the pectoral (shoulder) girdle the pelvic girdle
TRANSCRIPT
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The Pectoral (shoulder) GirdleThe Pelvic Girdle
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The Pectoral (Shoulder) GirdleThe Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Slide 5.33Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Composed of two bones
Clavicle – collarbone
Scapula – shoulder blade
These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
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Bones of the Shoulder GirdleBones of the Shoulder Girdle
Slide 5.34aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.20a, b
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Bones of the Shoulder GirdleBones of the Shoulder Girdle
Slide 5.34bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.20c, d
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Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.35aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The arm is formed by a single bone
Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b
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Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.35bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The forearm has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius
Figure 5.21c
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Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.36Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The hand
Carpals – wrist
Metacarpals – palm
Phalanges – fingers
Figure 5.22
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Bones of the Hand
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• It supports the weight of the body from the vertebral column.
• It also protects and supports the lower organs, including the urinary bladder, the reproductive organs, and the developing fetus in a pregnant woman.
FUNCTIONS OF PELVIC GIRDLE
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Bones of the Pelvic GirdleBones of the Pelvic Girdle
Slide 5.37Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hip bones Composed of three pair of fused bones
Ilium Ischium Pubic bone
The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
Protects several organs Reproductive organs Urinary bladder Part of the large intestine
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The PelvisThe Pelvis
Slide 5.38aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23a
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The PelvisThe Pelvis
Slide 5.38bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23b
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Gender Differences of the PelvisGender Differences of the Pelvis
Slide 5.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23c
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DIFFERENCES IN M/F PELVIS
• Female inlet is larger and circular• Female pelvis is shallower, lighter, thinner• Female sacrum is shorter• Female ischial spines are shorter, farther apart• Pubic arch is more rounded
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Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.40aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The thigh has one bone
Femur – thigh bone
Figure 5.35a, b
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Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.40bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The leg has two bones
Tibia
Fibula
Figure 5.35c
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Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.41Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The foot
Tarsus – ankle
Metatarsals – sole
Phalanges – toes
Figure 5.25
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Arches of the FootArches of the Foot
Slide 5.42Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches
Two longitudinal
One transverseFigure 5.26
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JointsJoints
Slide 5.43Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Articulations of bones
Functions of joints
Hold bones together
Allow for mobility
Ways joints are classified
Functionally
Structurally
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Functional Classification of JointsFunctional Classification of Joints
Slide 5.44Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Synarthroses – immovable joints
Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
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INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
• Fibrous = syndesmoses “give”• Cartilaginous• Synovial – fluid• 1. articular cartilage• 2. fibrous capsule• 3. joint cavity• 4. reinforcing ligaments
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ARTHRITIS
• 3 sx:• 1. pain• 2. stiffness• 3. swelling
• OA – osteoarthritis – “wear-and-tear”• Affects articular cartilage• Analgesics (pain)
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ARTHRITIS
• RA – rheumatoid arthritis – 3x women• Autoimmune disease• Joint replacement usually necessary
• GA – gouty arthritis• Uric acid • Males 30+• genetic
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Osteoarthritis is a deterioration of cartilage and overgrowth of bone often due to "wear and tear". Rheumatoid arthritis is the inflammation of a joint's connective tissues, such as the synovial membranes, which leads to the destruction of the articular cartilage.