect predators that eat the eggs deposited by

hornwormhornworm’’s on the leaves thus reducing the hornworms on the leaves thus reducing the hornworm’’s s

population and greatly reducing further damage to the plant.population and greatly reducing further damage to the plant.

Defensive Function of HerbivoreDefensive Function of Herbivore--Induced Plant Volatile EmissionsInduced Plant Volatile Emissions

in in NatureNature; Jan. 2001.; Jan. 2001.

Tobacco PlantTobacco Plant--HornwormHornwormSymbiosisSymbiosis

A nonA non--creationist laments:creationist laments:…….no stage or aspect of this physical process no stage or aspect of this physical process

can be accounted for or even guessed at with our can be accounted for or even guessed at with our

current knowledge of chemistry, physics, current knowledge of chemistry, physics,

genetics, or molecular biology, extensive thoughgenetics, or molecular biology, extensive though

they are. It is they are. It is

completely beyond us. completely beyond us.

We know practically We know practically

nothing about the plan nothing about the plan

or program governing or program governing

the metamorphosis, or the metamorphosis, or

the organizing agency the organizing agency

that executes this plan.that executes this plan.

Milton, R., Milton, R., Shattering Shattering

the Myths of Darwinismthe Myths of Darwinism,,

Park St. Press, 1992, p. Park St. Press, 1992, p.

220.220.

Butterfly Evolution?!Butterfly Evolution?!

The Real The Real ““Butterfly EffectButterfly Effect””

•• Butterfly MetamorphosisButterfly Metamorphosis is the closest thing to is the closest thing to Darwinian evolution, but it is Darwinian evolution, but it is ““prepre--programmed programmed and takes place in weeksand takes place in weeks——not millionsnot millions of years!of years!

God of Wonders God of Wonders ©©Eternal ProductionsEternal Productions

•• Butterfly ScalesButterfly Scales——a marvel of intelligent design.a marvel of intelligent design.

The Enigma of Butterflies for EvolutionThe Enigma of Butterflies for Evolution

�� As Darwin noted in the As Darwin noted in the Origin of Species,Origin of Species, the abrupt emergence of the abrupt emergence of

arthropods in the fossil record during the Cambrian presents a parthropods in the fossil record during the Cambrian presents a problem roblem

for evolutionary biology. There are no obvious simpler or intermfor evolutionary biology. There are no obvious simpler or intermediate ediate

formsforms——either living or in the fossil recordeither living or in the fossil record——that show convincingly how that show convincingly how

modern arthropods evolved from wormmodern arthropods evolved from worm--like ancestors. Consequently like ancestors. Consequently

there has been a wealth of speculation and contention about there has been a wealth of speculation and contention about

relationships between the arthropod lineages. relationships between the arthropod lineages. ---- Osorio, Bacon & Osorio, Bacon &

Whitington, Whitington, American ScientistAmerican Scientist (vol. 85, May/June 1997), p. 244.(vol. 85, May/June 1997), p. 244.

�� The wing The wing may havemay have evolved as a flapevolved as a flap--like extension of the dorsal like extension of the dorsal

upper leg, according to upper leg, according to KukalovaKukalova--Peck, and hence Peck, and hence may havemay have been been

articulated and movearticulated and move--able from the able from the startstart. . ---- GerhartGerhart & & KirschnerKirschner, , Cells, Cells,

Embryos, and Evolution,Embryos, and Evolution, Blackwell Science, 1997, p. 555.Blackwell Science, 1997, p. 555.

Metamorphosis to the adult stage is nothing less than a biologicMetamorphosis to the adult stage is nothing less than a biological al

miracle. Complex molecules called enzymes are released that litemiracle. Complex molecules called enzymes are released that literally rally

digest the caterpillar while it is ensconced in the chrysalis, cdigest the caterpillar while it is ensconced in the chrysalis, converting onverting

it into a rich soup of disjointed tissues and cellsit into a rich soup of disjointed tissues and cells——which after four which after four

days becomes an adult butterfly. But how? Detailed metamorphosisdays becomes an adult butterfly. But how? Detailed metamorphosis

studies done on different insect species shows only that the waystudies done on different insect species shows only that the ways s

organ systems are formed are quite varied. This is not what evolorgan systems are formed are quite varied. This is not what evolution ution

would predict.would predict.

The Bombardier BeetleThe Bombardier Beetle

Explosion sac

Ectodermalglands

Catalase

95 ºC

4000 Hz Pulses

Attack by predator

Natural Selection would allow one-

time mistakes which would END the

evolutionary process

The Problem of The Problem of InsectInsect Camouflage for EvolutionCamouflage for Evolution

There is no coherent, selfThere is no coherent, self--consistent evolutionary consistent evolutionary process that can account for process that can account for the existence of these designs. the existence of these designs.

How would an evolving insect How would an evolving insect ““knowknow”” ahead of time what it ahead of time what it needed to evolve into since needed to evolve into since the plants and trees were the plants and trees were presumably evolving at a presumably evolving at a different time, place and rate?different time, place and rate?

Orchid Mantis

Walking Stick

The Problem of The Problem of VertebrateVertebrate Camouflage for EvolutionCamouflage for Evolution

There is no coherent, selfThere is no coherent, self--consistent evolutionary process that can consistent evolutionary process that can account for the existence of these designs. account for the existence of these designs.

How would an evolving animal How would an evolving animal ““know" ahead of time what it needed to know" ahead of time what it needed to evolve into since the plants and trees were presumably evolvingevolve into since the plants and trees were presumably evolving at a at a different time, place and rate?different time, place and rate?

Great Gray OwlSolomon Island Leaf Frog

Leaf Tailed Gecko

Many fish have markings, colorings and appendages Many fish have markings, colorings and appendages

that make them appear larger and more intimidating that make them appear larger and more intimidating

than they actually are. The markings are not randomly than they actually are. The markings are not randomly

placed, but are located at specific places to produce placed, but are located at specific places to produce

symmetric, realistic looking features mimicking symmetric, realistic looking features mimicking otherother

fish and plants. This information must be fish and plants. This information must be ““built intobuilt into””

the DNA!the DNA!

The Problem of Fish Camouflage for EvolutionThe Problem of Fish Camouflage for Evolution

Natural Selection Cannot Select From Genetic

Information That Does Not Exist

The The ‘‘Leafy Sea DragonLeafy Sea Dragon’’

seahorse has numerous seahorse has numerous

and elaborate appendages and elaborate appendages

that make it look like that make it look like

seaweed or some other seaweed or some other

underwater plant. However, underwater plant. However,

Natural Selection fails to Natural Selection fails to

explain how this could explain how this could

happen if seaweed was happen if seaweed was

presumably evolving at a presumably evolving at a

different time and/or ratedifferent time and/or rate..

Leafy Sea DragonLeafy Sea Dragon

The Enigma of Fish Camouflage for EvolutionThe Enigma of Fish Camouflage for Evolution

Natural Selection Cannot Select from Genetic Information That Does Not Exist!

The Bigger Problem of Mollusk The Bigger Problem of Mollusk

Camouflage for EvolutionCamouflage for Evolution

Some Marine Life have the ability of Some Marine Life have the ability of

““adaptivelyadaptively”” changing their camouflage!changing their camouflage!

God of Wonders God of Wonders ©©Eternal ProductionsEternal Productions

Marvels of Marine Marvels of Marine Life EngineeringLife Engineering

An Octopus can An Octopus can change both change both skin skin colorcolor and and texturetextureto to ““blend inblend in”” with with its surroundings!its surroundings!

Bat Echolocation Defies EvolutionBat Echolocation Defies EvolutionSpectrogram of Pipistrellus Bat vocalizations. Detail is shown as the pulses transition to a faster repetition rate. The bat appears to use a hybrid pulse which combines a sharp falling frequency chirp with an extended constant frequency tail. Such a waveform may offer combined benefits of range estimation as well as Doppler shift detection. (Spectrogram generated with Fatpigdog's PC based Real Time FFT Spectrum Analyzer).

A depiction of the ultrasound signals emitted by a bat, and the echo received in each ear from a nearby object.

Doppler shifted frequencies compensate for bat’s speed & closing distance…

…optimizing accuracy of intercept.

NOTE: Doppler Radar is used for more accurate weather prediction—God designed it thousands of years ago!

““BioBio--mimicrymimicry”” Used to Improve TechnologyUsed to Improve Technology

NOTE: The train’s design is based on the Kingfisher’s design!

• Japanese electric trains attain speeds of 200+ mph.

• Inside tunnels, the high speed compresses air in front of the engine. Upon exiting the tunnel the compressed air in front of the train creates a “tunnel boom”, similar to a

“sonic boom”, rattling nearby windows waking people & startling animals

• From its perch on a branch, a Kingfisher bird will dive straight down into water at a

relatively high rate of speed, with very little splash — the envy of any Olympic diver!

• Wind tunnel experiments verified that the Kingfisher's bill and head is ideally shaped for a smooth, streamlined transition from air into water. This drastic change in pressure is

similar to the change a bullet train experiences when emerging from a tunnel into the open air.

• As a result of such studies the front ends of many Japanese bullet trains have been redesigned to mimic the shape of the Kingfisher's bill.

• As a result, sound is greatly diminished when they exit tunnels and overall train

vibration is lessened. As an added bonus, the streamlined design reduces total energy consumption by 15 percent. Even the recessed headlights of the train engines are

modeled after the nostrils of the Kingfisher.

The Enigma of The Enigma of ““BioBio--mimicrymimicry””

Janine Benyus1, a natural resource manager, concludes; "We are surrounded by genius”.

What is ironic is that as a naturalist she would be quick to addthat this “genius" and innovation is the result of what 100's of millions of years of evolution can accomplish.

However, contrary to the expectations of the Darwinian model, the fossil record does not show ANY evidence of the assumed stages of "intermediate" designs or the failed attempts at inadequate adaptations required to accomplish the necessary transitions. There are no conclusive "missing links"! Instead all creatures, living and in the past, appear suddenly in the fossil record, are no different than modern specimens and from the beginning show signs of deliberate design.

1Janine M. Benyus (born 1958 in New Jersey) is an American natural sciences writer, innovation consultant and author. As quoted by S. Fornoff, “Nature May Offer Vital Clues on Rebuilding New Orleans”. San Francisco Chronicle online, September 14, 2005.