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The Paris system for Reporting Urinary Cytology: The quest for standardized
terminology
Eva M. Wojcik, MD
Chair and Professor of Pathology and Urology
Loyola University, Chicago, IL, USA
Outlines
• What is the goal of urine cytology?
• Why to standardize, why Paris?
• What is the guiding principle?
• What are diagnostic categories?
• What are the criteria?
• What adjuvant studies?
• What are future clinical and research needs?
The main purpose of urine cytology
To detect bladder cancer
Bladder cancer - current status
• ~ 80,470 new cases in 2019 in the USA (ACS) • ~ 17,670 deaths due to bladder cancer • Average age at dx - 73 • 4th most common ca in men and 9th in women (1 in 27 men, 1 in 89
women) • 9th most common cause of cancer death (F>M) • ~ 75% non-muscle invasive bladder cancers (superficial bladder
cancers), Ta, Tis, T1 • ~ 30% - 70% - recurrence • ~ 5% - 15% - progression (<1% LG Ta*) • > 535,000 people in the US are survivors of this cancer • Highest per patient cost from dx to death of all cancers • $4.1 billion/year spent to tx bladder cancer
*Nielsen ME et al. Trends in stage-specific incidence rates for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder in the United States: 1998 to 2006. Cancer 2014:120:86
Classifications
WHO 1973
WHO/ISUP 2004
Papilloma
Papilloma
Grade I Grade III Grade II
Low Grade High Grade PUNLMP
~ 80-90% ~ 10-20% ~ 50-60%
URINE CYTOLOGY SENSITIVITY
5 Very high probability that we are going to be wrong
• Reproducibility
• Improvement of communication
• Atypical cells
– Wide intraobserver variability
• Nationally rates of atypical vary among institutions
– Range from 2% to 30% (51% atypical + suspicious)
Why to standardize reporting of urinary cytology?
Where did we start?
• 18th International Congress of Cytology, Paris, May, 2013
– “Paris Group” – all participants of two Urine Cytology Symposia
– Outline of the Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytopathology
– Ultimate goal – detection of HGUC
• Sponsorship by the ASC and IAC
• Contract with Springer
• Numerous face-to-face meetings
I. Pathogenesis of Urothelial Carcinoma II. Adequacy III. Negative for High Grade Urothelial Carcinoma IV. Atypical Urothelial Cells V. Suspicious for High Grade Urothelial Carcinoma VI. High Grade Urothelial Carcinoma VII. Low Grade Urothelial Neoplasm VIII. Other malignancies, both primary and secondary IX. Ancillary Studies X. Clinical management XI. Preparatory techniques relative to Urinary Tract
samples
The Paris Working Group consisted of 49 members, 28 from 12 US states, and 21 from 9 countries including Canada, France, Italy, Japan, Korea,
Luxembourg, Slovenia, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
System has to be build based on:
• Consensus • Evidence • Inclusion • Acceptance • Understanding
Urothelial Carcinoma
Normal Urothelium
Hyperplasia Dysplasia
Low Grade Carcinoma High Grade Carcinoma Carcinoma in situ
Invasive Carcinoma
9p-, 9q- p16
Genetically Stable FGFR3 (~85%)
Genetically Unstable p53 (~60%)
<10%
Recurrence Recurrence
RAS (?)
Pathogenesis of Urothelial Carcinoma
Eva M. Wojcik and Stefan E. Pambuccian
Normal Urothelium
Hyperplasia Dysplasia
High Grade Carcinoma Carcinoma in situ
Invasive Carcinoma
Papillary Pathway
80%
Non-Papillary Pathway
20% 9p-, 9q-
p16
Genetically Unstable p53 (~60%)
<10%
Bladder cancer – more then one disease?
• ~ 75 % Non-Muscle-Invasive (Ta/T1)
– Good prognosis
– Recurrence
– 10%-15% progression (LG Ta - <1%)*
• ~ 25 % Muscle-Invasive (> T2)
– >60% overall survival
*Nielsen ME et al. Trends in Stage-Specific Incidence Rates for Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder In the United States: 1998-2006. Cancer 2014:120:86
“Approximately 80% (of Ta bladder tumors) appear to follow a benign course without developing invasive tumors or dying of bladder cancer”
Question…. “Carcinoma”?
GU GI
CARCINOMA
ADENOMA
Question…. “Carcinoma”?
Mr. Smith - You have a bladder cancer
What really matters?
High Grade Urothelial Carcinoma
Diagnostic Categories
Positive Negative Atypical/Suspicious
HGUC Everything else
Hope
Reality
Evolution of the Classification
Owens et al. Cancer Cytopathology 2013
?LG
?HG
NEW paradigm
• It is all about High Grade Urothelial Carcinoma
• Negative for High Grade Urothelial Carcinoma
• AUC SHGUC HGUC
• LGUN – Low Grade Urothelial Neoplasm
Quality and Quantity Quantity
The Process
• INCLUSION – International Working Group consisted of 49 members, 28 from
12 US states, and 21 from 9 countries – Open forum hosted by ASC and IAC seeking an international
input
• EVIDENCE – Review of existing literature – Design and publish studies that address the issue
• CONSENSUS – Numerous face-to-face meetings – Regular conference calls – Daily (almost) emails – Final approval of the manuscript by the group
Adequacy of Urine Specimens (Adequacy)
Matthew T. Olson , Güliz A. Barkan , Monique Courtade-Saïdi , Z. Laura Tabatabai , Yuji Tokuda , Toyonori Tsuzuki , and Christopher J. VandenBussche
• Presence of atypical or malignant cells
• Specimen type – Instrumented (Cellularity,
2600 cells, 2 urothelial cells/10HPF) (*)
– Voided (>30mL more likely “adequate”) (**)
• Obscuring elements (blood, lubricant, etc.)
(*) Prather J, Arville B, Chatt G, et al. Evidence-based adequacy criteria for urinary bladder barbotage cytology. Journal of the American Society of Cytopathology.4: 57-62. (**) VandenBussche CJ, Rosenthal DL, Olson MT. Adequacy in voided urine cytology specimens: The role of volume and a repeat void upon predictive values for high-grade urothelial carcinoma. Cancer Cytopathol. 2015.
Renshaw AA, Gould EW: Evidence-based adequacy criteria for instrumented urine cytology using cytospin preparations. Diagn Cytopathol 2018
Cytospin preparations of instrumented urine cytology specimens with less than 10 urothelial cells or more than 50 urothelial cells/10 hpfs are both associated with significantly increased false negative rates compared to cases with 10-
49 urothelial cells/10 hpfs.
Positive Negative Atypical Suspicious Positive Negative Atypical Suspicious
Reactive Umbrella Cells
Positive Negative Suspicious Atypical
• Cells - large, often bi- or multinucleated, N/C ratio - low, Cell boarder - often scalloped and sharply demarcated
• Nuclei - centrally located, nuclear membrane is smooth and chromatin is fine. Occasional chromocenters
• Nuclei – occasionally clumped and degenerated – PITFALL – May contain abnormal DNA
Dx. Negative for High Grade Urothelial Carcinoma
Squamous and Glandular Cells
• Squamous cells – GYN tract, trigone, metaplasia, dysplasia • Glandular epithelium – cystitis glandularis, metaplasia, prostatic glandular cells, seminal vesicle cells • Renal tubular cells
Positive Negative Atypical
Dx. Negative for High Grade Urothelial Carcinoma
Squamous dysplasia – Sq papilloma
Squamous dysplasia – LSIL
Mucinous metaplasia
Mucinous metaplasia
Renal tubular cells
Seminal vesicle cells
Suspicious
Benign Urothelial Tissue Fragments – BUTF and Low Grade Urothelial Neoplasia - LGUN
• Instrumentation, stones
• Can be present in voided urines after DRE
• LGUN – Fibrovascular cores
• Second line diagnosis after the NHGUC
Positive Negative Atypical
Dx. Negative for High Grade Urothelial Carcinoma
Suspicious
Treatment/Procedure Effects
Positive Negative Atypical
Dx. Negative for High Grade Urothelial Carcinoma
S/P Brachytherapy S/P XRT
S/P TURBT – Cautery artifact S/P Cystectomy - neobladder S/P BCG immunotherapy - granuloma
S/P Cystoscopy – voided urine
Suspicious
Polyoma Virus
Positive Negative Atypical
Dx. Negative for High Grade Urothelial Carcinoma
Suspicious
“Negative, NOT atypia”
Wojcik EM: What should not be reported as atypia in urine cytology: JASC 2015;4;3;30-36
Negative for High-Grade Urothelial Carcinoma (Negative)
Dorothy L. Rosenthal, Michael B. Cohen, Hui Guan, Christopher L. Owens, Yuji Tokuda, and
Eva M. Wojcik
Definition of Negative for High-Grade Urothelial Carcinoma
• A sample of urine, either voided or instrumented, may be considered benign, i.e., NHGUC, if any of the following components are present in the specimen:
– Benign urothelial, glandular, and squamous cells
– Benign urothelial tissue fragments (BUTF) and urothelial sheets or clusters
– Changes associated with lithiasis
– Viral cytopathic effect; polyoma virus (BK virus—decoy cells)
– Post-therapy effect, including epithelial cells from urinary diversions
Umbrella cells
BUFT
Ilial conduit Umbrella cells and basal/intermediate cells Polyoma virus
BCG - Granuloma
Ilial conduit
LSIL – GYN contamination
Positive Suspicious Atypical Negative
What is Atypia ?
Findings in literature
1. High nuclear cytoplasmic ratio (>0.7)
2. Nuclear hyperchromasia
3. Coarse, clumped chromatin
4. Irregular nuclear membranes
Atypia Suspicious Positive
Atypical Urothelial Cells
• Non-superficial and non-degenerated urothelial cells with an high N/C ratio > 0.5 (required)
and one of the following: • Hyperchromasia (compared to the umbrella cells or
the intermediate squamous cell nucleus) • Irregular clumpy chromatin • Irregular nuclear contours
Positive Negative Suspicious Atypical
Dx. Atypical Urothelial Cells
Suspicious for High Grade Urothelial Carcinoma
• Non-superficial and non-degenerated urothelial cells with an high N/C ratio > 0.7 (required)
• Hyperchromasia (compared to the umbrella cells or the intermediate squamous cell nucleus) (required)
and one of the following: • Irregular clumpy chromatin • Irregular nuclear membranes
Positive Negative Suspicious Atypical
Dx. Suspicious for High Grade Urothelial Carcinoma
Positive vs. Suspicious for High Grade Urothelial Carcinoma
• “The number of atypical urothelial cells is an
important criterion to classify urine cytology specimens into the ‘positive’ or the ‘suspicious’ categories. A cut-off number of >10 cells to render a definitive diagnosis of HGUCA seems valid from the clinical standpoint .”
Positive Negative Suspicious Atypical
Dx. High Grade Urothelial Carcinoma
JASC 2015;4(4)232–238
5 – 10 cells – gray zone, based on experience, history, individual threshold, etc
High-Grade Urothelial Carcinoma (HGUC) Momin T. Siddiqui, Guido Fadda, Jee-Young Han, Christopher L. Owens,
Z. Laura Tabatabai, and Toyonori Tsuzuki
• Cellularity: At least 5–10 abnormal cells
• N/C ratio: 0.7 or greater
• Nucleus: Moderate to severe hyperchromasia
• Nuclear membrane: Markedly irregular
• Chromatin: Coarse/clumped
Other Notable Cytomorphologic Features
• Cellular pleomorphism
• Marked variation in cellular size and shapes, i.e., oval, rounded, elongated, or plasmacytoid (Comet cells)
• Scant, pale, or dense cytoplasm
• Prominent nucleoli
• Mitoses
• Necrotic debris
• Inflammation
Suspicious HGUC AUC
This could be a HGUC I think, this is a HGUC
I know, this is a HGUC
Positive Negative Suspicious Atypical
TPS – didn’t eliminate the GRAY ZONE – it DEFINED it!
What happened to LGUC??
• Almost Practically impossible to diagnose without a mini-biopsy with fibrovascular core
• Cytologically normal nuclei
• Is it truly a carcinoma?
• More common than HGUC
• BUT, not life threatening
Low-Grade Urothelial Neoplasia (LGUN) Eva M. Wojcik, Tatjana Antic, Ashish Chandra, Michael B. Cohen, Zulfia McCroskey,
Jae Y. Ro, and Taizo Shiraish
• LGUN - combined cytologic term for low grade papillary urothelial neoplasms (LGPUN) (which include urothelial papilloma, PUNLMP and LGPUC) and flat, low grade intraurothelial neoplasia
LGUC LGUN
Cytologic Criteria of Low Grade Urothelial Neoplasia (LGUN) (regardless of the specimen type: voided or
instrumented):
• Three-dimensional cellular papillary clusters (defined as clusters of cells with nuclear overlapping, forming "papillae") with fibrovascular cores with capillaries
Nucle
ar
/ cyto
logic
aty
pia
Probability of high grade UC
low moderate/high certain
AUC/SHGUC
8%-30%
HGUC NFHG
Implementation
Barkan G et al: The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology: The quest to develop a standardized terminology Acta Cytol. 2016;60(3):185-97; Adv Anat Pathol. 2016;23(4):193-201; JASC. 2016;5, 177-188
Visual aids for diagnostic criteria in the lab:
• In the sign out/fellows room
•In the cytotech screening room
%AUC (blue) and %SUSP (red) at LUMC 2008-2016
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
9.28% 10.08%
13.57%
10.16%
6.57%
9.73%
11.05%
10.01%
6.35%
Barkan et al.
Rate of Atypia at Loyola per pathologist
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Barkan et al.
%AUC and %SUSP before and After TPS Implementation at LUMC
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%
16.00%
Non-Paris CP Pre Non-Paris CP Post Paris CP Pre Paris CP Post
15.08%
11.82%
8.19%
5.94%
AUC
SUSP
Non-Paris CP Post vs pre %AUC, p<0.05 Paris CP Post vs pre %AUC, p<0.05
Were We Able To Reduce The Atypia Rate? Barkan et al.
• 5 institutions; pre-TPS - 15,589, post-TPS - 15,311
Mean Pre-Paris
Mean Post-Paris
P value
UNSAT 0.47% 0.59% 0.16
NEG/NHGUC 82.20% 85.59% <0.0001
ATYPICAL/AUC 13.49% 9.40% <0.0001
SUSPICIOUS/ SHGUC 2.53% 2.04% 0.05
POSITIVE/ HGUC 2.26% 2.34% 0.68
LGUN 0.00% 0.01% n/a
OTHER MALIGNANCIES 0.05% 0.02% n/a
Pre- TPS Post -TPS Pre- TPS
Post -TPS
Pre- TPS
Post -TPS
Pre- TPS
Post -TPS
NHGUC NR NR 64.3% 70.7% 64.9% 66.1% 75.4% 80.0%
AUC 39% 26% 29.5% 21.6% 23.9% 23.0% 18.6% 14.4%
SHGUC NR NR 3.3% 4.4% 5.8% 4.5% 3.0% 2.4%
HGUC NR NR 2.9% 3.0% 3.8% 5.0% 3.0% 3.2%
Hassan et al. VanderBussche et al. Torous et al. Wang et al.
Cowan and VanderBussche, Cancer Cytopatol 2018;7;185
Author Journal Year No Cases Pre-Paris Post-Paris
Long T. et al. Cytojournal 2017 357 N/A 22%
Granados R. et al. Acta Cytol 2017 149 6.60% 15.80%
Suh J. et al. Cytopathology 2017 142 25.30% 14.80%
Malviya K. et al. Acta Cytol 2017 176 11.90% 5.30%
Torous VF et al. JASC 2017 2295 29.50% 20.10%
Roy M. et al. Cytopathology 2017 225 41.20% 11.30%
Wang Y. et al. Cancer Cytol 2017 4764 18.60% 14.40%
Hassan et al. AJCP 2016 124 39% 26%
Post-Paris publications - AUC
Barkan et al.
Challenges and Shortcomings
• N/C Ratio
– Overestimated
– Underestimated
– High interobserver variability
• Degeneration
• Fibrovascular cores
Why >0.5
Digital Image Analysis Supports a Nuclear-To-Cytoplasmic Ratio Cutoff Value of 0.5 for Atypical Urothelial Cells Jen-Fan Hang, MD; Vivek Charu, PhD; M. Lisa Zhang, MD; and Christopher J. VandenBussche, MD, PhD
Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:710-6.
N:C threshold 0.486
Digital Image Analysis Supports a Nuclear-To-Cytoplasmic Ratio Cutoff Value of 0.5 for Atypical Urothelial Cells Jen-Fan Hang, MD; Vivek Charu, PhD; M. Lisa Zhang, MD; and Christopher J. VandenBussche, MD, PhD
Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:710-6.
Challenges – N/C ratio
SHGUC + HGUC
AUC
Zhang ML et al. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124(9):669-677
Basal cells
Challenges – N/C ratio – Many faces of HGUC
HGUC - is N:C > 0.7 too high?
• Great pleomorphism
• Squamous differentiation
N/C ratio in UTUC and LTUC Patrick McIntire et al. USCAP 2019
Conclusions: • The N:C ratios for HGUC (0.57) and SHGUC (0.53) categories are lower
than those previously suggested in TPS – should the current threshold be lowered?
• At the same time – all cases contained cells with N:C ratio > 0.7
Shortcoming - Degeneration
Challenges – Fibrovascular cores
Fibrovascular cores – very rarely seen LGUN – separate diagnostic entity?
HGUC have fibrovascular cores too!
What to do if we suspect LGUN on cytology?
LGUN may be considered in correlation with cystoscopic or biopsy findings First Line Diagnosis - NHGUC
• Three-dimensional cellular clusters without fibrovascular cores
• Increased numbers of monotonous single (non-umbrella) cells
Negative for HGUC Comment – Suggestive of LGUN
Purpose of Urine Cytology
Follow up patients with history of urothelial carcinoma
Risk of malignancy Category Risk of
Malignancy Management
Unsatisfactory/Nondiagnostic ? (<5%) Repeat cytology, cystoscopy in 3 months if increased clinical suspicion
Negative for HGUC 0-6% Clinical follow up as needed
Atypical Urothelial Cells (AUC) 8-35% Clinical follow up as needed. Use of ancillary testing.
Suspicious for HGUC 50-90% More aggressive follow up, cystoscopy, biopsy
LGUN ~10% Need biopsy to further evaluate grade and stage
High Grade UC >90% More aggressive follow up, cystoscopy, biopsy, staging
Other malignancy >90% More aggressive follow up, cystoscopy, biopsy, staging
Take home message
• HGUC – this is the one that matters – Negative for HGUC
• Atypia rate has been decreasing since the introduction of TPS but it is a slow and challenging process
• LGUN – new diagnostic category or under NHGUC?, based on presence of fibrovascular cores; HGUC also have F/V cores
• N/C Ratio – the most significant challenge • Degeneration – need to be better addressed
TPS
Atypia