(l<ev. Zool. Bot. Afr., LXXX, l-2) . (A paru le 30 septembre 1.969)

The non-cichlid fishes of the eastward

flowing rivers of Tanzania, East Africa

llY R. G. BAILEY

Chelsea College of Scienoc and Tecllnology, University of London.

Occasional collections of fish from Tawzanian rivers drai.ning into the Indi-an. Oce,an, have been made since about the middle o f the nine teenth .century. From them, a val'icty t)f species have b een idcr1-t-i.ficd rand described . During the course of a period of service with the Pishuries Division o f the Tanzan ian Ministry of Agricuilturc, and i·n particular from an c.x.poo ition in 1965 with Dr. E . TRBWAVAS from tho British Natuml History Museum, rthc authot· has been ab1le to add to distribution rec.ords and to make fm·ther colle-c tions frrom thi s region or Africa. From these, and other avairlable material in the Btitish Museum, an annotated chec k-li-st of non-cichhd fishes has been drawn up, o.1nd is prcsenrted in the fulilrowing acwunt. For the interest and irnfo.Prnalion of future ini\Jiestigators, it is ptrcfuced by a Hs t o f the eastward fd owing rirvcrs of Tanzanja, and a s umma ry of the pdndpal reolrlec tors and litera ture. It is rOOnclucleu wirth some 7.00geographkail consid erations.

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THE EASTWARD FLOWTNG RJVEl{S OF TANZANIA

TJ1c :rivers numbered from 1 to 16 in Fi i,ru~·e 1. corrcspoJl<l wi th the fo.lilowing lisl. Al•te rnative names or spellings, fmm earlie r lite·

rature and maps, arc ·givt:n in brackets.

I. Umba (Umbo). Rising i,n the Usambara Moun ta•ins, Lhis D'iiVer c.n tt:rs the sea close to the Tan:.wniaj Kenya bord.or.

2. Sigi (Tanga).

3. Pw1gani (Rru.vu, RLtVa, R Ltl'u). Tributar ies: a - Ruvu, b - Kikulelwa,

c • M/comazi; UJlso Soni and LucngweP:.L A'11 important 1·iver,

draining the Meru- Kilimanjaro Moun tains, and in severe rains

the northern paPt of the Masai Steppe. The Ruvu tributary sea­

sonaUy <OOJ'lJJ:tocts L. .I ipe to the 11iver system. The P:.tngan~ pro­

vides a major sour;cc of hydro-elec~rlc power, and the Nyumba

Ya Mungu dam, completed in 1965, h as createcl a large reservoir

(maxbnum !Capacity - 240,000 miJ.llion ga1lons) ilr1 :its upper course.

4. Msangasi.

5. M Ligaji (Mliga.-;.i ).

6. Wami. Tributaries: a - Mkondoa (Mukondokwa), b • Myulllbo,

c • Mkala, d · Rulcaguru; a:lso Kiny<.tsungwe anid Yovi. The Cen­

tral Ra·11way .passes along th:! v<.tLiey nf t·he M! ondtoa .w he•re it

p ierces the mountain rang<.:.S wh ich separate tlw inte rior from

the .coastal be lt. The Wami itself, ri ses in the Ukagu~ Moun­

tains, and apart from the Mkon.doa, receives tl'ibutal'ic.s draining

the Mkata P.l•ain from the SOL~th and the Nguru Mo LLntains f rom

the north.

7. Ruvu (Kinga.ni). Tributaries: a · Mgela, b · Ngerengere. lt druins

the UJ.uguru Mountail11S.

8. Mpiyi.

9. Ndidila (•Luhute, Mgongwe).

10. Rufiji (Rufigi). Comprises three main branches and their tribu·

t•arics.

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Fig. 1, - The ea>S~tward f,Jnwing J'ivcrs of Tanzarllia.

- 173 -

lOa · Great Ruaha. Tribu•taries: b • Liltle Ruaha, t; • Njombe

(Myomhe), d - Kisign; also Chim ala, Kimanj and Mbarali .

10<.: · Kilomhero (Ulanga). Tribu tanies: f - Luhmnbero; a lso Ki­hanll.i, Mpa nga, Mnye ra, Ruhuji, Pi-ta and furua.

l Og - Luwegu. Tribu ttll' i·es: .h · M1Jaranga.ndu, i - N j enjc ; ail so Li·

gomb<.:. ·Dmining lhe Southell"n High:lands and pa.rts of the Cen­l ~::u l :wd South- F.as teJ·n P~ateaus which they cliv1dc, this ls Tan­zania's largest riiVer system, with a catchment covering one-fifth of t·hu to tal ar·ca af' the country. The volume of water in the ~ower roachos, varies tnmwndous·ly, and la11·ge areas a.re inundated during the rainy season. Tt is navigable by small vessels for •abou t 60 mi·leos from its mouth, where it forms a considerable del ta. An important commerdal fishing centre ·is located Oll this river, at Tfakara on the Kilombcro.

ll. Matandu. Tributaries : Murcmbwi, Naki·kuna , Liwtvl<.:, Nganga and Narangombe.

12. Mavuji (Mavudji).

13. Mbem kt-tru (Mbwcmkuru).

14. Lukuledi.

15. Mkundi {Mamhi).

16. Rttvuma ( Rovuma), Tl'ihutaries : a • Lukimwa, b - M sangesi,

c · Sasawara, d - Muhuwezi, e - Lumusule, r · Mbangala; a•lso Lu­mcmc, <Mhttkuru, Mlon gusi, Njuga, Likoncle, Ms,inj uwc, Mchcm­

ba and Lukwika. A 1arg<.: ri'Vor, •r ising in the Southern Highlands , and farming the boundary with Mozambique for some 420 mi,Jes.

Di s tribut•ion data in the check-lis l are JWincipally t'ellated to the Pangani , W1atn i, Ruvu, Rufiji anc..l Ruvumu systems.

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PRINC IPAL COT_jLECTORS OF, AND LITERATURE RELATTNG TO,

TH•E FTSHES OF THE EASTWARD FLOWING RlVERS

P tiTRRS (1·852 & 1·868), £oJ,lowing his exp'lora tion of Mm:amhique, gave many of the ear'ly d escriptions ·of spocies from eas te 'm r irve1·s. Pr.AYFAIR and GUNTHER, in thei r account of « The l•'ishes of Zanzi­bar » {1~66), l i~ t m ainland cul/lec tions by L t. C()l. PLAYFATR f ron1 the Pangani, and by the Re v. C. LnTTNGSTONJ:l and Dr . .T. KIRK from the Ruvuma.

The Kilimtmjaro-Me ru Mounta ins attracted oonside rab1lc atte ntion .fvom ElllT'opean tru.vdlers and ea r ly cc>llections of fi-shes from this area , largely d rai'ncd by the upper P·angani, wen~ made h y Baron C. C. VON nER DllCKnN (1861), Dr. G. A. F 1SCTTER (1882), and H . H . JOT-INS TON {11884 ).

Dr. FRANZ STuTTT.MAN N, anth ropdlogist and naturalis·t, !took fishes from rt:he Pangani, Wl(lmi and Rl\.liVU ri vers du~·1ng 1•880-90, and the se we re described by PFRFFER (1893). The sam e author r eviewod the fishes Qf Eas•L Afr ica ~n 1896. Further .coMections from the Pangani (and. other 'looali·ties t'O the w est), w ere .made by Dr. 0 . NnUMANN ( 1893-95), and described by IIIT.GRNDORP ( 1905). LoNNllfiHG (1907), described fi shes ~n the S tockholm Museum, obta ined by a Zoological .Expedition Lo .the K.i1Hman1aPo•Meru Moun tain<S in 1905-6. I11 1910,

Dr. E. BAXTER .cQillectcd a few specime ns [tOr rthe Bri:tlsh Museum from the Mkat<.t·Wia'ffii sy.stem.

Be tween 1909-16, Dr. G. A. Bo LTlNGER's invaluable « Catalogue of the Freshwater Fish es ,of Afi,ka in the British Museurrn (Natun tl HiSljory ) , , was pubJ!ishe d . ~By including data on African mate rial h eld in o th er Eu ropean Museums , i.t e mbraced these em1ly coJJec­tions from the former Gorman Eas1 Aflrica.

The bro thers, AuoLF [l<lld Ar.mN HoRN, vis~ tod Tanga nyika in J9l3, and the ir .fish co llection s from .localities on the up per Wami a nd K~lomboro rivers were ·inves tigated by s·rmNDACHNJJH. (19 16), and .from the ~owor Wam~ by LouuERGER (1930).

Comparati vely recent•ly (1961 ), Dr. A. LovERlDGli •gave f,;\11 a ccoun t of h ow h e cam e hy two cQ!llections of fi sh from Jocaqities n ear Moro­~om (R•tWU sy.s tem ?), :and th e lower Rufiji. From •them s·eve ral new species wer e described by R£GA (1920) arnd NORMAN (1922).

In 1948, u nder Bri•Ll sh Colonial 1\clmi.ni.stra t·ion, a small fishe ries section was estah11 sh ed wi.thin the Minjs try o f Agd c u1lture, ou t of whid1 ha s g:rown the presonl Tanzunri'an Fisheries Divis i<m. Some

175-

colrlections have bcon made by Fisheries sibff. Major R. E . GOUI,I)

( 1951) sent specimens from the Uowcr Pangani lo •lhe British Mu­scum, and Mr. G. J. LOCKLE'f, obtained •fish from the R uvuma a nd KHomboro, which wi lh his marterial from other tlocali lics, formed the basis -of a Tanr£anian Fishe ries Coll ection . During 1962-65, the author added to the ~alter from the Pangani, Wami and Ruvru, and rocor.clod (1r966}, the disrtribution of fishes in dams in lhcir wa lcrs­heds. Mr. J. KAMBONA (1965, unpuhl-ished) gave new ll'ecords of d~s­

f.rrihut·i•on liPom the Rualla, a•nd Lhcse were cfl'la rgcu hy Dr. H. MAT· 'l'liE.S, a visirting soienti:st, who wi lh Mr. R. STURGnON, made ;.t su rvey of the Ruaha ha~o>i n in 1966.

The Tilapia (Cichlidae) of eastward f.lowing rivers, received pa·r ti­oular attention from visiLors. Dr. R. H. LowE investigated the Tilapia of L. .Tipe a nd rthe Pangani ( 1955), and Dr. E. TREWAVAS, col·lected (1965) and described (1966 a ~mcl b), Tilapia £rorn the o lhor major river systems. The author accompanied the latter expeclirtion, ar1cl fu·rthe r colleclion s of nun-cichlids from lhese riovors w e re obta·ined, and for Lhe most part deposi ted in the BritirS h Museum.

Reference to specific ,-evisions, which have included Tanzanian material, wi lrl he made in the c heck-list.

OHECK-LIST OF TilE NON-CICIIUD FISHES OF THE EA1STWARD FLOWTNG RTVERS

Notes. - The fam illics a nd .genera arc listed in the or;(.'l.e r p~·esented by Pon {1957). Known Kiswah~li or local common names, arc gilvon in br.:.-wke ts. Dis.t1·ihution \l'eoord-s and their sources f011llow ead1 spec1fic name, tugclhor w•i th a summary of wider distribution, where l=lpplicabl~.

Most colrleclions have inoludoo on ly a few specimens of each fish Lype, and ~t ·is only as ·data from them accwnulatcs lhal a knowtlcclgc of species vari1ability becomes available. Here, as in o Lh6r parts of Africa, later ·revisions have .revea.led severa1 synonymi~, and others are suggested. Those w.hich have bcc.n more Pecen tly est-ablished or su~gcslcd are ind icated i:n the check-lis t. ln some cases, new data on morpho logiCaJI v.a riah'ility, together with colOL~r ancl habi lat notes, at1e given.

11he u~uall taxonom ic abb.revialions are used in descrriblng :md comparing s·i•zcs <.end diagnostic cha·ractcrs. OthCJr abbreviation s, -Tl'C • Tan2lrunian Fisohories CoJ,Jeotion, and llM • Briti.sh Museum (Natural History).

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FAMILY PROTOPTERIDAE

PROTOPTERUS OwBN 1839, (kambale-mamba, • widespread).

P. aethiopicus HEC..:KJJL 1839.

Ruaha (KAMJJONA 1965 ). Elsewhe J'e·L. Tanganyika, L. Victoria and Ugandan rift Ja·kes.

Proloptcrus ,gp.

Ruaha { MATTHES 1966, - Prutopterus cf. P. a.mphibius PF.TRRS 1844, reoogni~ably clescl'lbed by local fishermen).

E lst:wrrerc • eastern riv<...'Ts of Kenya.

fAMlJ.Y CHANIDAE

CHANOS LACEP. 1•803.

C. chanos ( R UPPET.T.) 1803.

lhwu (BATU!Y & TRllWAVAS, - ,Jower Ruvu, a.t .fer.ry N.W. of Baga­moyo).

EoJsowhoro - •tJropioo l coas ts from Africa to A.merka, k.nown to unler rivers.

FAMILY KNERlDAE

KNERIA STIHNUACHNRR 1866.

K. spektt GtJN'TTTER 1868.

Wami (BLGR. 1909 & 1916, • Mka1a; TFC, - smal·l lakes in Myombo ·Calchmcnrt); Ruaha (MATTHES J916 ; TFC?; BAILEY & TRBWAVAS).

TI'C speci1mens .from i1rrigat·i:on ch anncJs on a su.gar plantation dnaJWi·ng water from the Ruaha, agree with K. spckii t:xcept in colou r· 1'flg, being distinctly moLL'lccl wi.th brown, and having a trow of spo ts a•long •the mid~latm·a J di:ne.

FAM ILY MORMYRIDAE

PETROCEt•HI\LUS MARCUSEN 1854.

P. catostoma catostoma (GUNTHEH.) l -866, • sec WHI'fEJTBAD & GREEN­

woou ( 1959).

- 177-

Wami (TI'C); Ruvu (BLGR. 1909, = P. stuhlmwmi; TFC); Ki1lom­

be!1o (STETNDACHNER 19'16, = P. affinis; TFC); Ruaha (MATTHES

1966); Ruvurna (Bu~R. ·1909; TFC).

Elsewhere - L. Victoria, L. Malawi , Kafw.: & uppe r Zambezi. South

Africa .

CYPHOMYRUS MYURS 1960.

C. dlscm·hynchus (PRrrms) J 852.

Ruaha (MATTTTES 1966, = Marcusenius discorhyncflus). Elsewhere - MaJagarasi & L. Tang anyika, L. Rrukwa, L. MalaJWi

and the Z<unbezi.

GNATHONEMUS GILL 1•862.

G. macrolcpldotus (PETERS) 1852.

Ruaha ( STElNUACITNP.R 1916, G. graew~rli); Ruvuma (Br.GR. 1909). Elsl:where - Malaga.nasi, L. Rukwa, L. Ma:lawi, Kaful: & Zat.mbe7.i,

Athi & Tana.

G. livingstonfJ BLGR. 1·898.

Warni (TI'C); Kivu ( LovcRlllGU Coli. ); Ruaha (MATTIIP~'> 1966); Ru·

vuma (BT.GR 1909).

MORMYRUS LTNN. · 1758.

M. longirostrls PETERS 1852, (sulusulu - Ki lombl:ro and Ruaha).

Rufiji (LOVRTHDGE Col1l.), Kilomhl:ro (BAlJ.AJY & TREWAVAS), Ruah<.t

(KAMfiONA; MATTHHS 1966); Ruvum;.t (Tl'C).

E~scwhorl: - L. Tanganyika, L. Ruk".va, L. Malawi a n d the Z.ambl:Zi.

M. kannume FORSKAL 1775.

P.angani (? GoULD Co.IJl .).

Elsewh e 1,e • Nile, L. Vic toria, Ugandan rift lakes, Athi and Tana.

A s ingle sp ecim en ( 187 rnrn S.L.) from thl: Pangani, resembles this

spedcs, with .post-ocular di s tance 1.35 liml:s in snout ·length, D - 53, A- 19, but wi.th the dorsal .fin origin jn advance of lhl: vcnlrals, u s

in M. longirost ris.

No Moon.yrus have been rec ot1d ed from the Wami and Ruvu.

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FAMlLY CHARACIDAE

HYDROCYNUS CuvmR ·1,8>17, ( = llydrocyon COVIE.l{ 1819).

H. vittatus CASTELNAU 1861, ( -= H. lineal us •BLEllJ<ER 1862), (manda, mchena - Rufiji •Sys tem).

Wami (TFC); RuJVu (BAlL'RY & TRI!WA VAS); Ru:fij'i (BAH.EY & 1'1{11-WAVAS), KiJomboro (STHJNDACHNER 191 6; TFc; BA1LEY & Tl{RWAVAS), R.uaha (KAMBONA; MATTHES 1966). E lsewhere • Congo a nd L. T:xnganyika, N'ille and Wes t Africa, Zam·

bezi •and Limpopo. Not recorded in eastern rive-rs north of the Wami.

Live colouration of juvoniles fJrom Tanzania n r'iiVef'S, - lower lobe of caudaJI reel, postcl'ior ma1~gin1S of both tloh es - bJ.avk, anal eo/lour­less or w i•lh reddish •l<!adi.ng edge, do r sal - brrey w ith lead ing <--dge an:d tips 'Of anterior .rays • black, adipose - grey O'r black .

ALESTES MULLER & TROSCfTELL 1846, (mbclt · KHombero).

A. lmberi PnTERS 1852.

Rrufoiji, K~Lomhero (? Bw.fw & T RJJWAVAs); &uvuma (BLGR. 1909). Elsewhere • L. Tanganyika and Malagara.si, L. Rukwa, I- . Ma lawi, Zam bczi and South A.li11ioa.

A. affinls GUNTITER 1894.

Pc:mgani (TFC) ; Wami (BLGR. 1916); Ruvu (BtlfLEY & TRRWAVAS); R•ttfiji (LOVRIHDGE Coil.; BAILEY & T IHlWAVAS), K·i·lombor<> (BAH.EY & TREWAVAS), Ruaha (MATTHf1S 1966, Alestes cf. A. affinis ). EJsewhere -<eastern riiVers no rlh <>f the Pangani, - Athi , Tana, Juba­Webi S hebelli.

The a bove spucles resemble each o the r in general appearance, and i:n teeth, gm raker, soole and fin nay c.:ounts. Both have a b laok blo tch on the cauda1 pedttncle and he h1nd the opercu!lum, 'the kutter becomi11g p art icubnly clear on death . Diffe l'tmccs arc slig ht. l n

A. imheri the re are, - 4 1j 2 scales between the dorsai origin and latera l 'lil1e, compared wiH1 5 1/2 in A. a !finis, fewer a mlil fin r-ays 17-19, com pared with 19-21, and whereas the principal fj,n coloura­t ion ~11 A. imheri is yd !low, lhat or A. affinis .is red . The d<is lribution of these species appears lo overlap in the Rufiji, as do certain· of thei r diagnos·tic ·c hamc ters. Ye llow fi.nned fish w ith both 4 1/2 and 5 I /2 sca les be tween the dorsa'l origi•n and latural line, have b een noted .

-179 -

A. stuhlmannl PPEFFER 1-896, (mbwewe - Rufiji).

Wami (TFC); RuVi\l {PFR[lJ'f!H. 1896; BAILEY & TREWAVAS); Rufiji

(BALLEt & TREWAVAS), K~lomhero (STBlNilACJI NGR 1916, = A. adol[i).

PETFJRSIUS HTLGRNilORF 1894.

P. conscrialis HTLGBNI>ORF 1894.

Ruvu ( op . oi t.); Rurij-i (LovuH WGll CoJil.).

PoLL',s revision ( 1967) makes Lhis >a monotypic genus, known only

fit10ll1 the above ~oc.:alhi ·es.

HEMIGRAMMOPETERSIUS PRLLIJGH.lN 1926, SL'C POLl. ( 1967).

H. bamardi (HERRB) 1936, ( = Petersius barnarcli).

Rufiji, Kilombero (BAILEY & TnRWJ\VAs).

Elsewhere - MorLambique, - inunda ted g round near Bcira.

Rufij1 sp ecimens fr;om muddy pools in l'loocl plain and inne r delta,

4f8 - 12 4/8-9 ha¥c a Loolh !'()lt,mula of compar~d with in POtL's

6-8 8 redescription of Lhe Lypcs.

MICRALESTES BLGR. 1899.

M. acutldcns (PETt!RS) 18S2.

Wami (? LoHllGRGllR 1930).

E lsewh e re • Zambezi, Congo, Nile and Wesl Afc ica.

RHABDALESTES HOBiliJMANN 1959, see POLL {1967).

R. tangcnsis ( LONNBERG) 1907, ( = Petersius tangensis).

Sigi·? (op. c it., • small stream cnlcring sea near Tanga).

R. lelcupl PoLL 1967.

Pa:ngan<i (op. cit., - L. Jipc; TFC; TRRWAVAS, - Mkomazi ).

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FAMILY CITHARINIDAE

DISTICHODUS M ULLER & TROSCHEL 1854.

D. pctcrsif PFEFFHl{ 1896, ( tungu - Ruvu; mbapale - Rua ha).

Ru·vu (up. c it.; BAILEY & TRUWAVAS); Rufiji (BAJLRY & TREWAVJ\1\),

K~ lornbero (STElN ilACTINER 1916, - D. albh1i}, Ruaha (KAMUONA;

MATTHRS 1966); Ru'Vuma (TFC).

Specimoos examined, ex lund the fin rny ancl sca le counts J'o.r this

s peci'CS a s J'ol1lows: - D 20-22, A 14-16, h1lcral line 67-75. Dis tichodus petersii is close to D. 111ossambicus P ETERS J 868, from the Za!lllbczi

and s outhern ri vcns. lt difror s prindpaJ.ly in h::wing a rnore nrunde d

snout, with the maxil'lary extending to b eLow th e nos t'l'ils , and in having fewer dorsal rays, (23-27 in D. nwssa!ILbicus).

D. rufigiensls NORMAN 1922.

Wami (LOl.fJJERGER 1930, • juvenri.lc); Rufiji (NoHMI\N), Ruaha (MAT·

THES 1966, - Distichudus cf. D. rufigie11sis) ; Rurvuma (TFC).

Dislichodus rufigiensis is very s·imi·lar to D. antol1ii SCH rLTH 1891,

.lirom the Congo basin, but it differs 1n having fewer dorsal rays, 19·

20 cf. 22-25.

CITHARINUS Cuv1nH 18 17, see DAGET ( 1962a).

C. ( CJUtarinoldcs) latus MuLT.ER & TROSCHIIL 1845.

Ruvu (PFJWJ'ER 1896 ),

E lsowhere • L. Albe nt, Nile and West AJ'ri~a . DAGET notes lhc ano­

maly in dis-t ribution, in.trodut:ccl by t his record from Tanzanja.

C. (Ctthadnus) conglcus Bt.r.n. 1'897, (peri - lowl!r Rufij i).

Rul'i,ji (? BATLEY & TREWAVAS), Kilomb ero (STRTNDACII ER 1916;

? BAlLJJY & TIUJWAVAS), Rua h a (MATTJtns 1966).

E lscwhe r;c - Congo basin.

Rufij i specimens a'l1 si lvor , lacking colour, were taken from a back ·

water protected by a sanclspi t, ovt:r a muddy botLom. Three F>peci·

mens exa m ined diffe red fro m Congo J'is h in havi·ng fewer scales

between the latera l line and base o r ventrals, 12 cf. 13-14, an d a

slighLiy lane r adipose fin . A Stinglc sp eci m e n (240 mm S.L.) was

retai nod and compa red in de tuirl wirth four Congo Gsh (200-240 mm

18•1 -

S.L., BM Rcg. Nos. 1899.8.22.7., 1901.1 2.21.37., and 191 9,9,10,179-80), ln p011Wntages ur stundarcl l·ength, it had a deeper body 54 cf. 50-5 I' a smrullor eye 5.8 c f. 7.4-8.1, and a greater ad1pose basej dis tat1cc [tom dorsa.J r:at io, - 0.56 cf. 0.31 -0.35. STI:lTNDACUNl!R's tabulated data indicate that his specimt:>ns <1lsu had <1 smaMer eye <.tnd ~atgcr adi­pose fin . Further investigation i-nto the Citharinus popuiM'ions of

both the Rufi:ji and Rttvu ·an .: required .

No ci tharinids are •rccon.led from the Pa ngani, or other c~.ts<tern

ri·ve·rs Lo the north, <.tnd the ahove arc the only ·recorcls of the genu~ Citharinus in the easte rn l'ivcrs of Africa.

FAMILY CYPRINIDAE

RASBORA BLRRKUR 1•866.

R. zauzibarensis PLAYP AtR & GtJNTHER 1866.

Ruvuma (op. oit.).

A 'ropresenta livc of this genu s in Africa , which, i'l is suggested may possibly be a ttrihu ted to a wrong locality lahel.

GARRA H AMILTON ( B u<.:IIA NAN) 1822, ( = Discognathus H ECKEL 1843).

G. johnstonii BLGR. 1901.

Panga11i (BLGR. 1909,- Ki.limanj <.m>; TREWAVAS).

l:Jscwhere - N ile and L. Vic toria.

G. dcmbeensis R urPET.t. 1837.

Pa.ngani (•BT.GR. 1909, • Killima.nj <~ro).

l.!Jlsowhere - L. Tsana, Blue Nile a nd Kenyun d vers.

BARBUS CuviER 1816.

Croup I . Large Rarbus with parallel s triate scales.

13. pagenslecherl F1s<.:HER 1884.

Pangani (B t.GR. 1911, - ~trcam running oH Kilimanjaro).

B. oxyrhynchus Prsrrn t{ 1889.

Pa.ngani (BLGR. 19H ,- juveniles only).

B. macrolepis PFEFFRR 1 ~889.

Wami (Br.r.R. 1911 ); Rufi:ji ( LovRRlDGil CoiL), Ruaha (IMATTHF.s

1966, • Barln1s c.f. B. macrolepis).

B. hlndti Btr.R. 1902.

Pangani (BLGR. 191 1 ; Go1JLD CoLI.); Wami (STE!Nlli\CH NF.R 19116), Ru<.·llla (MATTTIES 1966); RLWtuna (TFc).

Thi·s species is very close to B. tanensis GHNTHflR 1894, - Tana river, Konya.

Croup fl. Small Barbus witlz radialely striate scales, (dagaa - wide­spread).

(a) Third simple dorsal fin ray · more or less enlarged, typically strong and bony, see GRJJllNwoou (1962).

B. t>aludlnosus PRTERS 1852.

Pangani ( ILOWR 1955, • L. JD,pc; Trc); Wami (BA ILEY 1966, - upper

U\Jtchmcnt}; Ruaba (MATTHI.lS 1966).

Elsewhere - widespread in Eas t, Central and Southurn AfrJca.

B. kerstcnii kel'stenli PETERS (,8•68.

f'angani ( B LGH. 1911, = ll. salmo PFUJ'J'ER 1896?); Wa.rni (BA!I.EY

1966); Ruvu (GRJJ.UNWOOD 1962, - Bagamoyo & Morogoro; BAJI.EY

1966) ; Killomb~ro (TFC; BATLEY & TRJJWAVAS), Rluaha (MATTTlES 1966).

BJ.sewhere • eas tern rivers of Kenya, L. Bdward and L. Vci,t:toria ·basins.

B. zanzlbadcus P RTERs 1868.

Wami (BAJLEY 1966); R:uvu (BLGR. 1911, = B. p{efferi BLGR. 1905); .KH.o mbero (BATLUY & TREWAVAS), Ruaha (STliJNDACJTNER 19•16, = B. kiperege11sis; MATTHRS 1966}.

Els!.!wherc - eastern rivers of Ke nya.

B. newnayeri FTSCHRR 1884.

Ruaha (MATTHI.lS 1966, = S'fRTNDACilNJJH.'s ~t·ccord ·o.f B. scrrifer· BLGR.

1900).

Elhowhere - Sltroa:ms i.n Uganda & K!.!nya.

B. Ulacrolepis PrBFFER 1889.

Wami (BLGR. 1911) ; Rufiji (LOVBRIDGE CoiL), Ruaha (IMATTHBS 1966, - Barbus cf. B. nzacrolepis).

B. hindU llLGR. 1902.

Pangani. {BLGR. 1911; GOULO Co1J.); Wami (S·ruiNOACTTNER 1916), Ruaha (MATTJTBS 1966) ; Rwvtuna (TFc).

This spocics is very close to B. tanensi,s GuNTHliR 1894, - Tana river, Konya.

Group l'l. Small Barbus with radialely striate scales, ( dagaa - w1de· spread).

(a) Third simple dorsal fin 11ay- more or less enlarged, typically strong and bony, see GRnENwoon ( 1962).

B. paludlnosus Pl.lTI.lRs 1852.

Panga ni (ILOWR 1955, • L Jupc; TFC); Wami (BATLEY 1966, - upper 'C~tlchmcn l); Ruaha (MAT'l'HUS 1966 ).

E lsewhere - wi.desp'l-ead in E<l'st, Ct:ntra:l and Southern AfrJca.

B. kcrstcnll kerstenii PETERS 1.868.

P.angani (BLGH. 1911, = B . salnw PFEFFER 1896?); Wa.mi (BATLEY 1966); Ruvu (GREENWOOD 19.62, - Bagamoyo & Morogoro; BA TLEY 1966) ; Ki•lomhero (TFC; BAILEY & TREWAVAS), Rruaha (MATTH BS 1966).

Elsowhcrc - eaSitcrn rivers of Kenya, L. Edwavd and L. Vlicto1ia basins.

B. zanzlbadcus PUTURS 1868.

Wami (BAILEY 1966) ; Ruvu(BLGR.l9JI, = B. pfetferi BLGR.l905); Ki>lombom (BAII.RY & TREWAVAS), Ruaha (STEINDAl:HNilR 19'16, = B. kiperegensis; MATTHUS 1966).

E lsewhere • eastCJrn rivel'S of Kenya.

B. neumaycrl FTscnER 1884.

Ruaha (MATTHBs 1966, = STETNOACHNcR's ll'Ccord of B. se.rrifer Br.GR. 1900).

PJLsowhere - S'tr-ea.ms in Uganda & Kenya.

- 183-

B. jacksonll G uNTH ER l889.

Pangani (1BLGR. 1911; TRliWAVAS, - Mombo und Ko11ogwc.

RlsewhOI>c - Bubu & L. Ki•tun.giri, L. Vh.: Loni a basin .

B. laticeps P FEFFER 1893.

Wami (op. cit.).

B. taitensis GUNTHF.R 1894.

K1J1ombcro (? BATLBY & TRRWI\VAS}.

•B isew:here - Tai•ta Dis Lril:L, Kenya und a.f.fluen t of L. Kilangiri.

B. amJ>hlgramma BLGR . 1903.

Pangani {G'RRENwooo 1962, = B. macropristis meruensis LoNNBBRG

1907) ; Wami (BfllLEY 1966, - upper catchment}. Ets·owhcrc - L. Vic toda, - a.fflucn l st1·eam s.

B. apleurogramma BLGR. 19 '11 .

Ruvu {GRF.HNwooo 1962, = B. aphantogramma R EGAN 19·20); K~ lom-

bero (TFC; BAH.EY & T!H!WAVAS); Ruaha (MATTITF.'5 1966). E•lsewhere - L. Ma:nya~·a, L. Victoria , L. T~UJnganyika , L. Edward and L. Kivu . .K!ilombero spe.cimens tuken f110m a muddy pool i111 flood p~lain,

havi·n.g a red cauck-111 fin, and opencu.lum - blac k. above, s i,JveTy be'low.

B. lulkac •RtCi\RDO 1939.

R'llaha (MATTHES 1966). Blscwhere • L Rukwa.

(b) 1'hiJrd simple dorsal fin ray • not enlarged, thin, flexible and u.nossified .

B. quadrlpunctatus P FliFFilR 1896.

Ruvu (<Jp. cit.).

B. innocens PFEJ' FER 1896.

W~mi (up. ci't ., BT.GR. 1916; BAILEY 1966 ).

Blsewhere - L. Rukwa aiUd L. Mah1wi?

184 -

B. usambarac LONNUI1HC: 1907.

Sigi? (op. cit., · inumlatcd ground .n{!ar Tanga); Pangan~ (THfl· WAVIIS).

Barbus Sl>., • with affi,llli.ties to B. innocens anti B. usmnbarae.

Kclombcro (BArwv & THRWAVAs); Ruaha (iMATTHES 1966).

B. lincomaculatus BLGR. 1903.

Pangani? {BT.GR. 191 1, • Lumi river, east of Ki,Jimanja!l"'); Ruaha (MATTHI\S 1966 ).

Elsowhen~ • R. Bubu, Malagaras·i, L. Rukwa and southwards to N~tal.

H. werncrl BLGR. 1905.

Ruvuma? (BLCR. 1911).

Elsewhere • Nile and West Mrica.

B. topplni Bu;R. 1916.

Ruaha ( TJ?C ).

f:Asewhcre • L. ChiJwa & eas tern river'S south o f 'f'<lnzania. Ten speoimL:ns .from i Pr.iga,tion ·channels d mw.i.ng wa l·e'r from the

Ruaha, diffe r fTom other popu•lations 1in having fewer s<.:ales in the llongi,tudi.nal seri~es , 25-26 cf. 27-30, and arolllnd the caud a:! pedtU1Cie, 10 cf. 12.

Barhus spp.

Ki,lomhero (BATLUY & 'fHflWAVAS, • Harhus with affini ties to B. pal­lidus SMITH 1841, of South Africa).

Ruaha (MAT'fllES 1966, - Barbus with aff1nit ics .to B. brevidorsaliS

8LGH. 1916, L. Mweru).

Smal'l Barhus of Group II (h), wioll receive l'urlher dcta11ed attcn·

tion in a later paper.

] 1)-1 -

B. usambarac T.oNN IIERG 1907.

Sigi? (op. c it., - inundated g Pound ne-ar Tanga); Panganoi (TRE­WAVIIS).

Barbus sp., -with a ffi11li t1os to B . innnccns and B. usamharae.

KiJI•o m be ro (BATLEY & TREWAVAS) ; R uaha (iMATTHUS 1966).

B. lincomaculatus BLGR. 1903.

P·angani? (Br.GR. 191 1, - Lumi river, east or KiJimanja,m); Ruaha ( MATTHJ:lS 1966).

E lsewhere - R. Bubu, Malagaras·i, L. Rukwa and sou thwards to Natal.

B. werneri BLGR. 1905.

Ruvuma ? (BLGR. 191 1 ).

Elsowher e - Nile and Wes t Arfrka.

B. topplnl B1.GR. 1916.

Ruah:.t (TFC).

E•lsowhe·r·u - L. Chilwa & eastern rivers sou th of T•anzania. Ten specimens .from iPr.iga;tion cha•nno ls dmwing wateq· l'rorn t he

Ruaha, diffe r from other popul-a tio ns tin having fewer scaJes in the tlong i•tudinal scriiLls , 25-26 cf. 27-30, and around the caud <tl peduncle,

I 0 cf. 12.

Barbus spp.

K~lombero (B11n.EY & TREWAVAS, • Barbus with affinities to B. pal· Lidus SM ITH 1841, ol' South Afr~a).

Ruaha (MATTIIES 1966, - Barbus wlth taffill!ities .to B. hrcvidorsalis

8LGR. 191•6, L. Mwcru).

Srnaltl flarbu s of G 110Up JT (b), wioll r~ceivc further diCtaiJed a t ten­

litHI ·in a later paper.

- 185-

(c) Third simple dorsal fin ray- thin and fl exible, numerous pitlines on. the check and tlol'sa~l surface of the head.

BA'RBUS (BEIRABARBUS) IIJ.m.RE 1936,

• s·ee GHJJJJNwooo ( 1962 & 1963).

B. (B.) radiatus (PUTllRS) 1853.

Pangaui (TREWAVAS); Wami (TFC); R1wu? (CREBNwooo 1963, - near

Dar ·es Sallaam) ; R.ufiiji & Killombero (BA IJ.HY & TREWAVAS).

Elsewhere • L. Vio toria a nd af~luent s treams, L. Ma~awl, L. Bang· weulu, Z·a rnbc.:zi , Mozambique and Transvaal.

LABEO CUVlRR 1.918, (ningu - widespread).

L. cylindricus ·PETRHS 1852.

Pangani (:SLGR. 1909; BA ILi iY 1966 ; CouLD Coll.); Wami (BLGR. 1916;

STU!NDACHNBR. 1916, L. kilossac?; LoHBERGER 1930, = L. clarlin.gi; •Bi\TI.RY 1966); Ruvu (R.!JGAN 19-20, = L. loveridgei?); Ruaha (MAT­THES •1966); .Ruvuma (we).

Elsewhere - Athl am.d Tana nivers, L. Tango.myika, L Malawi, Zam­bezi s10uthwards.

Suve r~a.l foi'll'liOnly separate sp cdcs have been synonumii£ed with

L. cylindricus among thc more rcceut be;ing r .. da rlin.~i BLGR. 1902.

Two o thers are tentativoly added to this Lis t, as indicated above, • L. kilo:.•sa.c and L. loveridgci. The type and only ava11lable specime•n of the JaHe r has bc.on c.:xam ined , ancl apart from •the cumpunatively

nanrow wi:tl th of the mouth (9.3 expressed as a percen tage of S.L., compa·red with 11 . 1-11 .6 for L. cyli11dricus of similar size range in GouLD'1s a~Heotlion), it is identkal wi th T •. cylinrlricus. MATTHES :l!lso notes the pr:obahi.lity of thi!; synonymy.

L. ktrkll BLGR. 1903.

Rtwuma (BLGH .. 1909; TFC).

Cl10se to T •. cylindricus, but wi th rnure scales a tound the cauda l

pcdunclc, 20-22 of. 12-18, and O·the·l' minor difle 1·ences.

- 186 -

L. gregmii GUNT IIER 1894.

Ruvuma (Br.GR. 1909).

E'lscwhere • lower ·regions of the Athi & Ta.nra d iVers, but not ye t recorded in other easlwavd d rai ning rivers oi Tanzania.

L. uJangensis STBTNDACHNRR 1916.

Kiolomboro (up. cit.), Ruaha (MATUTP.S 1966), Ruf1ij i (? LOVRRTDGE CniU.).

L. coubic R UPPllLL '1832.

Ruvu? (1BLGR. 1909, = L. stei11dachneri P FBFI'UH 1896).

E lsewhere • NHe :md Wes t Afrka.

Fttrlher J,oheo s pecies from l ite Ru[iji system .

A T.aheo (215 mm S.L. ), havi ng <a convex outer edge to the dorsal fin, a rela1li•veJy deep bocly, and in life wi th a series o f pink sp ots on ·Six longi•Luclinal mws of scales, was cvJI.ccte d by Dr. TREWAVAS and the author lirorn the lower Rufi ji. Whils t •largely agreeing w ilh STIHN DACHNITR.'s descript ion of L. u./angcnsis, i t ,diiTurs in the a bsence o f lolds on the inner surfaces of the lips, a nd in having a more broadily based 101 nd s horter dorsal fin, (·less than 30 % o f S.L.). These 1:haraoters also separate this fish f·rom J .. coubie, and w hi ls t L. alLi­v ells P UTHRS 1852 (Zam bezi a nd southe rn (rivers), s imila~· fy Jao ks transve rse lip fool ds, i1L has a markedly higher dors•al fin and a mo re Sllender •t:a udal peduncle.

Frurther, apa'rl from hi s records of L. cyl indricus a nd T,. ulangcnsis iu the Ru:.1ha, MATTIIUS fo und two other Lahco ·in this part of the Rnfi.ii system, one w ith affinilies to L . Tinea /us BLGR. '1898 a.nd L. ro"

sac STmNnACHNI:lR 1894, and the other w ith affinities Lo L. macrosto-11W tlLGR. I S89. Bo th he considerucl to be possibly new species, but gave no l~urther descrip tion.

Tl i1s apparont theoPefo re, that the above l( iSit of Labeo in eas•tcrn l'ivers p aPti t:u.ilarly o f the Rufiji sys1tem, is unsa t1sfae lory and will clearly remain so, tullll furthor fiold work an d larger coHection.s of specimens (•incl uding T •. ulan~:en~is) aPe w1der taken .

- 187 -

J3A:RlUUS HAMlLTON (•B UCIIANAN) 1822.

B. lovcrldgci NORMAN 1922.

Rufi i i (op. cil.), Ruaha (tMATTTTES 1966, • Burilius c L JJ . loveridgci).

ENGRAULICYPRIS GUNTI-tcR 1893 .

Engraulicypris S.P·

Ruaha (MATTH.GS 1966, • Hngraulicypris with •uff1init ies to /.:.'. congi­cus N JCUOLS & G!H SCOM 1917, - Congo Bas•in, L. Tanganyika und

L. Rukwa).

FAMILY ARilOAE

ARIUS VALENCIENNES 1840.

A. afl'lcanus GuNTHI.lR & P LAYFAlR 1866.

Pangani (•BL<.a{. 191 1, · llv wcr t;uurse).

El sowhere - Sabak•i rivor, Kenya.

FAM ILY BAGRIDAE

BAGRUS VALENCTENNE.S 1839.

B. orientalis BLGR. 1902.

Pangani (BLGl{. 1911 ); RUNrU (BAILEY & TiUJWAVAS); Rufiji (LovE­

RlllGfl Coli!. ); Kil omboro ( BAILEY & TKI.lWAVAS}, Ru.aha (STBLNDACH·

NBR ICJ l6, = JJ. occipita/is; MATTITR<; 1966). Few specimens aTe av:a i lable, but lhis s.pcCi<.!s app<.!ar.s to be very

olose to B. nzoridional is CuNTHER 1893, - L. Ma'l~wi, and •the ninotic

species B. ducnwc and .8. bayad FoRSKAL t775.

CHRYSICHTHiYS Br.EBKER 1858, or CLAJROTES K NER 1855.

Ruaha (MATTTTES 1966, • from dcscnip tions of local fishermen, con­

siders one or o ther of these ,genera to be pl'esent).

J~EPTOGLANIS BLGI{. 1902.

L. rotundtceps HTLGENDORP 1905.

Ruaha (MATTHllS 1966). Elsewhere - R . Bubu, arlilu<.!nl streams of L. Ru1kwa.

-188 -

FAMTLY CLARIIDAE

CLARIAS ScoPOLI J777.

DAVID ( 1935) arrangos the clariid gcncrd iln to a series which exhi· bbts on ovt:ro.tll decrease in s1ize with an incrcasingly a nguit]i]iform body, and a J'\Cgwssion of tlw suprabmn chi-al 01rganizMion ;md the ·roofing of the skLdl. Withi·n this regl'cssional series , the subdi~icles

the genus C/arias into three g-roups, w hich in clcsccnding order, and using 1the rnod1fit:d nomonda,ture o.f DAGBT (1962b) alt'C term ed, • C. C/urias, C. Clarioides and C. Allabcnchelys. Rep resentatives of the fkst two diMisions a t'e foLlOd i~1 eastwm'cl flow ing rivers.

Cl arias ( Clarias).

C. mossambicus P ETERS 1·852, (·kambale · wi<.Lc.s prcad).

Pangan~ (PFtWFIJR 1896; LowE 1955; Bt\JLIJY 1966; GouLO CoU.); Ruvu (BAILEY 1966; BA ILEY & 'l'REWAVAs) ; Womi (? STfllNIJACHNGR's 1916 & LoHIJllRGER's 1930, - C. gariepinus (BURCI!El.L) 1822; BAILEY 1966; TFC); RuJiji & Kilombet•o (HAlLllY & TRBWAVAS), Ruaha (MATTHES 1966); Mbcmk'LH·u (BM Coli!. 1929). Elsewhere- widcspnoad nn East Africa as far south as the Z'.lmbezi.

Clarias nwssambicus is very s im ilor to C. gariepinus of Southern Afi1iOO, and C. lazera V11 1 .. 1840, fmrn Wost Afiric a, Nhle, Congo and UgollJdan 1lakes. Di'SLin c lion be tween them is pdrnari.ly bused on dif­fere nces •in the comparalivt: breadths of the 'vomerint: '<trtd premuxil· lary bo.unds of teeth. IIowovcr J UBB ( 1967), from an exami nation of a fargc nurnbor of Clarias from the Zambezi, w here the d istribution of c. nwssn111bicus and C. garicpinus overlaps, cons ide rs that sepalra­,t,ion on t his basis is impossiblt:, ami ploces C. mossarnbicus as a synonym o f C. ga.ricpinus. lt is inlcr.t:sti,ng to note tha.t P FllFFBR clearly hall cliffioully in p'lacing specimens of Clarias from the Pan­gani , w hich h e first (1893) referred to C. ga.riepinus, and ~atcr (1896) changcd to C. nwssan1bicus. Available sp ecimens lirom Tanzanian rivers havt: bt:t:n examined. Thel'C arc a few bo~dorline cases, bu t the majority faH .e lcanly within the range for C. mussambicus, u.nd this name is thus retained hore, for the time being.

Colou r note, - adul t CTarias collot:Lod hy Dr. TRllWAVAS and the author, had red t:dgt:s to the dorsal, caJudal ancl ana'l fi ns, a character a lso noted by Pl'HFFER ( 1896 ).

- 189 -

Clarlas sp.

Ruaha (tMA'fTII RS 1966,- Clarias wi•Lh affinitic.s to C. m ellandi BLGR.

1905, Ma lawi & Zambia).

Clarlas ( Clarioldcs) .

C. theodorae W EnRR 1897.

Rrufiji (BAlLUY & 'fRUWAVAS, - pool in lowe·r <reaches).

Etlsewhe re - streams and rive rs in Malawi , Zambia, Rhodesia and

South J\,firioa.

Two smarll f.i·s h (186 mm & 138 mm S.L.) l~rom the lowe•r Ru.fiji

arc referred to this sp L:cics. ln pacen1tages or S.L., . body dept h 9.5·

12.3, head le ngtlt l!U-20.1 , head wi.dlh 12.4-14.8, inlenor-hi·ta•l width

7.3·8 8, snou t longth 3.7-4.1, eye diameter 1.0-1.3, barb els, - nasal 12.9·

19.5, maxiJ,J;.1ry 18.3-25.2, o uter mandibula r 17.2.24.0, inner m:.mdibular

12.9-17.4 ; clis tanocs f.ro.m lip of supra-occipital process to dorsal

or igin 5.5-6.5, and from s·nou t Lo vcrrtrals 34.0·38.0. AJI of ~the lower

va•l:ues rwcre o btained from the !longer specime n, wh ic h it may be

noted hac! oons idCirahly s horter barbe ls. D 89-91, A 70-72, - both cilon­

ga tc and pu:rbly conflue nt w ith lhe oaudal fin . Gill r:.1•k:ers 15-16. En­

lin<rnce lo srupruhranchial chambe r with giU fans, ~1rhorc.sccnt organ present, hut wi•Lh short s tumpy bn.tnchc•s, muelt [e wer in numbe:r

than in C. (Clarias). Vomedne h und o f' te e th, s.hghtl y broader than

premaXti·llary ha nd. Body light grey, paler ven1traHy.

x.~radiogtraphs of C. thcodorae (173 mrn S.L.) fmm Chambezi, Zam­

bia, the tla~ger Rlufiji f1sh , and C. mossambicus (132 mm S.L. ) fmm the sa me locali ty, gave vertebratl counts of 6 1,58, and 59 res pectively.

Clarias car.wmi Br.GR. 1905, wh ich MATTHUS regavdccl as a possible,

but nul yol recorded sp ecies in the Ru aha, is similar to the :Rufiji

fishes clt.:scribcd above, but di[fe.rs in having a longer diS!tance h et­

rwecn the tip of tht.: supn:1-occlipit<~~l pmcess and Lhe dorsal origin,

fow.cr gill mkcrs ( 10-12) and an<~~l fin Pays (55-65), and maxi,fllary

barbels shorte r Lh:.~n the ·le ngth of Lhc head.

-190 -

FAMILY SCHILBEIDAE

SCHIILBE CuV!RR 18 17.

S. mystus LTNN. 1762.

Ruaha (MATTI IRS 1966).

El·sc"''ltere · L. Rrukwa , J.. Kitangi.ri, L. v;,ctoria, Nile and Wcsrt Afri·ca, Congo and Zambezi.

EUTROPIUS MtJLLER & TROsCTTRL 1849.

E . moblusll P1~EFFER 1896, ( = E. moebii Bt.GR. 1911 ).

Waml (Tl'C); Ruvu (PFEJ'FF\ 1~ 1896; BAlLI.lY & TREWAVAS); Kirto.mbe1·o Sn31NIMCTINER 1916; ·n :c; BAtLBY & T tHl WAVAS). ·

E . dcprcsslrostris (PETERS) 1852.

RuVllina (TFC).

Els~hel'e • custw.amd .draining rive11s south of Tanzania. f'rRFFRR's species can only •n<:rr.rowJy be separated from L::. depres-

simstris. N has more anal [in r.ays 63-70 d. 50-60, and a shorr tcr ma·

xillary barbel.

PAREUTROPIUS R BGAN 1920.

P. lungifllis (STELNDA<.:uNnR) 19 16, see TRF.WAVAS (1966a).

Rouvu (RF.GAN 1920, P. micristius; BAti.F.Y & 'I'REWAVAS); Rufiji (LovuR il>GR Coli.), KHombero (Snu ' DACflNER 1916, = Eutropius Lun­gifilis }; Ruaha (MATT IIJJS 1966) ; R uvuma (UM Col(:(., - LiV INGSTONE) ,

Soven smaH specirnc.ns (35-53 rnrn S.L.) were obtained by Dr. Tlw-WAVAS and the mtthor from u rnuddy poo.l jn the Ruvu catchment, and h ud u bl~ck mirdlu1ten.tll s trripe a nd :.1rtv tbcr shnrrter s~r,ipe at the base of the anal l'in.

FAMTLY MOCHOKIDAE

SYNODONTIS CUVlER. 1817. (ngogo · widespread).

S. zambcscnsis P ETERs 1852.

Pungani; (GOULJI) Col i.); Wnmi (TFC); Ruvu (TFC); BAlLI.lY & TRBWAVAS); Rufij·i {NORMAN 1922, = S. rrtaculipinna.), Kllombero ( BAILEY & TREWAVAs), Ruaha (MATTHES 1966); Rouvuma (.BLGR.

1911 ).

- 19t-

E lsewhePe - a w.idely dis trlbwtt:d spt:t:it:s i·n eas•twl.wd drainin g l'ivors, from Kenya to the Pongoio l'ivClr, Naltul.

S. ruflglensls BATLEY 1968.

Rufiji (BAlLlW & TIU!WAVAS, • l101ke in lower 1·t:gioo).

S. afrofischerl IllLGENDORP 1888.

R LLV'LI "? (.PPBFFRR 1893 ). E}sewhort: • L. Victo•ri<~ basin. There is no mort: r·oc.:t:nl record o f an « afm[ischcri )) type in Tan·

znni<t's rivers, hut i t may bt: no totl lhal S. scrpcnlis W ntTR II RAO 1962, from the ·low~r ALhi & Tana rivors of Kc.:nyu, closely resemhles S. afrofischeri.

Synodontis sp.

Ruaha (IM,nTHR~ 1966, - Synodonris w ith affihlitics to S. so/oni BLGR.

1899, Con go).

CHILOGLANIS PrrrF.Rs t868.

C. dcckcnli P tiT URS 1868.

Pangani (BLGH. 1911 ); H.uvu (? LOVERTDGE Coill. ); Ruaha ( MATTTTBS

1966 ; BA IT.RY & TlH\WAVAS).

C. ncumamll B LGR. 191 J.

Wami (TFc).

Elsewhm'e - R. Hubu, nlso L. Ma lawi, Zumhezi and Angola. Muny mo.re specim ens arc required to t:S la b lis·h lht: rangt: of va­

dabilily w1lhin popul aLions, and the vali dity of the pruscnl sopara· ti on of these spccit:s .

Chlloglanls sp.

Rualla (MATTllES 1966, • sp. nov., no fu rther da ta given).

ATOPOCHILUS SAUVAGE 1878.

1\lopochllus sp.

H.naha (MATTHES 1966, - lltopochi/us cf. A. vogt i PUL LEClH N 1922, and A. dybowski VA ILL. 1892).

- 192 -

FAMlLY AMPHILIIDAE

A!MPHIUUS GuNTJTER 1864.

A. platychir GuNTHER 1864.

Ki11ombon) (BAlLUY & TREWAVI\S), R<uaha (MATTIJUS 1966). Elsewheru • R. Bubt •, L. T~~mganyik,a, Zambezi and southern riVCtrs. Kulombero specimens (4, - 31-49 mm S.L.) were ta1kcn 1:rom a t ri-

butary w1i th clear l'uuning water over ·roc ks and s tones. They had a mc;~~rbled brown hody colut~ratinn, wit'h dark markings on the fins .

A. uranoscopus ( P PBFFBR) 1889.

Wami (op. cit., - upper course, 110 rnure recent orccorcl).

A. grandis BLGR. 1905.

Pangani (? UM Coli. , • WHLTEHI.lAD, s tream entering L. Jipc); Rlllvu (LovmuoGR ColL). Blsewhen; - cas-tern rivers o r Kenya.

A. kreffti BT.GR. 1911.

S igi (op. ci t.); Pangani (BM Colol ., - lowur counse near Amani). Amphilius krcflti is very prohab'ly a synonym ol' /\. grandis. AH

l hree specimuns, inc luding the type of th e former, ha,V'e been exa­mined and ~oompared wW1 three o ther s')lecimens ~re fcrrab'le, on the bas is o l' BOII LE GER's ( 19 11 ) charac tor.s, to /\. grandis, with im:ono1u· s :,vo results. La~·ger coHcction:s of these s maU c;.~LJ,et>s a1'e requin:d

to es bahlish the extent of 'Speci'c's va••iahi l ilty.

FAMTLY ANGUILLIDAE

ANGlliLLA Smw 1•804, (mkunga - widespread).

A. btcolor bicolor McCLELl.A 1845.

Dar es Salaam (BM COIII.,- Lot:KLBY, e lve l's only, from small slr'tlam), Els,ewhere - Keny~m rivers.

A. nebulosa lahlala PB'l'BRS 18S2.

P a,ngani (BATLBY 1966); D<u· cs Salaam (IIM Coll., - LoCKLEY, sm all Sll'llum); Ruaha (MATTmls 1966).

Elsowhere - eastew rivers of Africa .

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FAMILY CYPRINODONTIDAE

NOTHOBRANCHIUS PJJTI1~<S 1868.

N. guentheri ( PrErFE!R) 1893, ( FundLdus guentheri; F. orthor1otus rpant PLAYFA IR and GIJNTJIRR 111!66; F. melar10spilu.'l ( PrJJFFER) 1896. - here considered to he lhc fl:rnalc of N. f!.UCnthe ri).

Pangani (liM CoB., - PLAYFATR ); Ruvu (BA ILEY & 1'1U!WAVAS, - pool nea r Baga moyo); Wami (LOVER IIIGF. Coli., TF<..:, - seasonaJ pools near Ki1losa \. l.!.l·sewlwrc . Za111e:ibar, K·enya :.tnd Mozambi•que; the type loool'irty of F. lllclan.nspilus is •the Seychollos, but thi s i•s doubtful and proba­bly the n~su ll 10f .a wrong bbel. since il has not been found in any l·a tcr ool loc tions of .cypri nod on ts from those ·is•l<mds.

Rc-des•oriptio•n o f N. guenlheri based on 18 spe.cimens (3·1-52 mm S.L.) compn· is inog liH.: types, those of F. meluuospilus a nd f,u r thor male and fema•Je s pecimens from a pool near Bagamoyo. Exprossod in pe r­centages of S.L., - ha dy depth, males 29.5-32.5, fem::Llcs 25.6-30.0; head lcngJth 32.7-34.0; eye diameter 7.0-9 .5, pn.:orbi•ta1 depth 1.2-2.0, intcr­orbi t•all width 10.7-13 .8. Mou th d i1,octutl upwm1ds when olosotl, [uwer jaw proj ecting. Dorsal origin aboV'e, o•r sJoightly lwhintl anal Olti•gin. D 14-17, A 16-18. Sc;,~lcs in Jongitudina·l series cornrncn oing from the top of the operculum 27-3 1, and around the body in f110nt of the vcnt.ra ls 22-29.

Live colouration. Males, • yl:illluwi'Sh blue, with dis•tind llar'k ~·eel

margJins to scales, (colour re taiuccl in some alcoh tj( fixed specimens). Dorsal and anal fins with rod 'l>POts in rows forming oblique stt·eaks, both fins blacki·sh cli s t>ally, hu t with cxtr:.:me margin of ana•l, - w hile. Oaudal red or pilnk, with bl ack. upper and lower corn~rs . Vt.."l'ntrt..tl s black edged, a:lso margin of operculum. Females, - blui sh grey, with a sca ttering of hla ck spots, usually conf~ued to the pos tet,ior haH of the body, but cx•tcnding fo1 wards to the operculvm in some spc· cimens. Black. s pots may a.Iso extend on to the ha·se of the dors:.tl, caucla•l a:ncl anal fins .

N. palmquJstii ( LONNBERG) 1907.

Sigi? (op. dt., & B LGR. 1915, - Usamba!';:l, 'fanga).

No more re cent nJvor.cl o.f this species. Types nul s•c-t:n. Differs from N. guentheri in having a ~reatcr pruorbi,tal ·depth, equa•l Lo l j 4 of the eye diameter o•r more, and wi•Lh .females ha¥ing un1iform yol­lowish olive coloural ion.

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APLOCHEILICHTHYS BLEEKER 1863.

A. johnstonU ( G tlNTHER ) 1893.

KiJomb~.:ro (BATLF.Y & TRHWAVAS}; Ruaha ( MATTJIRS 1966,- Apluchci­lichthys Cf. A. jolmstnnii).

Elsewh'e l'e - L. H:U'kwa, L. Malawi , Zam bezi and South Afriut.

For ton specimens ( 16.7-20.3 mm S .L.) from the Ki lo mbe ro 1-llood plain, in percentages uf s'landt.ll··d le ngth , - body depth 19.7-23.0, head J1ength 24.2-26.0, ·eye di,ameter 8.6-9.3, l e<:~st interorbital width 9.8-11 ,0, cauda'! kngth 30.0-33.7. Du,1sal origin above postedor thi11d of

acnk.lll. ·D 6-8, A 12"13. Scaks in longi tudinal s<erie>S oomme111ci ng fr om the lop of the op er c ulum 26-28 , and around the body in fronil: of the ven tra.!~ 17-18.

Colouration of pres~rvcd material,- dark brown o n dorsal su~'facc

of hoad , scale m argins ,dearly o u i'li'ned by ·sma'll p igrncnt spaLs. T1wo deep an cl very nan'Ow da.rk s tr.i.pcs o n each s ide, one .micl-la ton.~l . the

othe r <:~ l ong thc base or •the ana·l f·in.

PANTANODON MYERS 1955.

P . podoxys MYURS 1955.

Pangani ('B .-J . T URNER, • pe t·sona-1 commun ication, - coaS\ta l s wamp­lland); Dares Sa'Ja;:un (MvERS 195.'i, -a few '111i'les inland).

EJscwhom • c oas tal t'egion of Kenya.

FAMTLY GOBIIDAE

GLOSSOGOBIUS GILL 1862.

C. giuris ( H AM ILTON (BU<.:HANA )) 1822.

Ruvu (BAlLEY & TRBWAVAS); Dar es Salaa111 ( 81.GR. 1916); Rufi.ji (tLOVBRTDGF. CoB.; ilAJLJ.iY & TRBWi\Vi\S) ; Ruvuma (BLGR. 1916).

Elscwherc • ooas ts and f,r eshwMors o>f Eas t and South Alinica,

and Tndia .

G. hilgcndorfi ( PI'l!FFBR) lo896.

Ru vu ( o p. d t. ).

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PLATYGOBlUS B T.RP.KF.R 1874.

P. aeneofuscus ( PETUHs) 18:i2.

Wam i ( B LG R. 1916, • Mk.ata}.

£11sowh ere - fuesh wa te rs o f East and Sou•th Afr it:a, and Madagascar.

ELEOTRIS G RONOVlUS 1754.

E. fusca ( BLOCH SCII NETDER) 1801.

Dar es Salaam ( riM CuJ I.); R u fiji (LovmuJ>GH Cull. ); Mhemkuru ( UM Coli., - K ERS IIAW); Ruvum a ( 8 LG R . 1916). E lsewhe re • ca1s t coast o f Africa.

FAMLL I.' MUGILIDAE

UZA J OR DAN & SWAl 1884.

L. macrolepis (SMTTH) ·1849, ( = Mu.giL 111aorolepis).

Ruvu (•B ATLEY & T RRWAVMI, - j uveni1k:s only from lower w urse); Dares Salaam (riM Coli., - PUMEROY); R uvu m a ( BtGR. 1916).

Elsewh e re • c a•s l <t:oas t of Af rica fm rn lhc R!CJCI Sea •to Nabal, a nd extendi1ng inrlu the Pacific.

FAMILY MASTACEMBELIDAE

MASTACEMBELUS ScoPOLl 1777.

M. frcnatus B LGI{, I 90 I.

Ruahu (STE INDACH NIJH. 1916, = M . /aenia lus B 1.r.R. 1901 ?). E lsewhere - L. Vk Loria and L. Tanganyi ka .

Summary of nw11/Jers.

Pro lop lcPidae 1 or 2, Kneriiodae I , MoPrnY'r;iclac 6, Ch::m.tt:idae 9 , Ci t·hali.nklae 4, Cyp r in idae 37, Bagnidae 2 or 3, Cla riidae 3, Schi'l­beidae 4, Mot:hu kidae 8, Am ph iliidae 4, Angui11lidae 2, Cyp rinodon­Lidae 4, Gubiidac 4, Mastat:ernbd1clac 1, (Cic hlidae 9).

S OME ZOOGEOGRA PHTCAL CONSlDERA'fiONS

Tht: eastwa rd rtowi,ng •r'iVm's of Tan11.u nia, Lie in .tlUUI.RNC.t:lR's (1 906) eastern suhrcgio 11 u( Afr1ca. For Lhe rnos1t part Lhe fis hes presen t, a re mem bers of Lhe gen·eral « oastorn r·Lver .fau na » ( WHITJJHEAIJ

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1962) found ~rom Som<.ll i·land to the Zamhez.i, but wi thin wh~ch, some lwentyfive or more nonckhlid s pecies arc for the ti me being regal1llecl as endemic to Tanzani:.t. In numbers of speoies, -thi•s fauna .is olea111y dominated hy the Cyprinidae .

The arfli·nities of some l'i,shes {mo·Dmyri,ds and moc.howids) o f eastern •·ivons in Kenya w~th those of the L. Victoria region, have been analaysed, particul;:~rly by WIITTEHEAD, who with GREENWOOll (1959), fr'Om their work on the genus Pctrncephalus, extondod thi·s fauna 1 rela lionsh i p to ·the RuNu in Ta n11,ank-t . Also, Lowu ( 1955 ), con· s idencd •lll<.1 t the 'J.'ilapia (Cicfllidac) proscnt in the Pangani sy.s lem probably had a common origin wi th 4 anal fi n Slpined .forms cnow fossrHized nea r L. Viotoria, aHhough TlWWAVAS ( 1966h ) regards them, with one exception, Lo be a qui1t•e •s·eparate group. ·Apa·r t from these. h uweve•r, •no further comparative invesbiga,ti·ons including T•anV'.anian material have beien made, and the evidence fo·r th•i•s •relation~hip as far as Tanzan•ian rivers arc concerned, rcn1ai11s inconclusive. From the c h<.X;k·dist above, the occurence of two s m aJ!I Barbus ·~n bO'th affluent s treams of T.. Vi cto ria a nd in moorc northmuy Tan:n;:~ ni an

ni.rvens, may he nok d, · JJ. amphigra.mma in the Pangani and upper Warni c.o'Ut.chrnc!O t, and B. jacksnnii i·n the P'angan~ . Further a Mormy­rus lirom othc Pangani, its pmvisiona lly •refcrwd to M. kamutnlc, o ne of the few niolootic species foun tl in L. Vic toria and eaS~tern •rirvens of Kooya.

STIJlNDi\CifNRR { 1916 ), fmm his ioden bif icat i·un of Citharinus congi­cus ·and h'is rwnarl<s concerni ng 1thc affinities o r La/Jeo ulcmge11sis, was the firs t to ,]ink fishl:S or the KuJiji •sys tem with those of the Congo. More recen.bly Mi\TTHilS { 1966) V'iews om: or two species from th1s system, as hoinR rcla·ted to C!)ll b''O forms. This is inrteres l.i ng, but difficult to aucount for, S~in ce whi,ls't geologists agree that the Ruaha ha•s not always heen par t of the Huriji sys•tom, i1:s earlier connection,o.; are a matt e r or c<.mjc0ti\Jre. TEALR ( 1949) sugges1s •that Ruaha and i ts tl'ibutarios, at one tirne joined the K ionyasungwe (Mkondoa) a nd .hooce dr;;JJim.lll ·in1t0 the Tndk111. Ocean vioa rhe Wami. HALOEMANN (1962) on the oth:er lHlJn.d, -dividus the Ruaha into •bwo, ·suggesting othaJ during the n1id-tcrtiary cr,osion cycle, the 1110re southerly section (Great Ruaha) drained into the Nyasa-Rukwa Trough whilst the more north­ol'!y sucti on (Kisigo anlll Njombc) prohably drai ned nDf1thwards to­wards Bnh i and Wl:mlbere, and then either ea•st•wands to the Tndkw Ocean vi'a H1e Pangani, or westwards to the Atlantic Ocean via the Congo. Do the uppar'Cnt affiin.itics of a ofew present day Rlllfiji £ish

-197-

with Congo basin S!pccics, provide biologi·cal eVIid encc for the Uatter or .some more recent connec-tion? The distt-ibution of some Congo foPms is known •to extend cas t of L. Tanganyi•ka into the Malagarasi and tht: headwa tc.rs of pa11t t..f this system arc ve•t-y close to rthose of the J<.isi.go and Njombe t·ribu•taries. Clearly, caution is requi r<!d at thi s junotU•PC, pen di:ng a fu<ll er investigation of this <.t pptll't:nt fau­na [ r·dal'ionship.

Apa111t from lt'hese few sr>eoi·es or Congo ~t·l filn iLi us and SOrtll! ~·iX or more •Spucics wi th a very wide d1stribLUt1ioll, lltt: scpa,r:.t tilltt:ss u{ 'lhc cas•tt:rn sub.r't:gion is confi,rmL:d by ·the tdi·s•t'l'i>l>u l iou of non-dchlid Vlshcs in Tanzania's rivers.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

T wis·h to th;mk D.r. E. T iHlWAVi\S for st•imub ting my interes t i'11 fish taxonomy, fur ht:r h0lp and encouragement throughout this wo11k and lor ct'ilicizing the manuscript of this paper. 1 would also like to thank Mr. M . .T. MA N (EA·FFRO, Uganda) for hi s comments on my t:arlly manuscript and ~or b~ringing some unpuh'lished data to my atJtent•ion . I am i•ndcbtocl tu Dr. P. H . GREENWOOD for <~~llowing me Sl)"lacc and la•Cc'ess •to l;hs h •coHeotions in •the Bri t·ish Muse um for a proLrac tt:d puriod of" •li-rn t:.

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