The Ottoman and The Ottoman and Safavid EmpiresSafavid Empires

While the Mughals ruled While the Mughals ruled India, India,

two other dynasties, two other dynasties, the Ottomans and the the Ottomans and the Safavids,Safavids,

dominated the Middle dominated the Middle East and parts of East and parts of Eastern Europe.Eastern Europe.

The Age of Gunpowder The Age of Gunpowder EmpiresEmpires

Success of these new empires Success of these new empires happened because of new weapons. happened because of new weapons.

Cannons and muskets replaced Cannons and muskets replaced mounted warriorsmounted warriors

Because of these weapons used in Because of these weapons used in 1450-1650 this is sometimes called 1450-1650 this is sometimes called the “age of gunpowder empires.”the “age of gunpowder empires.”

The OttomansThe Ottomans

Ottomans- Ottomans- Turkish-Turkish-speaking nomadic group.speaking nomadic group.

Migrated from Central Migrated from Central Asia into Asia Minor. Asia into Asia Minor.

The Ottoman expansion The Ottoman expansion threatened the crumbling threatened the crumbling Byzantine empire.Byzantine empire.

Constantinople falls to the Constantinople falls to the OttomansOttomans

After many failed After many failed attempts, Mehmet II attempts, Mehmet II finally succeeds to finally succeeds to take Constantinople take Constantinople in 1453. in 1453.

2 month siege2 month siege Constantinople will Constantinople will

become the new become the new capital, but was capital, but was renamed Istanbul. renamed Istanbul.

Suleiman the Suleiman the MagnificentMagnificent

The Ottoman empire The Ottoman empire enjoys a Golden Age enjoys a Golden Age under under Suleiman- ruler Suleiman- ruler from 1520-1566.from 1520-1566.

Brilliant general, Brilliant general, expanded the empire expanded the empire east and west. east and west.

Felt he was the leader Felt he was the leader of all Muslimsof all Muslims

““Protector of the Protector of the Sacred Places” (Mecca Sacred Places” (Mecca and Medina)and Medina)

Ottoman CultureOttoman Culture Suleiman strengthened Suleiman strengthened

the government.the government. Improved its system of Improved its system of

justicejustice Suleiman had absolute Suleiman had absolute

power but ruled with power but ruled with the advice of a council. the advice of a council.

Ottoman law was based Ottoman law was based on the Shariaon the Sharia

Government officials Government officials worked with religious worked with religious scholarsscholars

Sharia deals with many Sharia deals with many aspects of day-to-day aspects of day-to-day life, including politics, life, including politics, economics, banking, economics, banking, business law, contract business law, contract law, and social issues. law, and social issues.

Society organized into Society organized into classesclasses

1.1. Soldiers who Soldiers who defended the state defended the state and scientists, and scientists, lawyers and poets. lawyers and poets. (“men of the sword (“men of the sword and pen”)and pen”)

2.2. Merchants and tax Merchants and tax collectors and collectors and artisans (“men of artisans (“men of negotiation”)negotiation”)

3.3. Farmers and Farmers and herders (“men of herders (“men of husbandry”)husbandry”)

Almost entirely Muslim

Included Non-Muslims

Included Non-Muslims

OrganizationOrganization

People organized into People organized into millets, or millets, or religious communities.religious communities.

Each millet had its own leaders who Each millet had its own leaders who were responsible for education and were responsible for education and some legal matters. some legal matters.

Army and Government Army and Government JobsJobs

Ottomans recruited officers for army Ottomans recruited officers for army and government from among the huge and government from among the huge populations of conquered people. populations of conquered people.

Levied a “tax” on Christian families in Levied a “tax” on Christian families in the Balkans, requiring them to turn the Balkans, requiring them to turn over their young sons for government over their young sons for government service. service.

Boys were converted to Muslim and Boys were converted to Muslim and put into training.put into training.

After the trainingAfter the training Best soldiers won a Best soldiers won a

prized place in the prized place in the janizaries- janizaries- elite elite force of the Ottoman force of the Ottoman army.army.

The best of these The best of these received special received special education to become education to become government officials. government officials.

What about the girls?What about the girls?

Non-Muslim girls served as Non-Muslim girls served as slaves in wealthy Muslim slaves in wealthy Muslim households. households.

Some were accepted into the Some were accepted into the householdhousehold

Some were freed after the Some were freed after the death of their masters.death of their masters.

Decline of the OttomansDecline of the OttomansDecline of the OttomansDecline of the Ottomans Began after the Began after the

death of Suleiman. death of Suleiman. Suleiman had killed Suleiman had killed

two of his sons two of his sons because he because he suspected them of suspected them of treason. treason.

Another son, Selim II, Another son, Selim II, took over but left the took over but left the government work to government work to ministers. It soon ministers. It soon became corrupt. became corrupt.

The Safavid EmpireThe Safavid Empire

1500 the 1500 the Safavid-Safavid- a dynasty that a dynasty that united an empire in Persia (present united an empire in Persia (present day Iran).day Iran).

Sandwiched between the Ottoman Sandwiched between the Ottoman empire and the Mughal empire they empire and the Mughal empire they often engaged in warfare.often engaged in warfare.

Safavids were Shiite Muslims and Safavids were Shiite Muslims and the Ottomans were Sunni Muslims. the Ottomans were Sunni Muslims. Many tensions Many tensions

Abbas the GreatAbbas the Great Safavid king was Safavid king was

called the Shahcalled the Shah.. Shah Abbas- revived Shah Abbas- revived

the glory of Persiathe glory of Persia. . Centralized the Centralized the

government and made government and made a powerful military. a powerful military.

Looked for alliances Looked for alliances with European powers with European powers who feared the who feared the Ottomans. Ottomans.

Abbas and the economyAbbas and the economy Reduced taxesReduced taxes Encouraged the Encouraged the

growth of industrygrowth of industry Tolerated non-Tolerated non-

Muslims and valued Muslims and valued their economic their economic contributions. contributions.

Built new capital at Built new capital at Isfahan- which Isfahan- which became a center of became a center of the international the international silk trade.silk trade.

The Safavid empire The Safavid empire declinesdeclines

Empire declines after the death of Shah Empire declines after the death of Shah AbbasAbbas

Shiite Muslims challenge the authority of Shiite Muslims challenge the authority of the Shah. They want persecution of the Shah. They want persecution of religious minorities, pushing Sunni religious minorities, pushing Sunni Afghans to rebelAfghans to rebel

The rebels will win and capture Isfahan.The rebels will win and capture Isfahan. 1700’s- 1700’s- Qajars-Qajars- won control of Iran. won control of Iran.

Made Tehran its capital. Made Tehran its capital. They ruled until They ruled until 1925. 1925.