THE BONES OF THE THE BONES OF THE APPENDICULARAPPENDICULAR

SKELETONSKELETON

the the appendicular skeletonappendicular skeleton = 126 = 126 bones of the pectoral girdle, upper bones of the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbslimbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

SKELETAL SKELETAL ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION

pectoral girdlepectoral girdle = scapula + clavicles = scapula + clavicles upper limbsupper limbs = humerus, radius, ulna, = humerus, radius, ulna,

carpals, metacarpals, phalangescarpals, metacarpals, phalanges pelvic girdlepelvic girdle = 2 os coxae or coxal = 2 os coxae or coxal

bonesbones lower limbslower limbs = femur, tibia, fibula, = femur, tibia, fibula,

patella, tarsals, metatarsals, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalangesphalanges

THE THE PECTORAL PECTORAL GIRDLEGIRDLE

2 clavicles + 2 scapula2 clavicles + 2 scapula supports the upper limbs, provides a supports the upper limbs, provides a

place for muscle attachmentplace for muscle attachment arrangement of bonesarrangement of bones

is good for mobility, is good for mobility,

but bad for stability but bad for stability

THE PECTORAL THE PECTORAL GIRDLEGIRDLE

claviclesclavicles = = “collarbones”“collarbones” ““S” shapeS” shape not very strong; not very strong;

easily fracturedeasily fractured

THE PECTORAL THE PECTORAL GIRDLEGIRDLE

scapulaescapulae = = “spade” shoulder “spade” shoulder bladesbladesbroad, broad,

triangular triangular bonesbones

THE PECTORAL THE PECTORAL GIRDLEGIRDLE

glenoid cavityglenoid cavity = = a depression a depression where the head where the head of the humerus of the humerus fits fits

THE UPPER LIMBSTHE UPPER LIMBS

humerushumerus: location = upper arm: location = upper arm extends from the scapula to the extends from the scapula to the

elbowelbow head fits into the glenoid cavity of head fits into the glenoid cavity of

the scapulathe scapula

THE UPPER LIMBSTHE UPPER LIMBS

radiusradius: location = forearm: location = forearm on the thumb side between the on the thumb side between the

elbow & wristelbow & wrist

THE UPPER LIMBSTHE UPPER LIMBS

ulnaulna = forearm = forearm longer than the radius, overlaps longer than the radius, overlaps

the humerusthe humerus

THE UPPER LIMBSTHE UPPER LIMBS

carpalscarpals = wrist = wrist 8 bones – 2 rows of four short 8 bones – 2 rows of four short

bonesbones

THE UPPER LIMBSTHE UPPER LIMBS

5 5 metacarpalsmetacarpals = palm = palm distal ends form the knucklesdistal ends form the knuckles numbered 1-5 starting with the numbered 1-5 starting with the

thumbthumb

THE UPPER LIMBSTHE UPPER LIMBS

14 14 phalangesphalanges = fingers / digits = fingers / digits 3 in each finger 3 in each finger (proximal, middle, (proximal, middle,

distal), distal), 2 in the thumb 2 in the thumb / pollex / pollex (proximal, distal) (proximal, distal)

THE PELVIC GIRDLETHE PELVIC GIRDLE made of 2 made of 2 osos coxaecoxae or coxal bones which or coxal bones which

articulate with each other & the sacrumarticulate with each other & the sacrum

THE PELVIC GIRDLETHE PELVIC GIRDLE functions include support for the functions include support for the

trunk, attachments for the lower trunk, attachments for the lower limbs, protection for the bladder, limbs, protection for the bladder, large intestine, & reproductive large intestine, & reproductive organsorgans

has a cup-shaped has a cup-shaped acetabulumacetabulum which which receives the head of the femurreceives the head of the femur

THE PELVIC GIRDLETHE PELVIC GIRDLE

each coxal bone has 3 parts:each coxal bone has 3 parts: iliumilium: the largest portion, upper : the largest portion, upper

prominence called the iliac crestprominence called the iliac crest ischiumischium: the lowest portion, you : the lowest portion, you

sit on the ischial tuberosities sit on the ischial tuberosities pubispubis: the anterior portion, fuses : the anterior portion, fuses

at the pubic symphysisat the pubic symphysis

THE PELVIC GIRDLETHE PELVIC GIRDLE the the obturator foramenobturator foramen is a large is a large

opening where nerves & blood opening where nerves & blood vessels pass from the spinal cord to vessels pass from the spinal cord to the lower limbsthe lower limbs

THE LOWER LIMBSTHE LOWER LIMBS

THE LOWER LIMBSTHE LOWER LIMBS femurfemur = “thigh bone” = “thigh bone”

longest, strongest bone in the bodylongest, strongest bone in the body extends from the hip to the kneeextends from the hip to the knee head of femur fits into the acetabulum head of femur fits into the acetabulum

of the coxaeof the coxae

PatellaPatella = kneecap, a sesamoid bone = kneecap, a sesamoid bone articulates with the femurarticulates with the femur

THE LOWER LIMBSTHE LOWER LIMBS

tibiatibia = larger bone of the lower leg, = larger bone of the lower leg, “shin”“shin” on the medial side of the legon the medial side of the leg

THE LOWER LIMBSTHE LOWER LIMBS

fibulafibula = smaller bone of the lower = smaller bone of the lower legleg on the lateral lower legon the lateral lower leg bears no weightbears no weight

THE LOWER LIMBSTHE LOWER LIMBS

tarsalstarsals = ankle = ankle 7 tarsal bones7 tarsal bones the the talustalus is the only free moving bone is the only free moving bone

of the ankleof the ankle the the calcaneuscalcaneus / heel is the largest / heel is the largest

tarsal bonetarsal bone

THE LOWER LIMBSTHE LOWER LIMBS metatarsalsmetatarsals = soles / arch = soles / arch

numbered 1-5 starting with the big toenumbered 1-5 starting with the big toe longitudinal arch + transverse archlongitudinal arch + transverse arch when arches weaken you may get flat when arches weaken you may get flat

feetfeet

THE LOWER LIMBSTHE LOWER LIMBS

phalangesphalanges = toes = toes 14 total, 3 in each except the big 14 total, 3 in each except the big

toetoe

JOINTSJOINTS

230 in the body230 in the body = functional junctions between bones= functional junctions between bones

bind parts of the skeletal systembind parts of the skeletal system make bone growth possiblemake bone growth possible allow the skeleton to change shape allow the skeleton to change shape

during birthduring birth enable movementenable movement

JOINTSJOINTS

classified according to their degree classified according to their degree of movement = functional of movement = functional classification classification immovableimmovable slightly movableslightly movable freely movablefreely movable

JOINTSJOINTS

also classified according to the type also classified according to the type of tissue binding bone = structural of tissue binding bone = structural classificationclassification fibrousfibrous cartilaginouscartilaginous synovialsynovial

FIBROUS JOINTS:FIBROUS JOINTS:

bones are tightly joined by a layer bones are tightly joined by a layer of dense connective tissueof dense connective tissue

allow little or no movementallow little or no movement ex. sutures of the skull, tibia-ex. sutures of the skull, tibia-

fibulafibula

CARTILAGINOUS CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS:JOINTS:

bones are connected by bones are connected by fibrocartilagefibrocartilage

allow limited movementallow limited movement ex. intervertebral discs, pubic ex. intervertebral discs, pubic

symphysis, 1st rib to sternumsymphysis, 1st rib to sternum

SYNOVIAL JOINTS:SYNOVIAL JOINTS:

bones are covered with articular bones are covered with articular cartilage & held together by a cartilage & held together by a fibrous joint capsule (outer layer of fibrous joint capsule (outer layer of ligaments + inner layer of synovial ligaments + inner layer of synovial membrane)membrane)

SYNOVIAL JOINTS:SYNOVIAL JOINTS:

some have menisci (shock-absorbing some have menisci (shock-absorbing pads), some have bursae (fluid-filled pads), some have bursae (fluid-filled sacs located between the skin & sacs located between the skin & bony prominences such as knees & bony prominences such as knees & elbows)elbows)

SYNOVIAL SYNOVIAL JOINTS:JOINTS:

types of synovial joints:types of synovial joints:glidingglidinghinge hinge PivotPivotellipsoidalellipsoidalsaddlesaddleball-and-socketball-and-socket

TYPES OF JOINT TYPES OF JOINT MOVEMENTS:MOVEMENTS:

flexion / extensionflexion / extension abduction / adductionabduction / adduction CircumductionCircumduction hyperextension hyperextension Refer to Refer to

handouts!handouts! retraction / protractionretraction / protraction elevation / depression elevation / depression RotationRotation pronation / supinationpronation / supination oppositionopposition dorsiflexion / plantar flexiondorsiflexion / plantar flexion eversion / inversioneversion / inversion