the nineteenth century: the birth of the “isms”. neoclassicism: roman fever
TRANSCRIPT
The Nineteenth Century:
The Birth of the “isms”
Neoclassicism:Roman Fever
Neoclassicm
This period reflects a return to an interest in Roman and Greek art as a reaction against the ornate Rococo art. Important subjects included Greek and Roman history and mythology. The tone of paintings was calm, serious and rational. The art was meant to be inspirational and morally uplifting.
Jacques-Louis David
Oath of the Horatii (1784).
Jean Auguste
Dominique Ingres
Pauline Eleanore de Galard de Brassac de Bearn, Princesse de Broglie 1853
Ingres
Napoleon on his Imperial Throne 1806
Benjamin West
The Death of General Wolfe (1770)
John Singleton Copley
Paul Revere, 1768 (oil on canvas, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)
Gilbert Stuart
George Washington, 1796
Francisco de Goya (No “ism”
The Third of May, 1808
1814-15
Romanticism
The Power of Passion
Theodore Géricault
The Raft of the Medusa, 1818-1819
Géricault
La Monomane de l'envie, 1819-1820
Wounded Cuirassier leaving the battle), 1814
Eugène Delacroix
Orphan girl at the Cemetery, 1824
Eugène Delacroix
Hamlet and Horatio in the Graveyard, 1835
John Constable
Parham Mill at Gillingham1826
John Constable
The White Horse, 1819
Constable
Deutsch: Wolken-Studie, 1822
J. M. W. Turner
The Fighting Téméraire tugged to her last Berth to be broken, 1838, Watercolour
J. M. W. Turner
Flint Castle, 1838
Thomas Cole: Hudson River School
The Course of the Empire: The Savage State, 1836
Cole
The Voyage of Life: Old Age 1842
George Caleb Bingham
Raftsmen Playing Cards, 1847
George Caleb Bingham
Fur Traders Descending the Missouri, 1845
Realism
Honore Daumier
In the Theatre, c. 1860-64
Honore Daumier
The Third-Class Carriage, 1862
Rosa Bonheur
'Le Retour du Moulin', before 1878
Gustave Courbet
"Les Cribleuses de blé", 1854
Industrial Age ArchitectureThe Industrial Revolution, which began in England about 1760, brought architects and engineers new materials with which to build - cast iron, steel and glass. Initially, architects disguised the raw materials in neoclassical (Roman and Greek) style elements however bridges, factories and other basic buildings were more basic and didn't disguise the materials used. Soon architects and engineers realized that this style was cheaper and more efficient to use and the style became widespread.
Joseph Paxton, The Crystal Palace, 1850-51, London)
Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel Tower, 1889, Paris
Art NouveauBetween 1890 and World War 1, artists and architects brought in an ornamental style to counteract the functional and sterile work of the Industrial Age. Flowering forms, curvy lines and tendril like curves and water lily shapes appeared in wrought-iron work, jewelry, glass and even print.
Aubrey Beardsley,
The Peacock
Skirt, 1892
Louis Comfort Tiffany,
Lampshade c. 1900
Early PhotographyA new form of art, photography, was developed due to new discoveries in chemistry in optics. The first surviving photo was taken in 1826 by Nicephore Niepce, a French chemist. He required 8 hours for a hazy image to be captured. Daguerre invented a more efficient process that only required 10 - 15 minutes. Other processes were invented that would speed up the exposure time and provide a more precise image until the instant photograph replaced the daguerreotype in 1858.
Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, Boulevard du Temple,
late 1838 or early 1839, Paris,
Jacob Riis, Bandit's
Roost, 1888
Paul Nadar (Gaspard-Felix Tournachon),
Sarah Bernhardt,
1859, Paris
Impressionism
A totally new style of art was born in France in the early 1860's. It rejected Renaissance composition, perspective, idealized or realistic depictions and the use of light and shadow to depict depth (chiaroscuro). The Impressionist artists were more concerned with capturing the initial glimpse of a scene, the changing effect of light, reflection and weather on colour.
Édouard MANET
Manet prefered to paint contemporary scenes and updated versions of old masters. He painted simplified forms of flat colour patches with hard edges often outlined in black, with dark partches of colour against light. His early work is somber while later work is more colourful.
The Railway 1872-73
A Bar at the Folies-Bergeres1881-82
Claude MONET
Monet painted landscapes, water scenes, haystacks and buildings (and some figures). His later work included water lilies that were very near to being abstract. He prefered to paint with bright hues, using primary colours dabbed side by side. He created shadows using complementary colours. Subjects had soft edges and glowed with light.
Coquelicots (Poppies, Near Argenteuil) 1873
Water Lillies, 1906
Meule, Effet de Neige, le Matin (Morning Snow Effect), 1891
Pierre-Auguste RENOIR
Renoir painted café society, children, flowers and women. He avoided black and used blue for darker areas, rich reds and primary colours as his main colours. His first works were blurred figures executed with quick brushstrokes, blended in hazy backgrounds. His later works here more classical and solidly formed females.
Le Moulin de la Galette1876
Dance in the Country
1883
The Luncheon of the Boating Party - 1881
Edgar DEGAS
Degas specialized in portraits of people in action poses, for example ballerinias, horse races, café society, circus performers and workers. He used strong coloured pastels that gave vibrancy to his images. In later years he like to portray women with stronger coloured pastels. His work often is drawn with asymmetrical balance, figures cropped at the edges or using odd angles.
The Dance Class, 1874
L'absinthe 1876
Dance Class at the Opera 1872
Post-Impressionists
Post-Impressionism was driven by French artists Seurat, Gauguin, Cézanne and Toulouse-Lautrec. Vincent van Gogh was a Dutchman who did his major work in France. They built on the style of the now accepted Impressionist, especially the use of bright colour and light, however they wanted to capture more than a moment in time, an impression.
Georges SEURAT
Henri deTOULOUSE-LAUTREC
Paul CÉZANNE
Paul GAUGUIN
Vincent VAN GOGH
Early
Expressionism –
Edvard Munch
Symbolism – Henri Rousseau
Odilon Redon