The Perceiving Self: Psychophysiology and the

Varieties of the New Psychology

MYOGRAPH—”frog curve”

Hermann Helmholtz (1821-1894)

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

Principles of PhysiologicalPsychology (1873-1874)

1879—first psychological

laboratory set up Leipzig, Germany

Wundt’s Psychological Laboratory c. 1910

Perceiving the Inner World• Inner Perception —formulated by the

Austrian philosopher Franz Brentano, in Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874). Indirect noticing of mental events, not active focusing on them, e.g. I attend to a sound.

• Introspection or inner observation —an active reflection on the contents of consciousness, e.g. I attend to way I hear the sound.

Horizontal Kymograph c. 1916

Brass Instruments Psychology, University of Toronto

Hipp Chronoscope

Wundt’s Control Hammer

From Titchener’s Photograph Album on Psychological Instruments, 1895, courtesy Max Planck

COLOR DISK ROTATORS

From: Museum of the History of Psychological Instrumentation

Eduard Zimmerman Catalog (1903)

Tone or Stern Variator c. 1910

TACHISTOSCOPE c. 1930

Stoelting, C. H. 1930. Apparatus, Tests and Supplies for Psychology, Psychometry, Psychotechnology, Psychiatry, Neurology, Anthropology, Phonetics, Physiology, and Pharmacology, courtesy, MPIWG

From,Spindler & Hoyer. 1908. Apparate für psychologische Untersuchungen., Max Planck Institute for the History of Science

“Subject” and “Observer” becamestandard terms by end of 1900s.

Wilhelm WundtEthnic or

Cultural Psychologyon

Language, Myth and Custom1910-1920 (ten volumes)

William James (1842-1910)

The Principles of Psychology (1890)

As professor of physiology at HarvardJames taught 1875 course:

“The Relations between PhysiologyAnd Psychology”

with laboratory component

Harvard Psychological Laboratory, 1892

Harvard University Archives

Psychological Laboratory Harvard,1893

Nichols, Herbert. 1893. The Psychological Laboratory at Harvard. McClure's Magazine: 399-409, courtesy MPIWG

Münsterberg’s Laboratory, Harvard, c. 1915

From Roback, History of American Psychology, 1952

G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924)

Trained with William James & Wundt;

Set up Johns Hopkins Psychology Laboratory;

President of Clark University, 1888;

Helped formChild Study Movement

American Psychological Association

founded 1892

Edward B. Titchener (1867-1927)

Trained with WundtPsychologist at Cornell Universityfrom 1892-1927

“Structuralist”

Advocated Introspection

Examined the bits and pieces ofconsciousness; the sensations that one could report on while attending to one’s mental state very carefully.

CORNELL PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY, 1898

From E.B.Titchener, “ A Psychological Laboratory”Mind, New Series, Vol. 7, no. 27, (July, 1898) 311-331

Cornell Doctorates in Psychologysupervised by Titchener before 1900

1894 Margaret Floy Washburn(1871-1939)

1896 Alice Julia Hamlin Walter Bowers Pillsbury

1898 Issac Madison Bentley Eleanor Acheson McCulloch Gamble Stella Emily Sharp

From Rossiter, “Doctorates for American Women, 1868-1907” Historyof Education Quarterly, Summer, 1982, 22:2, p. 167

From: E. Boring, “Edward Bradford Titchener 1867-1927”

American Journal of Psychology Vol 38, No. 4, Oct. 1927, p. 506.

Titchener trained 22

women among his

56 graduate students

from 1894-1927.

Ethel Puffer Howes (1872-1950)Studied at University of Berlin, and FreiburgReceived Ph.D. Radcliffe, 1902Taught at Radcliffe, Wellesley, SimmonsWrote Psychology of Beauty (1905)Her marriage (1908) effectively ended her career.

June Etta Downey (1875-1932)Studied at University Chicago

Professor of PhilosophyHead of Philosophy/Psych. Dept

At University of WyomingWrote Creative Imagination (1929)

“persistent vicious alternative, marriage or career—full personal life versus the way of achievement.”

“Women are both inevitably impelled to, and interdicted from, marriage, children, and careers.”

Ethel Puffer Howes, 1922, “Accepting the Universe” p. 452.

This method of patience, starving out, and harassing to death is tried; Nature must submit to a regular siege, in which minute advantagesgained night and day by the forces that hem her

in must sum themselves at last into her overthrow. There is little of the grand style about these new

prism, pendulum and galvanometer philosophers. They mean business, not chivalry.”

(James, North American Review , 1875, p. 200).

Functionalism—Consciousness as serving a functionin the evolutionary process

Denkpsychologie (Thought Psychology)

• Oswald Külpe (1862-1915)• Founded Institute of Psychology in 1896 at University of Würzburg, Germany• Wundt rejected findings of this school• Titchener hotly debated findings

International Psychology Meetings• 1889 First international Congress of Psychology

Paris

Topics: hypnosis, and telepathic communication.

• 1892 Congress of Experimental Psychology, London

Attendees: Francis Galton, Cesare Lombroso, Pierre Janet, even Hermann Helmoltz

• 1886 Congress of Experimental Psychology

World's Columbian ExpositionChicago, 1893

Wax specimens in the Harvard Psychological Laboratory in Dane Hall, 1892

Harvard University Exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposition (World's Fair)

Chicago, 1893.

A Science of Education:Psychological Pedagogy

• G. Stanley Hall wrote “The Contents of Children’s Minds” 1883

• Psychology introduced as a topic in 1891 National Education Association meeting

• Hall spearheaded “child study movement

at Clark University with local teachers

• Use of surveys and questionnaires

• New Journal: Pedagogical Seminary 1891