The Parts of a The Parts of a SentenceSentence512-520512-520

Sentence or Fragment?Sentence or Fragment?

A sentence is a word group that contains A sentence is a word group that contains a subject and a verb and that expresses a subject and a verb and that expresses a COMPLETE THOUGHT.a COMPLETE THOUGHT.

A thought is complete when it MAKES A thought is complete when it MAKES SENSE on its own.SENSE on its own.

Examples of SentencesExamples of Sentences

The weary TEACHER had left her keys locked The weary TEACHER had left her keys locked in her room.in her room.

For how many years was MR. HARDY the For how many years was MR. HARDY the principal here?principal here?

What extraordinary courage the early What extraordinary courage the early PLATYPUS HUNTERS must have had!PLATYPUS HUNTERS must have had!

Wait!Wait! [The subject of this last one is understood to be [The subject of this last one is understood to be

YOUYOU.].]

Sentence FragmentsSentence Fragments

A sentence fragment is a word or group A sentence fragment is a word or group of words that MAY BE capitalized and of words that MAY BE capitalized and punctuated as a sentence…punctuated as a sentence…

but does not contain BOTH a subject but does not contain BOTH a subject AND a verb OR does not express a AND a verb OR does not express a complete thought.complete thought.

Sentence Fragment Sentence Fragment ExamplesExamples

FragmentFragment:: Athletes representing 8 Athletes representing 8 schools.schools.

SentenceSentence:: Athletes representing 8 Athletes representing 8 schools competed in the event.schools competed in the event.

Fragment or Sentence?Fragment or Sentence? Between the Between the towering mountain ridge and the wide towering mountain ridge and the wide ocean only a few miles away.ocean only a few miles away.

Exercise 1 (514)Exercise 1 (514)

01. I would like …01. I would like … 02. The town is…02. The town is… 03. They have been…03. They have been… 04. He is…04. He is… 05. C05. C 06. C06. C 07. The movie was better…07. The movie was better… 08. C08. C 09. …children were…09. …children were… 10. C10. C

The Subject and The Subject and PredicatePredicate

Sentences consist of two basic parts: subjects Sentences consist of two basic parts: subjects and predicates.and predicates.

The subject tells WHOM or WHAT the The subject tells WHOM or WHAT the sentence is about.sentence is about.

The predicate tells SOMETHING ABOUT the The predicate tells SOMETHING ABOUT the subject.subject.

NoteNote: 1) the sub. or pred. may be ONE WORD : 1) the sub. or pred. may be ONE WORD or more, and 2) the sub. may appear before, or more, and 2) the sub. may appear before, after or BETWEEN PARTS of the pred.after or BETWEEN PARTS of the pred.

Subject/Predicate Subject/Predicate ExamplesExamples

EveryoneEveryone || watched || watched The 13The 13thth Warrior Warrior.. S.S. P.P.

Throughout the day, || Throughout the day, || JoeJoe || robbed six || robbed six banks.banks.

P.P. S.S.P.P.

Simple/Complex SubjectSimple/Complex Subject

Simple Subject = main word (or word group) Simple Subject = main word (or word group) that tells WHOM or WHAT the sentence is that tells WHOM or WHAT the sentence is about.about. The The coachcoach of our curling team was arrested for of our curling team was arrested for

robbing a bank.robbing a bank. Complete Subject = the simple subject + any Complete Subject = the simple subject + any

words (or word groups) used to modify the words (or word groups) used to modify the simple subject.simple subject. The coach of our curling teamThe coach of our curling team was arrested for was arrested for

robbing a bank.robbing a bank.

More simple/complex More simple/complex subject examplessubject examples

SimpleSimple: Many : Many scenesscenes in the movie were in the movie were violent.violent.

ComplexComplex:: Many scenes in the movie Many scenes in the movie were were violent.violent.

SimpleSimple: The : The Burger KingBurger King in Hanover burned in Hanover burned down.down.

ComplexComplex: : The Burger King in HanoverThe Burger King in Hanover burned burned down.down. Note: Burger King is a simple subject – 2 words, but Note: Burger King is a simple subject – 2 words, but

one thing.one thing.

Simple/Complex Simple/Complex PredicatePredicate

Simple Predicate (VERB) = main word (or word Simple Predicate (VERB) = main word (or word group) that tells something about the subject.group) that tells something about the subject. The coach of our curling team The coach of our curling team was arrestedwas arrested for for

robbing a bank.robbing a bank.

Complete Predicate = verb and all the words Complete Predicate = verb and all the words used to modify the verb and COMPLETE its used to modify the verb and COMPLETE its meaning.meaning. The coach of our curling team The coach of our curling team was arrested for was arrested for

robbing a bank.robbing a bank.

More simple/complex More simple/complex predicate examplespredicate examples

SimpleSimple: : HaveHave you you triedtried platypus meat? platypus meat? ComplexComplex: : HaveHave you you tried platypus meat?tried platypus meat?

SimpleSimple: They : They chasedchased me after the me after the robbery.robbery.

ComplexComplex: They : They chased me after the chased me after the robbery.robbery.

Compound SubjectCompound Subject

Compound Subject = 2+ subjects that are Compound Subject = 2+ subjects that are joined by a conjunction and that have the joined by a conjunction and that have the SAME VERB.SAME VERB.

HanoverHanover andand HortonHorton areare two small towns. two small towns. New YorkNew York, , DetroitDetroit, , St. LouisSt. Louis, , oror Los Los

AngelesAngeles will winwill win the World Series. the World Series. Note: these are not separate sentences.Note: these are not separate sentences.

Compound VerbCompound Verb

Compound Verb = 2+ verbs that are Compound Verb = 2+ verbs that are joined by a conjunction and that have the joined by a conjunction and that have the SAME SUBJECT.SAME SUBJECT.

WeWe robbedrobbed a bank a bank andand stashedstashed the the money in our backyard.money in our backyard.

TheyThey stolestole my identity, my identity, tooktook my car my car andand skippedskipped the country. the country. Note: these are not separate sentences.Note: these are not separate sentences.

Difference between Difference between compound sub/verb and compound sub/verb and compound sentence.compound sentence.

Compound Sentence = 2+ independent Compound Sentence = 2+ independent clauses (these ARE separate sentences)clauses (these ARE separate sentences)

CMPD VRB: Joe and I CMPD VRB: Joe and I likelike baseball but baseball but hatehate hockey. hockey.

CMPD SNT: Joe and I like baseball, but CMPD SNT: Joe and I like baseball, but wewe hate hockey. hate hockey. Note: cmpd snts need a COMMA and a Note: cmpd snts need a COMMA and a

CONJUNCTION to join them.CONJUNCTION to join them.

How to find the subject of How to find the subject of a sentencea sentence

Easiest way: find the verb, then ask Easiest way: find the verb, then ask WHO? or WHAT? in front of it.WHO? or WHAT? in front of it.

The cat in the hat came back.The cat in the hat came back. What came? The cat.What came? The cat.

In their eyes shone happiness.In their eyes shone happiness. WhatWhat shone? Happiness shone. shone? Happiness shone.

Subjects in Subjects in commands/requestscommands/requests

The subject of a command or request is The subject of a command or request is always understood to be YOU, although always understood to be YOU, although it may not appear in the sentence.it may not appear in the sentence.

[You] Read your book and turn your [You] Read your book and turn your homework in on time.homework in on time.

Get up off my grill!Get up off my grill!

Subjects are never in Subjects are never in prepositional phrasesprepositional phrases

Never.Never. Never.Never. A group of students from the high school were in A group of students from the high school were in

the parade.the parade. A A groupgroup [of students] [from the high school] were [of students] [from the high school] were

in the parade.in the parade. Out of the stillness came the loud sound of Out of the stillness came the loud sound of

laughter.laughter. [Out of the stillness] came the loud [Out of the stillness] came the loud soundsound [of [of

laughter].laughter].

Subjects in questionsSubjects in questions

The subject in a question usually The subject in a question usually FOLLOWS the verb or part of the verb.FOLLOWS the verb or part of the verb.

DidDid youyou cutcut my car in half again? my car in half again? When When werewere youyou inside the Bermuda inside the Bermuda

Triangle?Triangle?

Here/There/Where – Here/There/Where – never subjectsnever subjects

They are adverbs. (They tell or ask They are adverbs. (They tell or ask where.where.))

Here is the poison you ordered.Here is the poison you ordered. What What isis here? The poison is here. here? The poison is here.

There they are!There they are! What What areare there? They are there. there? They are there.

Where’s my money, Brian!?Where’s my money, Brian!? What’s where? My money is where?What’s where? My money is where?

Exercise 2 (519)Exercise 2 (519)

01. men, women, children LIVED01. men, women, children LIVED 02. position GAVE02. position GAVE 03. anyone DID REFUSE03. anyone DID REFUSE 04. group WAS04. group WAS 05. people FLED05. people FLED 06. they COULD TRAIN06. they COULD TRAIN 07. lessons WERE TAUGHT07. lessons WERE TAUGHT 08. ninja SNEAKED, STRUCK08. ninja SNEAKED, STRUCK 09. warriors GAINED, WERE FEARED09. warriors GAINED, WERE FEARED 10. [you] HAND10. [you] HAND

The Parts of a The Parts of a Sentence Pt. 2Sentence Pt. 2(Complements)(Complements)520-527520-527

ComplementsComplements

Quite often we need more than just a Quite often we need more than just a subject and a verb for a COMPLETE subject and a verb for a COMPLETE THOUGHT.THOUGHT.

They sent.They sent. They sent us a fruitcake.They sent us a fruitcake.

The students seem.The students seem. The students seem well educated.The students seem well educated.

The Direct ObjectThe Direct Object

Direct Object (DO) = Noun or Pronoun that Direct Object (DO) = Noun or Pronoun that receives the action of an action verb.receives the action of an action verb.

To find the DO, ask “WHOM?” or “WHAT?” To find the DO, ask “WHOM?” or “WHAT?” after a transitive verb.after a transitive verb.

I forgot my homework.I forgot my homework. ““I forgot what?” I forgot I forgot what?” I forgot my homeworkmy homework..

The dog bit Joe and me, and we got rabies.The dog bit Joe and me, and we got rabies. ““The dog bit whom?” The dog bit The dog bit whom?” The dog bit JoeJoe and and meme.. ““We got what?” We got We got what?” We got rabiesrabies..

The Indirect ObjectThe Indirect Object

The Indirect Object (IO) appears BEFORE the The Indirect Object (IO) appears BEFORE the DO and receives the DO.DO and receives the DO.

To whom / to what (for whom / for what)To whom / to what (for whom / for what) Mr. Bulgrien showed our class the movie.Mr. Bulgrien showed our class the movie.

He showed what? The movie (DO)He showed what? The movie (DO) He showed it to whom? Our class (IO)He showed it to whom? Our class (IO)

Show me the money!Show me the money! Show what? The money (DO)Show what? The money (DO) Show it to whom? Me (IO)Show it to whom? Me (IO)

Tell Joe and me the truth. IO: ____________Tell Joe and me the truth. IO: ____________

Indirect Object – Indirect Object – important noteimportant note

Don’t confuse an indirect object (IO) with Don’t confuse an indirect object (IO) with an object of a preposition (OP)an object of a preposition (OP)

If it says “to ___” or “for ___” then it’s an If it says “to ___” or “for ___” then it’s an OP.OP.

Give Give meme all of your money. all of your money. IOIO

Give all of your money to Give all of your money to meme.. OPOP

The Objective The Objective ComplementComplement

Objective Complement (OC) = word or Objective Complement (OC) = word or word group that IDENTIFIES or modifies word group that IDENTIFIES or modifies the DO.the DO.

The seniors elected The seniors elected IrvingIrving presidentpresident.. They elected whom? Irving (DO)They elected whom? Irving (DO) See how “president” identifies the DO? See how “president” identifies the DO?

“President” is an OC.“President” is an OC.

More Objective More Objective ComplementsComplements

Only a few verbs can have OCs. Just “consider” Only a few verbs can have OCs. Just “consider” and “make” and other verbs that can be and “make” and other verbs that can be REPLACED by “consider” and “make.”REPLACED by “consider” and “make.”

They call him their boss.They call him their boss. They [consider] They [consider] himhim their boss. their boss. They consider whom? Him (DO) = identified: their They consider whom? Him (DO) = identified: their

boss (OC)boss (OC) Paint my room red.Paint my room red.

[Make] my room red.[Make] my room red. Make what? My room (DO) = modified: red (OC) Make what? My room (DO) = modified: red (OC)

room.room.

Exercise 3 (524)Exercise 3 (524)

01. appeal DO01. appeal DO 02. tons DO02. tons DO 03. homes DO03. homes DO 04. meal DO; special OC04. meal DO; special OC 05. candles DO05. candles DO 06. hobbyists IO; pastime DO06. hobbyists IO; pastime DO 07. you IO; steps DO07. you IO; steps DO 08. candles IO; scent DO08. candles IO; scent DO 09. wax DO; colors OC09. wax DO; colors OC 10. mine DO; blue & white OC10. mine DO; blue & white OC

The Subject ComplementThe Subject Complement

Subject Complement (SC) = word or Subject Complement (SC) = word or word group in the predicate that identifies word group in the predicate that identifies or describes the subject. It is linked to or describes the subject. It is linked to the subject by a LINKING VERB.the subject by a LINKING VERB.

Two types of SCs:Two types of SCs: Predicate Nominative (PN)Predicate Nominative (PN) Predicate Adjective (PA)Predicate Adjective (PA)

Predicate Nominative Predicate Nominative (PN)(PN)

A predicate nominative is a word or word group A predicate nominative is a word or word group in the predicate that identifies the SUBJECT or in the predicate that identifies the SUBJECT or refers to it. They can be NOUNS, pronouns or refers to it. They can be NOUNS, pronouns or a group of words that function as a NOUN.a group of words that function as a NOUN.

PNs are linked to the subject by a LINKING PNs are linked to the subject by a LINKING verb.verb. remember the linking verbs:remember the linking verbs: am, is, ARE, was, WERE, BE, being, beenam, is, ARE, was, WERE, BE, being, been and any verbs that make sense when replaced by and any verbs that make sense when replaced by

the ABOVE verbs.the ABOVE verbs.

PN examplesPN examples

Subjects in bold || Subjects in bold || PNs underlinedPNs underlined YouYou are are studentsstudents..

““students” is linked to subject, identifies itstudents” is linked to subject, identifies it Of all the dancers, Of all the dancers, MarceloMarcelo was the most was the most

experienced experienced oneone.. Pronoun “one” linked to/identifies subjectPronoun “one” linked to/identifies subject

Some day Some day JoeJoe will be a will be a criminalcriminal.. The two The two candidatescandidates for class treasurer are for class treasurer are

Iriving and IIriving and I..

Predicate Adjective (PA)Predicate Adjective (PA)

A predicate Adjective is an adjective in A predicate Adjective is an adjective in the predicate that modifies the SUBJECT the predicate that modifies the SUBJECT or refers to it.or refers to it.

PAs are linked to the subject by a PAs are linked to the subject by a LINKING verb.LINKING verb.

Not sure if it’s a PA? Try putting it right in Not sure if it’s a PA? Try putting it right in front of the subject. Does it modify it?front of the subject. Does it modify it?

PA examplesPA examples

Subjects in bold || Subjects in bold || PAs underlinedPAs underlined The The oceanocean is is calmcalm..

calm ocean – so it’s an ADJ.calm ocean – so it’s an ADJ. Does that year-old Does that year-old milkmilk taste taste soursour?? All of the platypus All of the platypus wranglerswranglers look look

confidentconfident.. Most Most freshmenfreshmen are are noisynoisy, , creepycreepy and and

annoyingannoying..

One more note about One more note about PN/PAPN/PA

For emphasis, sometimes we place these For emphasis, sometimes we place these before the subject and verb.before the subject and verb.

PN: What an outstanding PN: What an outstanding teacherteacher Mr. Mr. FlintFlint was! was!

PA: I was shocked at how PA: I was shocked at how talentedtalented sheshe is!is!

Exercise 4 (526)Exercise 4 (526)

01. IS species (PN)01. IS species (PN) 02. FEEL concerned (PA)02. FEEL concerned (PA) 03. WAS discoverer (PN)03. WAS discoverer (PN) 04. IS author (PN)04. IS author (PN) 05. SOUNDED beautiful (PA)05. SOUNDED beautiful (PA) 06. GREW restless (PA)06. GREW restless (PA) 07. WAS active (PA)07. WAS active (PA) 08. IS icy (PA)08. IS icy (PA) 09. DOES TASTE spicy (PA)09. DOES TASTE spicy (PA) 10. IS work (PN)10. IS work (PN)

Review A (526)Review A (526)

01. Both … cooking01. Both … cooking 02. have … preparation02. have … preparation 03. me03. me 04. developed04. developed 05. favorites05. favorites 06. traces06. traces 07. is, was born07. is, was born 08. thick, spicy08. thick, spicy 09. lobsters09. lobsters 10. morsels10. morsels

The Pts of Sentences The Pts of Sentences Pt. 3(Classification of Pt. 3(Classification of Sentences)Sentences)527-533527-533

We classify sentences We classify sentences according to purposeaccording to purpose

There are four types of sentences:There are four types of sentences: DeclarativeDeclarative InterrogativeInterrogative ImperativeImperative ExclamatoryExclamatory

DeclarativeDeclarative

Makes a STATEMENTMakes a STATEMENT Ends in a PERIODEnds in a PERIOD

““I’m planning to cut his car in half again.”I’m planning to cut his car in half again.”

““My dog would make a good platypus My dog would make a good platypus hunter.”hunter.”

InterrogativeInterrogative

Asks a QUESTIONAsks a QUESTION Ends with a QUESTION markEnds with a QUESTION mark

““Pardon me, but do you have any Grey Pardon me, but do you have any Grey Poupon?”Poupon?”

““What is your favorite color?”What is your favorite color?”

ImperativeImperative

Makes a request or gives a COMMANDMakes a request or gives a COMMAND Most imperative sentences end with a Most imperative sentences end with a

PERIOD, but strong commands end with PERIOD, but strong commands end with an EXCLAMATION POINTan EXCLAMATION POINT

The subject of an imperative sentence is The subject of an imperative sentence is always “YOU.”always “YOU.”

““Hand me my platypus rifle.”Hand me my platypus rifle.” ““Shut your noise hole!”Shut your noise hole!”

ExclamatoryExclamatory

Shows excitement or expresses Shows excitement or expresses STRONG FEELINGSTRONG FEELING

Ends with an EXCLAMATION POINTEnds with an EXCLAMATION POINT

““Oh, snap! You got burned!”Oh, snap! You got burned!”

““Wow! What a hottie!”Wow! What a hottie!”