the opportunity costs of ignoring the law of sea convention in the arctic, by james w. houck
TRANSCRIPT
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7/29/2019 The Opportunity Costs of Ignoring the Law of Sea Convention in the Arctic, by James W. Houck
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]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat
GXE]AE UKE[XA]Q A@A]AG]ASK
FNNSKX A@U]A][]AN@
A` 8::6) tfk [`atkm Utgtks dna`km nur ntfkr `gtan`s watf Gretae engsts7 a` assua`o tfk
Aiuiassgt Mkeigrgtan`) wfaef prneigabkm tfgt4
\]Rfk igw n tfk skg prnvamks nr abpnrtg`t raofts g`m nhiaogtan`s. . . . _k
rkbga` enbbattkm tn tfas ikogi rgbkwnrl g`m tn tfk nrmkriy skttikbk`t
n g`y pnssahik nvkrigppa`o eigabs. . . . ]fas rgbkwnrl prnvamks g sniam
nu`mgtan` nr rkspn`sahik bg`gokbk`t hy tfk vk engstgi Utgtks g`m
ntfkr uskrs n tfas Nekg` tfrnuof gtan`gi abpikbk`tgtan` g`m gppiaegtan`
n rkikvg`t prnvasan`s. _k tfkrknrk skk `n `kkm tn mkvkinp g `kw
enbprkfk`savk a`tkr`gtan gi ikogi rkoabk tn onvkr` tfk Gretae Nekg`.8
Hy a`vnla`o tfk igw n tfk skg) tfk vk Gretae `gtan`s wkrk getugiiy rkkrra`o tn
tfk [`atkm @gtan`s En`vk`tan` n` tfk Igw n tfk Ukg5 &[@EINU!.= Xussag) Eg`gmg)
Mk`bgrl) g`m @nrwgy fgvk rgtakm tfk En`vk`tan`. Gitfnuof tfk [`atkm Utgtks fgs
`nt rgtakm) at en`samkrs [@EINU tn ok`krgiiy rkcket eustnbgry a`tkr`gtan`gi igw.;
]fk [`atkm Utgtks waiia`o`kss tn suppnrt [@EINU gs tfk onvkr`a`o ikogi rgbkwnrl
a` tfk Gretae as `n surprask. Gitfnuof tfk Aiuiassgt Mkeigrgtan` wgs sao`km mura`o tfk
Husf Gmba`astrgtan`) tfk Nhgbg Gmba`astrgtan`s @gtan`gi Utrgtkoy nr tfk Gretae
Xkoan` prneigabs tfgt4
Geekssan` tn tfk En`vk`tan` wnuim prntket [.U. raofts) rkkmnbs) g`m usks
n tfk skg g`m garspgek tfrnuofnut tfk Gretae rkoan`) g`m strk`otfk` nur
groubk`ts nr rkkmnb n `gvaogtan` g`m nvkr caoft tfrnuof tfk @nrtfwkst
hy Dgbks _. Fnuel
Gretae Ukeuraty A`atagtavk
www.fnnvkr.nrotgslnreksgretae"skeuraty
]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nAo`nra`o tfk Igw n UkgEn`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae
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7/29/2019 The Opportunity Costs of Ignoring the Law of Sea Convention in the Arctic, by James W. Houck
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]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 8 Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat
Zgssgok g`m tfk @nrtfkr` Ukg Xnutk. ]fk [`atkm Utgtks as tfk n`iy Gretae
stgtk tfgt as `nt pgrty tn tfk En`vk`tan`. N`iy hy dna`a`o tfk En`vk`tan` eg`
wk bgxabazk ikogi ekrtga`ty g`m hkst skeurk a`tkr`gtan`gi rkeno`atan` n nur
snvkrkao` raofts watf rkspket tn tfk [.U. kxtk`mkm en ta`k`tgi sfki a` tfkGretae g`m kiskwfkrk) wfaef bgy fnim vgst nai) ogs) g`m ntfkr rksnureks.3
_faik efgara`o fkgra`os a` Bgy 8:78 gs Efgarbg` n tfk Uk`gtk Cnrkao` Xkigtan`s
Enbbattkk) eurrk`t Ukerktgry n Utgtk Dnf` Lkrry igbk`tkm tfgt4
_faik wk waii sat n` tfk samkia`ks) Xussag g`m ntfkr enu`traks grk egrva`o
up tfk Gretae g`m igya`o eigabs tn tfk nai g`m ogs raefks a` tfgt rkoan`.
_k) n` tfk ntfkr fg`m) eg`t kvk` geekss tfk trkgty hnmy tfgt prnvamks
a`tkr`gtan`gi ikoatabgey nr tfksk typks n Gretae eigabs. A`stkgm n tgla`o
kvkry pnssahik stkp tn k`surk nur stglk a` tfas rksnurek"raef grkg) wk grk
wgtefa`o ntfkrs gsskrt tfkar eigabs g`m mna`o `ntfa`o ghnut at hkeguskwk fgvk `n ikogi rkenursk.?
[.U. a`mustry rkprksk`tgtavks fgvk kefnkm tfas vakw gs wkii. Dgel Okrgrm) Efak
Kxkeutavk Nekr n tfk Gbkraeg` Zktrnikub A`statutk) fgs `ntkm tfgt4
Kstghiasfa`o tfk en`ta`k tgi bgroa` hkyn`m 8:: baiks as pgrtaeuigriy
abpnrtg`t a` tfk Gretae) wfkrk tfkrk grk girkgmy g `ubhkr n enu`traks vya`o
tn kxpg`m tfkar nsfnrk durasmaetan`gi eigabs. . . . ]fk En`vk`tan` waii a`erkgsk
ekrtga`ty a` g sao`aeg`t bg``kr g`m waii a` tur` bglk at buef kgsakr tn mkeamk
tn a`vkst haiian`s n mniigrs a` uturk npkrgtan`s.6
Mkspatk tfas suppnrt) [@EINU fgs k`murkm g tnrturkm dnur`ky watfa` tfk [`atkm
Utgtks. Zrksamk t Xn`gim Xkgog` rkeno`azkm tfk trkgtys `gtan`gi skeuraty vgiuk g`m
marketkm tfk [`atkm Utgtks tn npkrgtk a` geenrm watf [@EINU) watf tfk kxekptan` n
tfk mkkp skghkm ba`a`o prnvasan`s.1 Zrksamk`t Xkgog`s nhdketan`s tn tfk mkkp skghkm
ba`a`o prnvasan`s wkrk igtkr rksnivkm) ikgma`o Zrksamk`t Haii Eia`tn` tn trg`sbat
tfk trkgty tn tfk Uk`gtk nr gmvaek g`m en`sk`t n` Netnhkr ?) 711=.7: G`m ykt) tfk
[`atkm Utgtks rkbga`s nutsamk tfk en`vk`tan`. Gitfnuof tfk Uk`gtk Cnrkao` Xkigtan`s
Enbbattkk fgs twaek vntkm [@EINU gvnrghiy nut n enbbattkk hy wamk bgroa`s) tfk
en`vk`tan` fgs kvkr rkekavkm g uii Uk`gtk vntk.77
]fk masen`ta`uaty hktwkk` tfk `gtan`gi mksark nr g` kketavk Gretae pniaey g`m tfk
a`tkrba`ghik g`m rgetanus [@EINU mkhgtk rgasks g u`mgbk`tgi qukstan`4 Mnks
tfk [`atkm Utgtks gaiurk tn dna` [@EINU getugiiy furt [.U. a`tkrksts a` tfk Gretae> As
[@EINU g` kssk`tagi nu`mgtan` nr [.U. Gretae pniaey nr g` u``kekssgry bnrgss ialkiy
tn krnmk [.U. snvkrkao`ty g`m mrga` vatgiaty rnb [.U. a`vkstbk`ts> Bnrknvkr) oavk`
tfgt tfk Gretae Enu`eai fgs gmnptkm [@EINU gs ats onvkr`a`o ikogi rgbkwnrl g`m tfgt
tfk [`atkm Utgtks as staii ghik tn pgrtaeapgtk uiiy a` Gretae onvkr`g`ek) wnuim [@EINU
geekssan` prnvamk tfk [`atkm Utgtks g`y hk`kt `nt girkgmy gvgaighik> A tfk [`atkm
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7/29/2019 The Opportunity Costs of Ignoring the Law of Sea Convention in the Arctic, by James W. Houck
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]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 5 Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat
Utgtks eg` mn kvkrytfa`o n abpnrtg`ek a` tfk Gretae watfnut dna`a`o [@EINU) wfy on
tn tfk trnuhik>
]fas pgpkr gmmrkssks tfksk qukstan`s. ]fk pgpkr hkoa`s hy hrakcy survkya`o tfkkxtk`t tn wfaef tfk en`vk`tan`s prnvasan`s a`tkrsket watf [`atkm Utgtks a`tkrksts
a` tfk Gretae. @nt surprasa`oiy) tfkrk as kxtk`savk nvkrigp. ]fk pgpkr tfk` rkvakws
groubk`ts tfgt [@EINU as arrkikvg`t nr kvk` g`tatfktaegi tn gefakva`o tfksk abpnrtg`t
[.U. a`tkrksts. Gtkr erataqua`o tfk g`ta"[@EINU groubk`ts) tfk pgpkr kxgba`ks tfk
egsk nr [@EINU. ]fk pgpkr neusks a` pgrtaeuigr n` [.U. a`tkrksts n` tfk Gretae
skgcnnr) groua`o tfgt tfksk a`tkrksts grk kxtk`savk g`m tfgt geekssan` wnuim fkip
gvkrt g wamk rg`ok n pntk`tagi pniataegi) ikogi) g`m rkouigtnry efgiik`oks rnb nrkao`
onvkr`bk`ts g`m enrpnrgtan`s. ]fk pnssahaiaty n suef efgiik`oks erkgtks pniataegi
g`m ikogi u`ekrtga`ty gs in`o gs tfk [`atkm Utgtks rkbga`s nutsamk tfk en`vk`tan` g`m
prnvamks g hn`g mk masa`ek`tavk nr [.U."iaek`skm enrpnrgtan`s tn u`mkrtglk tfk typk
n kxpinrgtan` g`m mkvkinpbk`t getavataks `kekssgry tn rkgiazk g fnst n nsfnrkhk`kts. Bnrknvkr) hy stgya`o nutsamk [@EINU) tfk [`atkm Utgtks as nrkata`o g`
nppnrtu`aty tn rka`nrek g gvnrghik Gretae ikogi rkoabk tfgt enuim gek prkssurk rnb
`n`"Gretae `gtan`s a` tfk uturk. ]fk pgpkr en`eiumks hy rkenbbk`ma`o tfgt tfk
[.U. geekmk tn [@EINU gt tfk snn`kst nppnrtu`aty.
]fk A`tkrsketan` nc [.U Gretae A`tkrksts g`m [@EINU
[@EINU kstghiasfks bgratabk zn`ks watf pra`eapiks g`m ruiks rkikvg`t tn tfk wnrims
k`tark bgratabk mnbga`) gmmrkssa`o tnpaes rg`oa`o rnb supprkssan` n pargey
tn en`skrvgtan` n sf stnels tn en`struetan` n grtaeagi asig`ms gt skg. _atf ats
skvk`tkk` pgrts) 58: grtaeiks) `a`k g``kxks) g`m g suppikbk`tgry spkeagi gorkkbk`t
n` mkkp skghkm ba`a`o) [@EINU tnuefks `kgriy kvkry en`ekavghik [.U. bgratabk
a`tkrkst a` tfk Gretae. [`mkrstg`ma`o tfas a`tkrsketan` as erataegi nr kvgiugta`o tfk
en`vk`tan s pntk`tagi gs g` a`strubk`t n [.U. Gretae pniaey.
Crkkmnb n @gvaogtan`
Gs g `gtan` watf oinhgi bgratabk a`tkrksts) tfk [`atkm Utgtks fgs en`sastk`tiy vakwkm
tfk [@EINU prnvasan`s n` rkkmnb n `gvaogtan` n` tfk faof skgs g`m a` kxeiusavk
ken`nbae zn`ks &KKTs!) trg`sat pgssgok tfrnuof strgats uskm nr a`tkr`gtan`gi
`gvaogtan`) g`m a``nek`t pgssgok tfrnuof tkrratnragi skgs gs tfk en`vk`tan s
kssk`tagi enrk.78 Gitfnuof [@EINU `gvaogtan` prnvasan`s wkrk `nt mksao`km watf tfk
Gretae a` ba`m pkr sk) tfk prnvasan`s grk en`sastk`t watf tfk [`atkm Utgtks a`tkrkst
a` rkkmnb n `gvaogtan` a` g`m tfrnuof tfk Gretae.75
Gitfnuof kxpkrts makr n` tfk abba`k`ek g`m kxtk`t n rkouigr Gretae trg`sats) snbk
seak`tae stumaks suookst tfgt a`erkgsa`o tkbpkrgturks waii rksuit a` g skgsn`giiy
aek"rkk Gretae gs kgriy gs tfk 8:5:s.7= Gs tfk aek rkekmks) bg`y kxpket tfk npk`a`o
n bnrk kxpkmatanus trgvki rnutks)7; watf en`skquk`eks nr a`tkr`gtan`gi skeuraty g`m
enbbkreagi getavataks.73 A` pgrtaeuigr) twn trg`s"Gretae rnutks grk kxpketkm tn hkenbk
a`erkgsa`oiy erataegi4 tfk @nrtfwkst Zgssgok g`m tfk @nrtfkr` Ukg Xnutk.7?
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7/29/2019 The Opportunity Costs of Ignoring the Law of Sea Convention in the Arctic, by James W. Houck
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]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae = Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat
]fk @nrtfkr` Ukg Xnutk rkkrs tn tfk rnutks ru``a`o gin`o tfk `nrtfkr` engsts n
Kurgsag g`m Uahkrag hktwkk` tfk Hgrk`ts Ukg g`m tfk Efulefa Ukg.76 Gs n Du`k 3) 8:75)
tfk @nrtfkr` Ukg Xnutk Enbbassan` gpprnvkm ty"nur vksskis tn usk tfk @nrtfkr`
Ukg Xnutk mura`o tfk 8:75 subbkr.71 ]fk `ubhkr n vksskis usa`o tfk @nrtfkr` UkgXnutk sa`ek 8:7: fgs a`erkgskm tk`nim.8: ]fk @nrtfwkst Zgssgok en``kets Hg` Hgy
g`m Mgvas Utrgat a` tfk Gtig`tae tn tfk Hkgunrt Ukg a` tfk Gretae g`m a`eiumks gii rnutks
gin`o tfk `nrtfkr` engst n @nrtf Gbkraeg tfrnuof tfk Eg`gmag` Gretae Grefapkigon.87
Hntf rnutks en``ket tfk Zgeae g`m tfk Gtig`tae Nekg`s tfrnuof tfk Hkra`o Utrgat)88
g`m tfky fgvk tfk pntk`tagi tn mkerkgsk tfk trgvki mastg`ek hktwkk` Kurnpk g`m
Gsag hy up tn ;)8:: `gutaegi baiks.85 Gitfnuof tfk prksk`ek n skgsn`gi aek iabats tfk
rkouigr usk n tfksk `gvaogtan`gi rnutks) hntf Gretae" g`m `n`"Gretae"stgtks skkl tn
usk tfksk wgtkrs bnrk rkquk`tiy.8=
]fk iuergtavk gvaogtan` pntk`tagi n tfksk rnutks bust hk hgig`ekm goga`st
k`varn`bk`tgi prntketan`. Eg`gmg eigabs tfk wgtkrs tfgt enbprask tfk @nrtfwkstZgssgok gs ats a`tkr`gi wgtkrs.8; Xussag eigabs tfk wgtkrs n skvkrgi strgats gin`o tfk
@nrtfkr` Ukg Xnutk gs a`tkr`gi wgtkrs g`m gppiaks Grtaeik 85=) pkrtga`a`o tn aek"
envkrkm grkgs n tfk KKT) tn tfk rkst n tfk rnutk.83 ]fk [`atkm Utgtks) gbn`o ntfkr
`gtan`s) fgs en`sastk`tiy masgorkkm watf tfksk eigabs)8? groua`o tfgt tfksk rnutks
sfnuim hk onvkr`km hy tfk ikogi rkoabk n trg`sat pgssgok tfrnuof strgats uskm nr
a`tkr`gtan`gi gvaogtan`.86
Hntf Eg`gmg g`m tfk Xussag` Ckmkrgtan` fgvk k`getkm rkouigtan`s tfgt tfk [`atkm
Utgtks hkiakvks gbnu`t tn u`wgrrg`tkm rkstraetan`s n` tfk raoft n trg`sat pgssgok.
Eg`gmg) nr kxgbpik) abpnskm g bg`mgtnry sfap rkpnrta`o g`m vksski trge skrvaek
systkb &@NXMXKO! tfgt onvkr`s trg`sat tfrnuof tfk @nrtfwkst Zgssgok.81 @NXMXKO
envkrs Eg`gmgs KKT g`m tfk skvkrgi @nrtfwkst Zgssgok rnutks a` tfk Eg`gmag` Gretae
Grefapkigon.5: Eg`gmg spkeaegiiy eatks [@EINU Grtaeik 85= tn dustay @NXMXKO)
gsskrta`o tfgt tfk rkpnrta`o rkquarkbk`ts grk tn prkvk`t g`m rkmuek bgra`k pniiutan`
rnb vksskis a` tfk mkiaegtk Gretae wgtkrs.57 Uabaigriy) tfk Xussag` Ckmkrgtan` fgs
fastnraegiiy iabatkm trg`sat pgssgok a` tfk @nrtfkr` Ukg Xnutk)58 usa`o [@EINU
Grtaeik 85= tn dustay tfk iabatgtan`s)55 g`m fgs rkek`tiy abpikbk`tkm bnrk kxtk`savk
u`aigtkrgi rkouigtan`s tn k`surk sfappa`o sgkty g`m k`varn`bk`tgi prntketan`.5= _atf
rkekma`o gbnu`ts n aek nr sao`aeg`t pnrtan`s n tfk ykgr) wfktfkr tfk @nrtfwkst
Zgssgok nr tfk @nrtfkr` Ukg Xnutk bkkts Grtaeik 85=s eiabgtae rkquarkbk`ts nr aek"
envkrkm grkgs as mkhgtghik.5;
[`mkr [@EINU) engstgi stgtks skkla`o tn prkserahk skg"ig`ks g`m trge skpgrgtan`
sefkbks a` strgats uskm nr a`tkr`gtan`gi gvaogtan` bust rkekavk gpprnvgi hy g
enbpktk`t a`tkr`gtan`gi nrog`azgtan` pranr tn gmnptan`.53 ]fk A`tkr`gtan`gi Bgratabk
Nrog`azgtan` &ABN! iis tfas rnik. ]fk [`atkm Utgtks as wnrla`o watf ntfkr Gretae
`gtan`s tfrnuof tfk ABN tn erkgtk g bg`mgtnry Znigr Enmk tfgt waii envkr gii
bgttkrs rkikvg`t tn sfaps npkrgta`o a` hntf Gretae wgtkrs g`m tfk wgtkrs surrnu`ma`o
G`tgretaeg.5? ]fk ABN rkek`tiy g``nu`ekm tfgt tfk Znigr Enmk waii hk npkrgtan`gi gs
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]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae ; Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat
kgriy gs 8:7; g`m waii hk abpikbk`tkm hy 8:73.56 ]fk kxtk`t tn wfaef tfk Znigr Enmk
rken`eaiks Xussag` g`m Eg`gmag` a`tkrksts a` rkouigta`o tfk @nrtfkr` Ukg Xnutk g`m
@nrtfwkst Zgssgok watf rkkmnb n `gvaogtan` a`tkrksts waii hk erataegi.
K`varn`bk`tgi Zrntketan`
@n gtan`) a`eiuma`o tfk [`atkm Utgtks) masputks tfk bnrgi g`m ken`nbae abpkrgtavk
tn prntket tfk Gretaes prasta`k k`varn`bk`t. ]fk [`atkm Utgtks u`mkrstg`ms tfk
rgoaiaty n tfk rkoan` g`m tfk kkm tn prgetaek rkspn`sahik stkwgrmsfap wfaik
pursua`o ats Gretae a`tkrksts.51 [@EINU pigys g prnba`k`t hut `nt kxeiusavk rnik
a` tfas rkogrm.
[@EINU erkgtks g` nhiaogtan` tn prntket g`m prkskrvk tfk bgra`k k`varn`bk`t.=:
Fnwkvkr) at gvnams spkeae ruiks nr stg`mgrms a` gvnr n erkgta`o zn`ks n rkouigtnry
enbpktk`ek g`m prnvama`o g rgbkwnrl n pra`eapiks mksao`km tn k`enurgok tfk
erkgtan` n bnrk spkeae ruiks g`m stg`mgrms tfrnuof mnbkstae rkouigtan` g`mskpgrgtk a`tkr`gtan`gi gorkkbk`ts.
[@EINU prnvamks stgtks watf kxeiusavk) snvkrkao` durasmaetan` tn rkouigtk tfk
k`varn`bk`t watfa` tfkar tkrratnragi skg.=7 Utgtks gisn fgvk snvkrkao` raofts nr
tfk purpnsk n kxpinra`o g`m kxpinata`o) en`skrva`o g`m bg`goa`o tfk `gturgi
rksnureks . . . n tfk wgtkrs supkrdgek t tn tfk skghkm g`m n tfk skghkm g`m ats
suhsnai)=8 g`m durasmaetan` . . . watf rkogrm tn . . . tfk prntketan` g`m prkskrvgtan`
n tfk bgra`k k`varn`bk`t a` tfk kxeiusavk ken`nbae zn`k &KKT!.=5 A` kxkreasa`o
raofts g`m pkrnrba`o mutaks a` tfk KKT) engstgi stgtks bust mn sn watf muk
rkogrm nr tfk raofts g`m mutaks n ntfkr stgtks)== `nt tfk ikgst n wfaef as rkkmnb
n gvaogtan`.
A` gmmatan` tn tfk ABN Znigr Enmk maseusskm ghnvk) skvkrgi a`tkr`gtan`gi k`varn`bk`tgi
gorkkbk`ts g`m ouamkia`ks guobk`t [@EINU. ]fk A`tkr`gtan`gi En`vk`tan` nr tfk
Zrkvk`tan` n Zniiutan` rnb Ufaps &BGXZNI ?5?6!) g trkgty abpikbk`tkm hy tfk ABN
&Bgrpni as sfnrt nr bgra`k pniiutan` g`m ?5?6 stg`ms nr tfk ykgrs 71?5 g`m 71?6!)
onvkr`s tfk rkouigtan`) rkmuetan`) g`m prkvk`tan` n sfap pniiutan` eguskm hy
npkrgtan`gi nr geeamk`tgi getavataks.=; ]fk Gretae Enu`eai ba`astkrs rkek`tiy sao`km tfk
Gorkkbk`t n` Ennpkrgtan` n` Bgra`k Nai Zniiutan` Zrkpgrkm`kss g`m Xkspn`sk a`
tfk Gretae tfgt erkgtkm g rkoan`gi rkspn`sk pig` tn ennpkrgtavkiy gmmrkss nai spaiis
a` tfk Gretae.=3 ]fk Gretae Enu`eai fgs gisn erkgtkm wnrla`o ornups) pgrtaeuigriy tfk
Zrntketan` n tfk Gretae Bgra`k K`varn`bk`t _nrla`o Ornup &ZGBK!) tn rkskgref g`m
erkgtk rkpnrts ghnut k`varn`bk`tgi en`ekr`s u`aquk tn tfk Gretae.=? ZGBK prkvanusiy
assukm g rkpnrt tfgt stumakm tfk pntk`tagi kkets a`erkgskm sfappa`o waii fgvk n`
tfk Gretae) suooksta`o wgys hy wfaef stgtks enuim prkvk`t k`varn`bk`tgi fgrb)=6
g`m prnvamkm gmvasnry ouamkia`ks nr nsfnrk nai g`m ogs prnmuetan` a` tfk Gretae.=1
ZGBKs 8:758:7; gok`mg a`eiumks mktkrba`a`o tfk gmkqugey n a`tkr`gtan`gi g`m
rkoan`gi enbbatbk`ts en`ekr`a`o k`varn`bk`tgi prntketan` g`m prnbnta`o tfkar
abpikbk`tgtan` g`m enbpiag`ek.;:
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]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 3 Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat
Casfa`o
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Ukvkrgi getnrs) a`eiuma`o aek envkr) enim wgtkr tkbpkrgturks) g`m inw prabgry
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Nekg`.;; ]fk skgs surrnu`ma`o tfk Gretae Nekg`) fnwkvkr) en`tga` igrok) oinhgiiy
abpnrtg`t sf stnels) en`statuta`o bnrk tfg` 7: pkrek`t n oinhgi bgra`k sf egtefkshy wkaoft g`m kqugia`o haiian`s n mniigrs a` ken`nbae vgiuk.;3 Enbpgrkm tn bnst
bgdnr a`tkr`gtan`gi enbbkreagi sfkraks) Gretae sfkraks grk enbpgrgtavkiy wkii"
bg`gokm muk tn tfk kxtk`savk rkoabk n sfkraks rkouigtan`s tfgt gket tfk Gretae.;?
Cnur a`tkr`gtan`gi nr buitaigtkrgi gorkkbk`ts) kaoft rkoan`gi gorkkbk`ts) g`m nur
haigtkrgi gorkkbk`ts kgef gket makrk`t grkgs n tfk Gretae) makrk`t typks n
sf) g`m makrk`t Gretae `gtan`s.;6 ]fk Gretae Enu`eais hanmavkrsaty wnrla`o ornup
rkikgskm g rkpnrt stgta`o tfgt tfk aiikogi) u`rkouigtkm) g`m u`rkpnrtkm &A[[! sfkraks
wkrk g prnhikb skvkrgi ykgrs gon) hut watf [@EINU g`m suhstg`tagi abprnvkbk`t a`
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Bgra`k Ueak`tae Xkskgref
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nrkbnst seak`tae rkskgref a`tkrkst nr tfk [`atkm Utgtks as tn nhtga` mgtg rkogrma`o
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pursua`o rkskgref a` eiabgtk vgraghaiaty) Gretae bgra`k kensystkbs) nai spaii kkets)
g`m u`en`vk`tan`gi k`kroy g`m ba`krgi rksnureks.37 Bgra`k Ueak`tae Xkskgref &BUX!
a` Xussag` gretae wgtkrs) wfkrk Xussag fgs tfk in`okst Gretae engstia`k) as fgbpkrkm
hy Xussag` rkiuetg`ek tn pkrbat [.U. rkskgrefkrs geekss tn Xussag` wgtkrs.
]fk [`atkm Utgtks fgs in`o geekptkm tfk [@EINU rkoabk nr bgra`k seak`tae
rkskgref. [@EINU oavks engstgi stgtks kxeiusavk en`trni nvkr seak`tae rkskgref
a` tfk tkrratnragi skg.38 Engstgi stgtks gisn fgvk kxtk`savk raofts a` tfk KKT) a`eiuma`o
tfk raoft tn rkdket g rkqukst hy g nrkao` `gtan` nr enbpg`y nr geekss tn ats KKT
nr en`ta`k`tgi sfki a tfk prndket as n market sao`aeg`ek nr tfk kxpinrgtan` g`m
kxpinatgtan` n gturgi rksnureks35 nr a`vnivks mraiia`o a`tn tfk en`ta`k`tgi sfki)
tfk usk n kxpinsavks) nr tfk a`trnmuetan` n fgrbui suhstg`eks a`tn tfk bgra`k
k`varn`bk`t.3= ]fk en`vk`tan` prnvamks gii stgtks tfk raoft tn en`muet bgra`k seak`tae
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]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae ? Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat
rkskgref a` tfk faof skgs.3; G stgtks ghaiaty tn pkrnrb seak`tae rkskgref a` tfk grkg
as suhdket tn tfk prnvasan`s n Zgrt VA) tfk mkkp skghkm ba`a`o rkoabk.33 Grtaeik 7=5
stgtks tfgt gii bkbhkr stgtks eg` en`muet bgra`k seak`tae rkskgref a` tfk grkg)
hut tfky bust prnvamk tfk rksuits n tfkar rkskgref g`m g`giysas tn tfk a`tkr`gtan`gienbbu`aty tfrnuof tfk A`tkr`gtan`gi Ukghkm Gutfnraty.3?
Ukgcnnr Xksnureks
]fk [`atkm Utgtks fgs sao`aeg`t pntk`tagi a`tkrksts n` tfk Gretae skgcnnr. A`
tfk Nhgbg Gmba`astrgtan`s Bgy 8:75 @gtan`gi Utrgtkoy nr tfk Gretae Xkoan`) tfk
gmba`astrgtan` stgtkm tfgt k`kroy skeuraty as g enrk enbpn`k t n \[.U.R gtan`gi
skeuraty strgtkoy g`m hy rkspn`sahiy mkvkinpa`o tfk Gretaes prnvkm g`m pntk`tagi
nai g`m ogs rksnureks) tfk [`atkm Utgtks waii rkmuek rkiag`ek n` nrkao` nai.36 [@EINU
prnvamks mktgaikm ruiks g`m prnekmurks rkouigta`o getavaty n` tfk skgcnnr.
[@EINU g`m tfk En`ta`k`tgi Ufki[@EINU prnvamks tfgt `gtan`s k`dny snvkrkao` raofts tn tfk wgtkr eniub` gs wkii gs
tfk iava`o g`m `n`"iava`o rksnureks n tfk nekg` cnnr tn g mastg`ek n 8:: `gutaegi
baiks rnb tfk engstgi hgskia`k.31 ]fk snvkrkao` raoft tn kxpinrk g`m mkvkinp
rksnureks a` tfas grkg) l`nw` gs tfk en`ta`k`tgi sfki) as gisn en`samkrkm eustnbgry
a`tkr`gtan`gi igw.?: [@EINU) fnwkvkr) a`trnmuekm skvkrgi abpnrtg`t kw kikbk`ts tfgt
onvkr` g stgtks ghaiaty tn kxtk`m ats kxeiusavk snvkrkao` raofts tn kxpinrk g`m mkvkinp
ats en`ta`k`tgi sfki rksnureks.
]fk tkrb en`ta`k`tgi sfki gs uskm a` [@EINU rkkrs tn tfk okninoae en`ta`k`tgi
bgroa` bgmk up n tfk okninoae sfki) tfk okninoae sinpk) g`m tfk okninoae rask.?7
[@EINU spkeaegiiy mk`ks tfk en`ta`k`tgi sfki gs katfkr tfk gturgi prnin`ogtan`
n ig`m tkrratnry tn tfk nutkr kmok n tfk en`ta`k`tgi bgroa` nr 8:: baiks rnb g
engstgi stgtks hgskia`k) wfaefkvkr as orkgtkr.?8 _fk` g engstgi stgtks en`ta`k`tgi
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tfk skghkm cnnr hkyn`m 8:: `gutaegi baiks?5 a` tfk grkg l`nw` gs tfk kxtk`mkm
en`ta`k`tgi sfki.?= ]fk trkgty a`eiumks twn nrbuigs tn mktkrba`k tfk nutkr iabats
n en`ta`k`tgi bgroa`s?; g`m twn bktfnms tn skt en`strga`t ia`ks pgst wfaef engstgi
stgtks eg``nt eigab snvkrkao`ty.?3
[@EINU gisn prnvamks g prnekss tfrnuof wfaef engstgi stgtks eg` rkmuek tfk
pntk`tagi nr masputk g`m u`ekrtga`ty nvkr tfkar en`ta`k`tgi bgroa`s iabats. ]fas
as pgrtaeuigriy abpnrtg`t a` tfk Gretae wfkrk tfk [.U. kxtk`mkm en`ta`k`tgi sfki
ialkiy nvkrigps watf tfgt n hntf tfk Xussag` Ckmkrgtan` g`m Eg`gmg. [`mkr [@EINU
Grtaeik ?3) g engstgi stgtk bgy nhtga` a`tkr`gtan`gi rkeno`atan` nr tfk nutkr iabats n
ats eigab tn g` kxtk`mkm en`ta`k`tgi sfki hy suhbatta`o g eigab tn tfk Enbbassan`
n` tfk Iabats n tfk En`ta`k`tgi Ufki &EIEU!.?? ]fk EIEU en`sasts n twk`ty"n`k
kiketkm kxpkrts a` okninoy) oknpfysaes) nr fymrnorgpfy) g`m bgy n`iy hk `gtan`gis
n [@EINU Utgtk pgrtaks.?6 G engstgi stgtk bust ogtfkr seak`tae g`m tkef`aegi mgtg
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]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 6 Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat
tfgt mkserahks tfk efgrgetkrastaes n tfk skghkm g`m suhsnai g`m suhbat ats eigab tn
tfk EIEU watfa` tk` ykgrs n hkenba`o g pgrty tn [@EINU.?1 G skvk`"bkbhkr EIEU
suhenbbattkk tfk` g`giyzks tfk mgtg g`m prkpgrks rkenbbk`mgtan`s rkogrma`o
tfk nutkr iabats n tfk en`ta`k`tgi sfki.6: ]fk rkenbbk`mgtan`s bust hk gpprnvkmhy g twn"tfarms bgdnraty n EIEU bkbhkrs.67 A tfk engstgi stgtk gorkks tn tfk
gpprnvkm rkenbbk`mgtan`s) tfk iabats grk `gi g`m ha`ma`o n` tfk a`tkr`gtan`gi
enbbu`aty.68
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hy ty"nur bkbhkr stgtks tn mgtk.65 ]fas prnekss tglks skvkrgi ykgrs tn enbpiktk
g`m at as g`taeapgtkm tfgt tfk EIEU waii `nt rk`mkr mkeasan`s n` snbk suhbassan`s
&nr kxgbpik) tfnsk suhbattkm a` 8:7: nr igtkr! u`tai gs igtk gs 8:5:. 6=
Zursug`t tn Grtaeik ??.5) tfk engstgi stgtk as k`tatikm tn kxpinrk g`m mkvkinp tfk
rksnureks n ats kxtk`mkm en`ta`k`tgi sfki) suhdket tn tfk rnygity prnvasan`s sktnrtf a` Grtaeik 68. Grtaeik 68.7 bg`mgtks tfgt g stgtk bglk g``ugi pgybk`ts watf
rkspket tn ats kxpinatgtan` n `n`"iava`o rksnureks n` ats kxtk`mkm en`ta`k`tgi
sfki. Hkoa``a`o a` tfk saxtf ykgr n prnmuetan`) pgybk`ts grk bgmk stgrta`o gt
tfk rgtk n 7 pkrek`t n tfk tntgi vgiuk n prnmuetan` gt kgef satk) a`erkgsa`o hy
7 pkrek`t kgef ykgr u`tai tfk twkitf ykgr wfk` tfk pgybk`t pigtkgus gt ? pkrek`t
n prnmuetan` vgiuk nr kvkry ykgr tfkrkgtkr.6;
Zgybk`ts grk suhbattkm tn tfk A`tkr`gtan`gi Ukghkm Gutfnraty &AUG nr Gutfnraty!)63
tfk [@EINU"erkgtkm hnmy tfgt rkouigtks tfk kxpinrgtan` nr g`m kxpinatgtan` n tfk
`gturgi rksnureks a` tfk grkg.6? ]fk AUG mastrahutks tfk rnygitaks hgskm n` tfk `kkms
g`m a`tkrksts n [@EINU bkbhkr stgtks) hut fgs `n ntfkr a`vnivkbk`t a` tfk
kxtk`mkm en`ta`k`tgi sfki mkvkinpbk`t prnekss.66
]fk pntk`tagi abpiaegtan`s n tfas kxtk`mkm en`ta`k`tgi sfki rkoabk grk prnnu`m.
_atf n`k n tfk igrokst engstia`ks a` tfk wnrim) tfk [`atkm Utgtks as kxpketkm tn
fgvk nvkr 817)::: squgrk baiks n kxtk`mkm en`ta`k`tgi sfki.61 ]fk [.U. en`ta`k`tgi
bgroa` n tfk engst n Gigslg gin`k bgy kxtk`m tn g ba`abub n 3:: baiks rnb tfk
Gigslg` hgskia`k.1: Gigslgs kxtk`mkm en`ta`k`tgi sfki iaks nvkr tfk Gretae Gigslg
prnva`ek) n`k n tfk bg`y nai" g`m ogs"raef hgsa`s a` tfk Gretae.17 At as kstabgtkm tfgt
tfkrk bgy hk gibnst ?5 haiian` hgrrkis n nai g`m nai"kquavgik`t `gturgi ogs inegtkm a`
tfk Gretae Gigslg prnva`ek) tfk sken`m faofkst kstabgtkm prnmuetan` egpghaiaty n gii
Gretae prnva`eks.18 ]fk en`ta`k`tgi sfki watfa` tfk 8::"baik KKT u`mkr tfk Hkgunrt
g`m Efulefa Ukgs gin`k bgy fgvk nvkr 85 haiian` hgrrkis n nai g`m 7:= traiian` euhae
kkt n `gturgi ogs.15 @nt n`iy wnuim mkvkinpbk`t n tfksk rksnureks prnbntk k`kroy
a`mkpk`mk`ek) g [.U. gtan`gi skeuraty nhdketavk)1= at wnuim gisn erkgtk gibnst ;;):::
dnhs pkr ykgr `gtan`wamk g`m ok`krgtk nvkr -715 haiian` a` kmkrgi) stgtk) g`m inegi
rkvk`uk nvkr g ty"ykgr pkranm.1; Muk tn mkigys a` Gretae nai g`m ogs kxpinrgtan`
a` tfk Efulefa g`m Hkgunrt Ukgs) hntf watfa` tfk [.U. 8::"baik KKT) tfk kgriakst
kstabgtkm mgtk n kxtrgetan` as snbktabk gtkr 8:71.13
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Oga`a`o kxeiusavk snvkrkao` raofts nvkr tfk uii pntk`tagi [.U. Gretae kxtk`mkm
en`ta`k`tgi sfki waii prnvk maeuit) fnwkvkr) muk tn tfk einsk prnxabaty gbn`o tfk
[`atkm Utgtks) Xussag) g`m Eg`gmg g`m tfk pntk`tagi nr nvkrigppa`o eigabs tn kxtk`mkm
en`ta`k`tgi sfkivks. ]fk Xussag` Ckmkrgtan` wgs tfk rst [@EINU pgrty tn suhbatg` kxtk`mkm en`ta`k`tgi sfki eigab tn tfk EIEU.1? ]fk EIEU rkdketkm Xussags a`atagi
8::7 suhbassan` hut pkrbattkm at tn rkvask g`m rksuhbat ats eigab. Xussag g`taeapgtks
suhbatta`o ats rkvaskm eigab nr ats kxtk`mkm sfki a` tfk Gretae hy tfk k`m n tfk
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`gtan` tfgt fgs `nt nrbgiiy eigabkm tfk nutkr iabats n g` kxtk`mkm en`ta k`tgi sfki.
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hnu`m!. A tfk [`atkm Utgtks geekmks g`m kvk`tugiiy pkrkets g eigab tn tfk nutkr iabat
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sfki waii nvkrigp watf Xussags. [@EINU giinws nr twn &nr bnrk! ikoatabgtk nutkr iabateigabs hut ikgvks at tn tfk pgrtaks tn gorkk tn tkrbs tfgt spiat tfk nvkrigppa`o kxtk`mkm
en`ta`k`tgi sfki hktwkk` tfkb. ]fk [`atkm Utgtks fgs prnvamkm nhskrvgtan`s n`
suhbassan`s hy twn ntfkr stgtks) hut) gs g `n`"pgrty) at eg``nt suhbat g eigab u`mkr
Grtaeik ?3.7:7
[@EINU g`m tfk Mkkp Ukghkm [@EINU prnvamks tfgt tfk skghkm cnnr hkyn`m
tfk iabats n g engstgi stgtks en`ta k`tgi sfki nr kxtk`mkm en`ta`k`tgi sfki as
hkyn`m gtan`gi durasmaetan` g`m enbprasks) a` [@EINU pgrig`ek) tfk Grkg.7:8
]fk Grkg as onvkr`km hy ats nw` ikogi rkoabk mksao`km tn hgig`ek tfk a`tkrksts n
engstgi stgtks watf enbbkreagi g`m seak`tae a`tkrksts a` tfk mkkp skghkm hkyn`m
`gtan`gi durasmaetan` watf tfnsk n tfk k`tark a`tkr`gtan`gi enbbu`aty. ]fk Grkg
fgs hkk` skt gsamk gs tfk enbbn` fkratgok n bg`la`m.7:5 [@EINU Zgrt VA g`m
tfk suhskquk t Gorkkbk`t Xkigta`o tn tfk Abpikbk`tgtan` n Zgrt VA n [@EINU7:=
&Zgrt VA Gorkkbk`t! nutia`k g [.U."rak`miy mkkp skghkm ba`a`o rkoabk tfgt pkrbats
bkbhkr Utgtks tn gequark ikogi tatik tn `n`"iava`o `gturgi rksnureks a` tfk Grkg.
[@EINU erkgtkm tfk A`tkr`gtan`gi Ukghkm Gutfnraty tn abpikbk`t tfk Zgrt VA mkkp
skghkm ba`a`o rkoabk. ]fk AUG fgs tfrkk pra`eapik nrog`s4 tfk skerktgragt) tfk
gsskbhiy) g`m tfk enu`eai.7:; ]fk skerktgragt as bgmk up n tfk skerktgry ok`krgi) wfn
as kiketkm nr nur"ykgr tkrbs) g`m fas sbgii stg.7:3 ]fk gsskbhiy) enbpraskm n gii
[@EINU bkbhkr stgtks)7:?oavks `gi gpprnvgi tn ruiks g`m rkouigtan`s rkogrma`o tfk
mkkp skghkm ba`a`o rkoabk) mkeamks fnw tn mastrahutk tfk rnygitaks rkekavkm rnb
kxtk`mkm en`ta`k`tgi sfki prndkets) g`m kikets tfk enu`eai.7:6
]fk enu`eai as tfk bnst abpnrtg`t hnmy watfa` tfk gutfnraty g`m skrvks gs tfk
kxkeutavk nrog` n tfk AUG.7:1 At as bgmk up n tfarty"sax bkbhkr stgtks77: g`m as
rkspn`sahik nr a`tkr giag) kxkreas\a`oR en`trni nvkr getavataks a` tfk Grkg777 g`m nr
rkenbbk`ma`o tn tfk gsskbhiy ruiks) rkouigtan`s) g`m prnekmurks n` tfk kquatghik
sfgra`o n `g`eagi g`m ntfkr ken`nbae hk`kts mkravkm rnb getavataks a` tfk Grkg
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]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 7: Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat
g`m tfk pgybk`ts g`m en`trahutan`s bgmk pursug`t tn Grtaeik 68.778 ]fk gsskbhiy
bgy nt gpprnvk `g`eagi pgybk`ts u`ikss rkenbbk`mkm hy tfk Enu`eai.775 A tfk
gsskbhiy masgorkks watf tfk enu`eais rkenbbk`mgtan`s) tfk assuk waii hk rktur`km
tn tfk enu`eai nr urtfkr mkiahkrgtan`s.77= A tfk [`atkm Utgtks geekmks tn [@EINU)tfk [`atkm Utgtks wnuim hk tfk n`iy stgtk ougrg`tkkm g pkrbg`k`t skgt n` tfk
enu`eai.77; Bnrknvkr) oavk` [@EINU"bg`mgtkm vnta`o prnekmurks tfgt grk hgskm n`
en`sk`sus)773 tfk [`atkm Utgtks wnuim fgvk tfk arrkvneghik ghaiaty tn vktn g`y AUG
pig` tn mastrahutk u`ms nr `g`eagi gssastg`ek a` g bg``kr a`en`sastk`t watf [.U.
mksarks.77?
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mktgaikm a` [@EINU Grtaeik 7;5) G``kx AAA) g`m tfk Zgrt VA Gorkkbk`t. A`tkrkstkm
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]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 7; Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat
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Utgtks sfgrks g pntk`tagi kxtk`mkm en`ta`k tgi sfki watf hntf Xussag g`m Eg`gmg.
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wfk` tfk [`atkm Utgtks k`tkrs haigtkrgi gorkkbk`ts watf Xussag` g`m Eg`gmgrkspketavkiy.7;3 Gs sabpik g`m tfkrknrk gttrgetavk gs tfas pnsatan` bgy hk) at hkos
skvkrgi qukstan`s.
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oknorgpfaegiiy nppnsatk stgtks watf n tfarm stgtk nr grkg a`tkrksts a`vnivkm>
]fk sabpik g`swkr as tfgt n`iy hy geekma`o tn tfk en`vk`tan` eg` tfk [`atkm Utgtks
nhtga` ats uii en`ta`k`tgi sfki raofts a` tfk Gretae.
]fk Egsk cnr [@EINU4 ]fk @kkm cnr Ikogi Ekrtga`ty
Gs mkbn`strgtkm ghnvk) tfk groubk`t tfgt tfk [`atkm Utgtks fgs ikogi gutfnraty
tn prnekkm nutsamk [@EINU watf prndkets hkyn`m tfk 8::"baik en`ta`k`tgi sfki as
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as rkquarkm tn prnvamk tfk ikogi ekrtga`ty `kekssgry nr kxpinrgtan` g`m kxpinatgtan`
n tfk rksnureks n tfk uii kxtk`mkm en`ta`k`tgi sfki g`m hkyn`m.7;?
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]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 73 Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat
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mksarkm pniataegi nutenbks. _fgtkvkr tfk rkgsn`) tfk ba`abgiast kxpig`gtan`s
fgvk giinwkm [@EINU nppn`k`ts tn spkeuigtk tfgt a`mustrys gmvnegey bgy) a`get) fgvk sfgiinw rnnts.
[@EINU nppn`k`t nrbkr [.U. Ukerktgry n Mkk`sk Mn`gim Xubskim fgs suookstkm
tfgt husa`kssks en`stg`tiy bglk enst"hk`kt g`giysks) g`m fgvk sabpiy mkeamkm)
gt ikgst nr tfk tabk hka`o) tfgt tfk tabk as `nt raoft nr nsfnrk a`vkstbk`t.7;6 A`
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ntfkr [@EINU bkbhkr stgtks tn skeurk ikogi tatik tn mkkp skghkm ba`a`o.73: A` get) gt
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ntfkr enu`traks.738
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]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 7? Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat
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rgtakm tfrnuof tfk [@EINU prnekss. Uken`m grk stgtks tfgt baoft fgvk n nhdketan`)
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suef pgybk`ts grk bgxabazkm.
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`nt nhtga` g` u`gar enbpktatavk gmvg`tgok hy npkrgta`o nutsamk tfk [@EINU systkb.
Gitfnuof Grtaeik 68 rnygitaks grk gssksskm tn stgtks) at skkbs rkgsn`ghik tn gssubk
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stgtks. Ialkwask) a npkrgta`o a` tfk grkg) enrpnrgtan`s rkquarkm tn ghamk hy ruiks
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getan` wnuim skkb tn hk tfk stgtks g`m enrpnrgtan`s npkrgta`o nutsamk tfk ken`nbae
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Zntk`tagi Ikogi Getan`s
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ikogi efgiik`oks. Oavk` tfgt tfk puhiae a`tkr`gtan`gi igw n tfk skg onvkr`s fnw
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]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 76 Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat
stgtks g`m a`tkr`gtan`gi nrog`azgtan`s rkigtk tn kgef ntfkr a` tfk bgratabk mnbga`)
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Iaghaiaty Zuhiae a`tkr`gtan`gi igw onvkr`s tfk rkigtan`sfaps hktwkk` stgtks g`m)
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hy trkgty prnvasan`s gmnptkm g`m niinwkm hy sueak`tiy igrok ubhkrs n stgtks gs
g bgttkr n ikogi nhiaogtan`. Eustnbgry a`tkr`gtan`gi ikogi nhiaogtan`s gisn oavk rask
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a`tkr`gtan`gi igw
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a`tkr`gtan`gi iaghaiaty g`m suhdket tfk [`atkm Utgtks tn a`tkr`gtan`gi ikogi rkbkmaks.
]fkrk as g strn`o egsk tn hk bgmk tfgt tfk [`atkm Utgtks as nhiaogtkm u`mkr
a`tkr`gtan`gi igw tn enbpiy watf [@EINU skgcnnr rkoabk mkspatk tfk get tfgt tfk
[`atkm Utgtks fgs kvkr rgtakm tfk en`vk`tan`. ]fk bnst u`mgbk`tgi g`m enbpkiia`o
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sfki as hkegusk) quatk sabpiy) tfk [`atkm Utgtks sgys at as hnu`m.7?: Bnrknvkr) kvk`
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]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 71 Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat
]fus) at bgy wkii hk tfgt tfk [`atkm Utgtks as kstnppkm rnb geta`o en`trgry tn tfk
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]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 88 Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat
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]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 85 Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat
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skgcnnr fgvk raoftiy kxprksskm en`ekr` ghnut bgla`o `kekssgry a`vkstbk`ts g`m
prnekkma`o watf skgcnnr prndkets gs in`o gs tfk [`atkm Utgtks rkbga`s nutsamk
[@EINU. Gs in`o gs tfk [`atkm Utgtks rkbga`s nutsamk [@EINU) g`y [.U."iaek`skmgetavaty n` tfk [.U. kxtk`mkm en`ta`k`tgi sfki waii hk ikogiiy suspket g`m vui`krghik
tn efgiik`ok. Oavk` tfksk rasls) gs wkii gs en`ekr`s ghnut a`tkr`gtan`gi rkputgtan`)
abpnrtg`t [.U. a`mustraks waii ialkiy rkbga` u`waiia`o tn prnekkm. A` tfk bkg`tabk)
[@EINU bkbhkr stgtks en`ta`uk tn qukuk up tn pkrket tfkar nw` nutkr iabats n
tfk kxtk`mkm en`ta`k`tgi sfki hknrk tfk EIEU. A tfk [`atkm Utgtks wkrk tn geekmk
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en`vk`tan`.
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nppnsatan` groubk`ts suooksta`o ntfkrwask sukr rnb abpnrtg`t ikogi mkkets gs
wkii gs cgwkm pniaey gssubptan`s. Oavk` tfgt bg`y n tfksk groubk`ts fgvk pigykm
g prnba`k`t rnik a` tfk eurrk`t [@EINU stgikbgtk) Gretae pniaeybglkrs bust
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hy tfk kgsk watf wfaef tfk [`atkm Utgtks fgs hkk` ghik tn k`dny bg`y [@EINU
hk`kts watfnut dna`a`o tfk en`vk`tan`. _faik tfas fgs en`trahutkm tn g bnrk
stghik bgratabk ikogi rkoabk en`mueavk tn [.U. oinhgi a`tkrksts) at fgs gisn ikm
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a`enrrketiytfgt tfk [`atkm Utgtks eg` en`ta`uk tn kxpinat gii [@EINU hk`kts
watfnut pgya`o tfk ba`abgi ensts n [@EINU bkbhkrsfap. Gppiaegtan` n tfas
giigey tn tfk Gretae enuim hk enstiy.
]fk [`atkm Utgtks sfnuim dna` [@EINU tn uiiy prkskrvk [.U. Gretae a`tkrksts.
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`nt hk abbkmagtkiy gvgaighik) [@EINU wnuim giinw tfk [`atkm Utgtks tn prkskrvk
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rkvaskm tn tfk mktrabk`t n [.U. a`tkrksts.
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]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 8; Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat
Gel`nwikmobk`ts
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rkskgrefkr!) Hk` Fgaoft) Efgm Utkvk`sn`) g`m Mk``as Fgrha` nr tfkar a`vgiughik
rkskgref gssastg`ek) gs wkii gs Egatiy` G`trab) Mnuoigs X. Hur`ktt) D. Gsfiky Xngef)Bgrl Xnsk`) g`m Mgvam Saetnr nr tfkar a`saoftui rkvakws n prkvanus mrgts.
@ntks
7 Eg`gmg) Mk`bgrl) @nrwgy) g`m tfk Xussag` Ckmkrgtan`.
8 ]fk Aiuiassgt Mkeigrgtan`) Bgy 86) 8::6) gvgaighik gtfttp4www.nekg`igw.nromnw`ingmsgretaeAiuiassgt
^Mkeigrgtan`.pm.
5 [`atkm @gtan`s En`vk`tan` n` tfk Igw n tfk Ukg) Mke. 7:) 7168) 7655 [.@.].U. 51? \fkrka gtkr [@EINUR.
= ]fk Aiuiassgt Mkeigrgtan` mnks `nt marketiy rkkrk`ek [@EINU hkegusk tfk [`atkm Utgtks as `nt g pgrty tn tfk
en`vk`tan`. Fg`s Enrkii) ]fk Gretae4 G` Nppnrtu`aty tn Ennpkrgtk g`m Mkbn`strgtk Upnrtsbg`sfap) =8 Sg`m.
D. ]rg`s`g]i i. 7:3;) 7:3? &8::1!.
; `g]an`gi s]rg]koycnr]fk gre]ae rkoan` 7: &8:75! \fkrka`gtkr [.s. gre]ae s]rg]koy 8:75R)gvgaighik gt
fttp4www.wfatkfnusk.onvsatksmkguitiksmnes`gt^gretae^strgtkoy.pm.
3 Am. gt 1.
? ]fk Igw n tfk Ukg En`vk`tan` &]rkgty Mne. 7:5"51!4 ]fk [.U. @gtan`gi Ukeuraty g`m Utrgtkoae Abpkrgtavks nr
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6 ]fk Igw n tfk Ukg En`vk`tan` &]rkgty Mne. 7:5"51!4 Zkrspketavks rnb Husa`kss g`m A`mustry4 Fkgra`o
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Efak Kxke. Nekr) Gb. Zktrnikub A`st.!) gvgaighik gtfttp47.usg.onvTNDV_y.
1 [`atkm Utgtks Nekg`s Zniaey 7165) 71 _KKLIQ ENBZ. ZXKU. Mne. 565) 633 &Bgr. 7:) 7165!.
7: U. ]rkgty Mne. @n. 7:5"51) gt AAAAS &711=!. Cnr g enbprkfk`savk gsskssbk`t n Zrksamk`t Xkgog`s vakws
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prnvasan`s n tfk En`vk`tan` gs cgwkm. Fk en`samkrkm tfgt tfnsk prnvasan`s enuim hk xkm g`m spkeaegiiy
amk`takm tfk kikbk`ts a` `kkm n rkvasan`.!.
77 Uentt O. Hnrokrsn`) ]fk @gtan`gi A`tkrkst g`m tfk Igw n tfk Ukg) en[`eai n` cnrkao` rkig]an`s sZkeagi
rkZnr]@n. =3) gt 7875 &Bgy 8::1!) gvgaighik gtfttp4n`.er.nro76Od51p.
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75 Ukk[.s. gre]ae s]rg]koy 8:75) suprg`ntk ;) gt 3 &Zrkskrvk Gretae Xkoan` Crkkmnb n tfk Ukgs]fk
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rkeno`azkm u`mkr a`tkr`gtan`gi igw.! &Kbpfgsas a` nraoa`gi!.
7= mkZ]nc a`]kranr) bg`goa`ocnr]fk c[][rka`g rgZamiy efg`oa`o gre]ae4 g rkZnr]]n]fk
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]fk Nppnrtu`aty Ensts nc Ao`nra`o tfk Igw nc Ukg En`vk`tan` a` tfk Gretae 83 Fnnvkr A`statutan` Utg`cnrm [`avkrsat
7; rngef # sba]f) suprg`ntk 7:) gt =??.
73 Ukk) k.o.)rgZamiy efg`oa`o gre]ae) suprg`ntk 7=) gt 7? &maseussa`o tfk en`ta`ukm ornwtf n enbbkreagi
sfappa`o gs skg aek maba`asfks nvkr tabk!< gre]ae en[`eai) gre]ae hanmaSkrsa]y gsskssbk`]4 s]g][s #
]rk`msa` gre]ae hanmaSkrsa]y ;:; &8:75! \fkrka`gtkr gre]ae hanmaSkrsa]y gsskssbk`]R &maseussa`o fnw
a`erkgskm tnurasb vag eruasks fgs rksuitkm a` tfk Gretae g`m en`ta`uks tn ornw gs tfk Gretae Nekg` g`m
surrnu`ma`o skgs hkenbk bnrk en`sastk`tiy geekssahik!< D. Gsfiky Xngef) A`tkr`gtan`gi Igw g`m tfk Gretae4 G
Ouamk tn [`mkrstg`ma`o tfk Assuks) 7; s_. D. a`]i i. 5:7) 578 &8::1! &`nta`o tfgt tfk pntk`tagi nr g` aek"rkk
Gretae Nekg` prnvamks tfk [`atkm Utgtks bnrk spgek tn en`muet baiatgry kxkreasks pursug`t tn [@EINU
`gvaogtan`gi rkkmnb prnvasan`s!.
7? Bgitk Fubpkrt # G`mrkgs Xgspnt`al) ]fk Cuturk n Gretae Ufappa`o Gin`o tfk ]rg`spnigr Ukg Xnutk)
gre]ae ykgrhnnl 867) 868 &8:78!) gvgaighik gtfttp4hat.iy78:pob]. ]fk ]rg`spnigr Ukg Xnutk &]UX! as g
tfarm trg`s"Gretae `gvaogtan`gi rnutk tfgt waii hkenbk gvgaighik n`ek tfk Gretae skg aek maba`asfks enbpiktkiy.
Am. Hkegusk tfk ]UX rkbga`s u`gvgaighik nr tfk nrkskkghik uturk) at waii hk kxeiumkm rnb tfk maseussan` n
[.U. `gvaogtan`gi a`tkrksts. Cnr g bnrk a`"mkptf maseussan` n tfk ]UX gs g pntk`tagi a`tkr`gtan`gi sfappa`o
rnutk) skkam.
76 Ukk) k.o.) Eigumag Ea`kiia) ]fk Igw n tfk Ukg g`m tfk Gretae)8 gre]ae rkS. n` i. # Zni. =) 77 `.88 &8:77!) =: `gS. i. r. 8:?) 8:173 &7118!
&kxpiga`a`o tfk fastnry n tfk enbbn` fkratgok n bg`la`m en`ekpt!.
7:= Gorkkbk`t Xkigta`o tn tfk Abpikbk`tgtan` n Zgrt VA n tfk [`atkm @gtan`s En`vk`tan` n` tfk Igw
n tfk Ukg n 7: Mke. 7168) Duiy 86) 711=) 7653 [.@.].U. 5 \fkrka`gtkr Zgrt VA Gorkkbk`tR) gvgaighik gt
fttp4hat.iy7=nlfig.
7:; [@EINU) suprg`ntk 5) grt. 7;6) gt 67.
7:3 Am. grts. 73331) gt 1815.
7:? Gii [@EINU bkbhkr stgtks grk tfkrkhy bkbhkrs n tfk gutfnraty. Am. grt. 7;3.8) gt 67